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Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame Hardcover – May 1, 2012
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Christopher Boehm
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Christopher Boehm
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Print length432 pages
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LanguageEnglish
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PublisherBasic Books
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Publication dateMay 1, 2012
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Grade level11 and up
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Reading age13 years and up
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Dimensions6.55 x 1.5 x 9.55 inches
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ISBN-100465020488
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ISBN-13978-0465020485
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Christopher Boehm's Moral Origins is a tour de force of a sort rarely seen in any science."―Donald Black, university professor of the social sciences, University of Virginia, and author of Moral Time
"[An] engrossing work.... Boehm does a remarkable job of extending previous work and incorporating a historical approach."―Publishers Weekly, starred review
"What sets Boehm's approach apart is his effort 'to make the natural history of moral origins more historical'. In so doing he provides a new and coherent map of the evolution of morality.... It is a complex story..., but Boehm's experience doing fieldwork with humans and wild chimps makes him a wonderfully knowledgeable guide. And some of his ideas are truly revolutionary."―New Scientist
"How did evolution produce a species that blushes? To explain the uniquely human moral sense, Boehm teases a provocative neo-Darwinian theory out of cutting-edge archaeological, anthropological, and psychological research.... Those looking for a daring new application of empirical science will find it here."―Booklist
"[A] provocative scientific contribution...to the millennia-long discussion about the nature of morality.... Thinkers everywhere will be forced--as they are in many arenas--to consider biology in realms that once seemed strictly matters of the heart and soul."―Michael Shermer, Wall Street Journal
"One rarely finds such a fully Darwinian, scientifically sound, and wisely accessible book for both professionals and lay audiences as Boehm's study of moral origins; it is far superior to any previous attempts to discuss the subject."―Choice
"Astronomers have the Hubble telescope to look back through time, and social scientists have Chris Boehm. Boehm's monumental accomplishment is to give us the most careful and compelling portrait ever created of how our ancestors lived, from three hundred thousand generations ago to five hundred generations ago. Boehm's work is vital for understanding why we are so tribal, punitive, gossipy, religious, and cooperative today."―Jonathan Haidt, professor of psychology, University of Virginia, and author of The Righteous Mind
"Few scientists have thought longer and harder about the origins of morality than Christopher Boehm, who brings to the issue a wealth of experience studying both humans and other animals. His thesis that our species has taken moral evolution into its own hands is new and refreshing."―Frans de Waal, author of The Age of Empathy
"Moral Origins is an exciting study on the evolution of human morality that is appropriate for scientific researchers and also of interest for the general public as well. Christopher Boehm brilliantly ties fundamental aspects of human cooperation such as altruism, free-riding, and bullying to both primitive and advanced societies. This book is a must for all who are interested in how human morality evolved and functions."―Ernst Fehr, professor of economics, University of Zurich
"In Moral Origins, Christopher Boehm uses his vast knowledge of the literature on primates and human hunter-gather populations to address the issue of the origins of human morality. It is a must-read for any social scientist, primatologist, or humanist studying human morality. Equally important, it is beautifully written in an easy and graceful style. Certainly the most informed and best work written by an anthropologist on this set of issues, Moral Origins is a book that I would recommend to any thoughtful person."―Jonathan Turner, distinguished professor of sociology, University of California, Riverside
"[An] engrossing work.... Boehm does a remarkable job of extending previous work and incorporating a historical approach."―Publishers Weekly, starred review
"What sets Boehm's approach apart is his effort 'to make the natural history of moral origins more historical'. In so doing he provides a new and coherent map of the evolution of morality.... It is a complex story..., but Boehm's experience doing fieldwork with humans and wild chimps makes him a wonderfully knowledgeable guide. And some of his ideas are truly revolutionary."―New Scientist
"How did evolution produce a species that blushes? To explain the uniquely human moral sense, Boehm teases a provocative neo-Darwinian theory out of cutting-edge archaeological, anthropological, and psychological research.... Those looking for a daring new application of empirical science will find it here."―Booklist
"[A] provocative scientific contribution...to the millennia-long discussion about the nature of morality.... Thinkers everywhere will be forced--as they are in many arenas--to consider biology in realms that once seemed strictly matters of the heart and soul."―Michael Shermer, Wall Street Journal
"One rarely finds such a fully Darwinian, scientifically sound, and wisely accessible book for both professionals and lay audiences as Boehm's study of moral origins; it is far superior to any previous attempts to discuss the subject."―Choice
"Astronomers have the Hubble telescope to look back through time, and social scientists have Chris Boehm. Boehm's monumental accomplishment is to give us the most careful and compelling portrait ever created of how our ancestors lived, from three hundred thousand generations ago to five hundred generations ago. Boehm's work is vital for understanding why we are so tribal, punitive, gossipy, religious, and cooperative today."―Jonathan Haidt, professor of psychology, University of Virginia, and author of The Righteous Mind
"Few scientists have thought longer and harder about the origins of morality than Christopher Boehm, who brings to the issue a wealth of experience studying both humans and other animals. His thesis that our species has taken moral evolution into its own hands is new and refreshing."―Frans de Waal, author of The Age of Empathy
"Moral Origins is an exciting study on the evolution of human morality that is appropriate for scientific researchers and also of interest for the general public as well. Christopher Boehm brilliantly ties fundamental aspects of human cooperation such as altruism, free-riding, and bullying to both primitive and advanced societies. This book is a must for all who are interested in how human morality evolved and functions."―Ernst Fehr, professor of economics, University of Zurich
"In Moral Origins, Christopher Boehm uses his vast knowledge of the literature on primates and human hunter-gather populations to address the issue of the origins of human morality. It is a must-read for any social scientist, primatologist, or humanist studying human morality. Equally important, it is beautifully written in an easy and graceful style. Certainly the most informed and best work written by an anthropologist on this set of issues, Moral Origins is a book that I would recommend to any thoughtful person."―Jonathan Turner, distinguished professor of sociology, University of California, Riverside
About the Author
Christopher Boehm is Director of the Jane Goodall Research Center and Professor of Anthropology and Biological Sciences at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Boehm' work has been featured in such publications as New Scientist, the New York Times, the Times (London), Natural History, Science News, and in films for National Geographic, Wild Kingdom, and the Discovery Channel.
