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Peter Tinti

Tuesday Reitano

Migrant, Refugee, Smuggler, Saviour Hardcover

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Migrant, Refugee, Smuggler, Saviour investigates one of the most under-examined aspects of the great migration crisis of our time. As millions seek passage to Europe in order to escape conflicts, repressive governments and poverty, their movements are enabled and actively encouraged by professional criminal networks that earn billions of dollars. Many of these smugglers carry out their activities with little regard for human rights, which has led to a manifold increase in human suffering, not only in the Mediterranean Sea, but also along the overland smuggling routes that cross the Sahara, penetrate deep into the Balkans, and into hidden corners of Europe's capitals. But others are revered as saviours by those that they move, for it is they who deliver men, women and children to a safer place and better life. Disconcertingly, it is often criminals who help the most desperate among us when the international system turns them away. This book is a measured attempt, born of years of research and reporting in the field, to better understand how people-smuggling networks function, the ways in which they have evolved, and what they mean for peace and security in the future.

Language

English
Publisher

C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd
Dimensions

8.82 x 1.38 x 5.91 inches
ISBN-10

1849046808
ISBN-13

978-1849046800
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Product details

Language ‏ : ‎ English
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1849046808
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1849046800
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 15.5 ounces
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 8.82 x 1.38 x 5.91 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #5,225,604 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #5,262 in Foreign & International Law

Customer Reviews:
27 ratings

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4 star		30%
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john roche

Five Stars

Reviewed in the United States on January 16, 2017

Verified Purchase

Well researched, topical, very important subject

One person found this helpful

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Kay-Day

Highly engaging look at the people and networks that smuggle refugees

Reviewed in the United States on October 6, 2016

For many of us who saw the images of refugees dying on boats in the Mediterranean, trudging along the train tracks in the Balkans, or shivering while hoping to be allowed to cross European borders, the plight of these refugees is a humanitarian and human rights issue. We think of their motivations for undertaking such an arduous journey, but we rarely think about the traffickers who get them there—often part of criminal networks trafficking and smuggling human beings for profit, but also also provide a last hope for those seeking to escape deplorable situations. This book provides key insights about migration; providing a nuanced discussion of migrant smuggling, often based on first-hand accounts by the authors, as well as desk and field research. Given that most research in regards to migrant smuggling traditionally comes from a law-enforcement, humanitarian, or human rights perspective, the additional focus of the authors on the political economy of migrant smuggling is insightful, and the authors augment these sometimes dry academic topics with a large dose of humanity through individuals’ stories. Although it tackles some complex topics, the book is accessible to the layman, with a highly engaging writing style. This book should be on the must-read list of both researchers as well as anyone who wants to learn the full stories behind the dramatic images often shown on the news.

4 people found this helpful

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Don't Read Much Fiction

A strong support to the migrant's cause, and perhaps a new world system

Reviewed in the United States on June 30, 2018

For anyone studying development, security, government or simply following current events, it’s hard to miss the importance of recent migration waves, especially across Africa, the Middle East and into Europe and the United States. Amongst a host of possible authors, I picked up Peter Tinti and Tuesday Reitano’s. “Migrant, Refugee, Smuggler, Savior.” It was a good choice.

As a student of the above development, security and government combos, I’m used to reading detailed reports on a recent crisis with extensive suggestions for policy makers at the tail end. Tinti and Reitano don’t do that. Instead, the book is a fascinating research endeavor, absent emotional arguments (as was the author’s intent) leaving the reader a gaping, hungry hole where there is usually a scream for action.

In the wake of the current migration crisis that began roughly in 2012-13, Europe initially was open, showing sincere compassion through the droves of volunteers financially and politically supported by their respective governments to display well the kindness of the developed West. This was always a short-term solution, meeting immediate needs, but losing steam and patience as the crisis’ core was not only ignored but continued to worsen. Strict policies created the opportunities for bigger and fiercer smuggling networks, even becoming violent mafias.

Smuggling networks and European policy danced back and forth in a cat-and-mouse game where smugglers would take gross and dangerous advantage of policy efforts to save migrants from sinking boats but not encourage the flow to continue. Europe’s tone shifted, a reflection of growing nationalism and the perception, true but also sensationalized, of an emerging security threat. Certain parties focused on the miniscule minority of migrants that could possibly pack a colossal terrorist punch. In a matter of months, open borders were replaced by walls along a few Balkan state borders and aid ships in search of migrants were replaced by military and coast guard deterrence patrols throughout the Mediterranean.

It is perhaps not the authors’ intent but in the first half of the book the United States and Western Europe’s compassionate response to migrants is contrasted with the horrors, human atrocities and mass murders, in the transit countries like Libya and Niger and regions of intense conflict like Syria. In the most condensed cities and ports of transit, if bad policies create havoc, with lack of any policy at all fellow compatriots eat their own. But comparing the horrors of transit countries to the lesser evils of host countries is only a scapegoating politic hoping to pass the buck like any decent realist would do.

By Tinti and Reitano’s calculation, the current crisis was caused by the lack of authoritarian controls on migration in places like Libya and compounded by senseless war in places like Syria. Authoritarian Eretria and Sudan contribute their own sizable numbers to the migrant waves but when Kaddafi fell in 2012, what was a manageable, albeit, lucrative method of political manipulation was turned over to the smugglers of the Sahara. I give credit to the authors for a balanced description of the security situation across the Sahel. He avoids the conspiracy theories of Nick Turse and Jeremy Keenan (a few dozen book reviews ago). His judgement, instead, is saved for the migration policies themselves, which serve only to profit the smugglers, which is indeed the core subject of the book.

Smugglers come in all shapes and sizes. In many cases the lines are blurred between migrant, middle-man, temporary worker, informant, agent and smuggler. In Syria, the smuggler is ironically at the mercy of the capitalist system and comparative advantage where migrants have access to chat rooms and migrant reviews. Smugglers are challenged to keep up on all forms of social media, balancing their lucrative offers against the competition in an attempt to attract the middle-class war-torn population to their services. The opposite is the case in many Sahel networks where desperate migrants take smugglers at their word or lock themselves into indentured servitude to pay off transit debts; promises that turn in to slave labor or prostitution rings, or worse.

Alluded to by Tinti and Reitano but thoroughly explored by researcher Nimo Ilhan Ali, young Somalis select the services of smugglers who then hold them captive across the border in Sudan or Ethiopia until the youths’ parents pay large ransoms. In many cases, the youth know their fate and would rather force their parents to sell their house and belongings in an effort to reach Europe. More important than work and remittances however, is the possibility of citizenship with a more powerful passport; a passport that brings the greatest luxury of all: freedom of movement.

Anyone who has traveled to the places as these authors did, at some point realizes their massive fortune. I’ve worked in Niamey (Niger) and traveled to Agadez, Faya (Northern Chad), Tunisia, Alexandria (Egypt), Dakar (Senegal), Northern Cameroon before it was ravaged by Boko Haram and finally noted first-hand the tensions between Somalis waiting out the long war in Kenya. But in each instance, whether for work, research or leisure, I could always move freely when, where and how I pleased. The people I met and the families that Peter interviewed did not have the same luxury.

As the book explains, there are different categories of people moving towards Europe. Many migrants are seeking security from places like Syria, Libya, portions of Mali, Nigeria, Afghanistan and Iraq. Others seek asylum from political repression from places like Syria, Eretria or Iran. Less in number but significant are the growing number simply seeking greater economic opportunities coming from countries across the Sahel, Ethiopia and Somalia.

While Tinti and Reitano describe well the motives and laws that apply to these categories of migrants he clearly, 100 percent, supports their rights to mobility in each case. The book’s argument isn’t based on altruism or even legality. Instead, the authors argue that the latest migration wave is a reflection of a changing world system overall; a shift in global social and economic movements that no outdated political vision can restrain for much longer. The authors, in a way, surrender the current concepts of political boundaries to a pattern of globalization yet to be fully explained or understood.

On the other hand, “Migrant, Refugee, Smuggler, Savior” clearly describes the familial and ethnic boundaries that make much of the smuggling networks possible. Smugglers and clients still require a foundation of trust. Instead of relying on national identities migrants search for social cleavages in language, ethnic and sometimes religious parity. Explained well by authors like Judith Scheele (another few book reviews ago) vast smuggling networks across the Sahel are based on trade competitions between various Tuareg sub-clans, Toubous, Hausa, Fulani, Wolof and others. These ethnic groupings take advantage not only of political systems but mostly blood affiliation and diaspora networks. There are still lines and borders. Social networks just don’t fit neatly on a map.

The creativity within these networks and the strategies to which aspirant migrants adapt is impressive, as the book outlines. Border controls in Greece and Italy, confined to political definitions are not equipped to differentiate between a real Syrian and a Sudanese “imposter”. From Afghanistan to Morocco papers and identities can be faked. Visas and passports, legal or not, become a powerful currency.

Perhaps the most difficult reality to accept is that Europe, Western Europe, is the prime destination. Migrants leave peaceful countries and war-torn countries alike. They pass through stable countries like Morocco, Senegal, Niger, Ethiopia, Turkey, Indonesia, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Bulgaria, even Russia… all on the way to safe, secure, liberal, educationally superior and economically promising Western Europe, the United States and Canada.

Jordan, Morocco, Egypt, Turkey and Lebanon don’t want the migrants either. And to be fair, the latter two have already hosted their millions. But in the long list of non-European countries, migrants are rarely if ever given the opportunity to become citizens; actually change their life. The policies in place in developing countries from Morocco to Indonesia can be just as discouraging and discriminatory, if not more so, towards migrants than Western Europe. So, is the conclusion that liberal democracies should know better!? That seems a little condescending and a hard argument to swallow, whether you believe it’s true or not.

Walls and strict border policies are not even band aid solutions. If the global system of political boundaries does need a serious review according to the authors, then what next? Certainly, a long-term solution would be to build up capacity, development, education and economic promise the world over. But that’s a strategy for another book; one that is and will continue to be almost impossible to implement. Like I said, lots of challenges, not yet many solutions.

Helpful

Amazon Customer

A refreshing and informed narrative journey along the smuggling routes into Europe!

Reviewed in the United States on October 8, 2016

This book is a refreshing read, both in style and argument. Focused on the wars around the Middle East, but also West Africa and Asia, it combines social science methodology with reportage to produce a very readable description of many different routes migrants are taking to reach Europes shores, and the diverse organisations that have facilitated, enabled and actively organized these journeys. Unlike the escapist political rhetoric of many European parties, however,, this book, however, doesn't simply scapegoat the smugglers. Instead lays blame firmly at the doors of a failing international system whose policy and institutions are unable to adequately respond to the greatest mass migrations since WW2. The authors launch their argument with an escorciating first chapter, holding the outdated policies and meager resources of multilateral organisations, such as the UN, up against the reality of conflict in countries from Syria to Nigeria which have led to vast numbers of people who whilst not necessarily personally persecuted, are faced with social and economic collapse and pervasive violence. WIth the collapse of their livelihoods, closure of their schools, polarization of their societies, the current international regime offers little more than the option of being warehoused in refugee camps, putting their lives and aspirations into stasis, whilst the smugglers offer a hope a prospect of a better life. Starting from this base, each chapter digs deeper, heavily illustrated with the personal narratives of migrants en route to Europe, who describe the difficult choices and options they face at each step of their journeys and the very different smuggling groups that offer their services. The book is perhaps most poignant in pointing out that whilst Western politics has painted these organisations as simply criminal networks, they are equally, and by no means always, liberators. In describing the sheer diversity these organisations take, from community networks to centrally organized criminal groups, the authors don't hesitate to remind us that Schindler himself would have been counted as a people smuggler under the legal framework for WW2 Germany.

3 people found this helpful

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Top reviews from other countries

James Sinclair

An outstanding and timely book.

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 13, 2016

Verified Purchase

This is an outstanding book, providing a comprehensive and engaging insight into one of the most challenging political, economic, human rights and development issues of our time. The authors write with great authority but also manage to humanise the stories behind this uniquely challenging period of migration. Ultimately these are stories of political, economic and moral failure allied to opportunism and sometimes misplaced faith in a better future. It is a compelling read and highly recommended.

One person found this helpful

Customer

A new perspective - essential reading for anyone interested in the field

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 17, 2016

Verified Purchase

So much has been written on the refugee crisis that I didn't think that there was a new angle to be found. However, this book finds an entirely fresh perspective and brings in new and important voices to the conversation. The smuggler perspective seems to me to be a previously under-discussed, yet critical, facet of the humanitarian crisis that we absolutely must get to grips with if sustainable solutions are to be found.

The writing is grounded in solid research, first hand experiences and evidence, and the book presents it all back in a highly accessible and meaningful way.

This book really should be considered to be mandatory reading for anyone interested in the area of refugees, migrants and people smugglers. Particularly highly recommended for all policy makers in the field.

One person found this helpful

Chris Sowton

A knowledgeable and sympathetic analysis of this global crisis - highly recommended

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 7, 2016

Verified Purchase

In the modern world, this is a really important work, and one which is sadly only going to grow in importance in the years to come. One of the real strengths of the book is its ability to identify and clearly explain macro-level trends whilst not ignoring the micro-level reality of what it means to be a migrant. The book's balance of knowledgeable and empirical analysis with the individual case histories of some of those at the thick end of this global crisis is a very powerful cocktail. For anyone interested in this subject, this work is highly recommended.

One person found this helpful

Amazon Customer

Engaging study of a complex issue

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 11, 2016

Verified Purchase

As a layman I was not expecting to find such a clear, insightful and, even, entertaining discussion of such a specialised tooic. Wide in range but with a sharp focus, the issue of migrant smuggling is presented in all its complexity but always in a coherent and engaging manner. Both highly readable and highly important reading for anyone seeking a background to the at-times sensationalist reports on tv.

Mr S.

Highly recommended

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 8, 2016

Verified Purchase

Well informed and beautifully written. Strongly recommended for those seeking greater understanding of the current international migrant crises.

One person found this helpful

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