He has lectured widely to groups as diverse as the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Sante Fe Institute, the Los Angeles and Cincinnati Zoos, and the Naval War College. Boehm is the author of many scientific articles and several previous books, including Hierarchy in the Forest (Harvard). He divides his time between Los Angeles and Santa Fe.
He has lectured widely to groups as diverse as the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Sante Fe Institute, the Los Angeles and Cincinnati Zoos, and the Naval War College. Boehm is the author of many scientific articles and several previous books, including Hierarchy in the Forest (Harvard). He divides his time between Los Angeles and Santa Fe.
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Product details
- Publisher : Basic Books; 1st edition (May 1, 2012)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 432 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0465020488
- ISBN-13 : 978-0465020485
- Reading age : 13 years and up
- Grade level : 11 and up
- Item Weight : 1.76 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.55 x 1.5 x 9.55 inches
-
Best Sellers Rank:
#234,540 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #104 in Medical Psychology Research
- #120 in Evolutionary Psychology (Books)
- #141 in Popular Psychology Research
- Customer Reviews:
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To visit author's home page on the web:
The URL is: christopher-boehm.com
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Reviewed in the United States on October 29, 2018
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This is one of the best science books I’ve ever read... and I’ve read a lot of them. The topic is evolution and morality, specifically what anthropology has to say about the morals of our hunter gatherer ancestors by studying primates and especially tribes that Boehm calls Late Pleistocene Authentic (LPA), I.e., tribes that were studied before being significantly influenced by modern culture. One thing I especially liked is that Boehm is so honest about various issues. Unlike many other researchers in this area he doesn’t just pick one hypothesis and cherry pick all the facts to support it. He is up front about his preferred hypothesis but he always tries to fairly present the evidence for both sides. Especially regarding group selection, he is just honest that the evolutionary arguments against it are an as yet unsolved issue for his position. The book is well written and for such a complex topic very easy and enjoyable to read, a model of good science writing.
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Reviewed in the United States on July 9, 2021
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This book is a very frustrating read. I have read many books on the topic and I appreciate the message and the main thesis presented by the author. But... it is so painful to read! The book itself (minus the notes) has 360 pages but it could have been easily reduced to less than 200 pages without losing anything. Where is the editor? I do not even want to blame the author but this book reads like a draft sent to the editor who decided to publish it "as is". The structure of the book goes all over the place, many 'ideas' are repeated and rehashed without justification. Some parts are very detailed (e.g., the painful-to-read quotes) and others are just unnecessary. I promised myself to complete the book and I feel proud I was able to do so...
Now to the content: the main conclusion I reached from the book is that "selection by reputation" has been key to the evolutionary development of morality. This has been particularly important as (proto-) humans started to hunt for large preys. I think the author makes a strong case for both those conclusions. The book will not change the mind of those who do not "believe" (for lack of a better word) in evolution as most of the book is based on a number (plausible) hypotheses that are backed from the study of "LPA", chimpanzees, and bonobos. I enjoyed this. But the path to the enjoyment was, as I wrote above, very painful indeed.
It would have been interesting to read what the author thinks will happen about the "evolution of morality" as the society has moved from a set of bands of hunters/gatherers. If recent events are any clue: it looks like being a "free loader" or a "bully" has gained momentum in the "survival of the fittest". Evolution has to be understood in the context of the environment one must adapt too. We are clearly far from the hunter/gatherer setting that is, according to this author, responsible for the development of morality. But of course, evolution occurs over thousands of generations, so it is hard to tell...
Now, is it "real science"? For some reason the author becomes quite defensive about this towards the end of the book. The scientific method is more than hypotheses and clues but, granted, it is difficulty to find "proofs" in this field. After all, anthropology is not provable like mathematics or physics can be.
I have no idea if I would recommend this book to anybody as reading books should be enjoyable. However, it is intellectually stimulating and, for this reason alone, I do not regret to have made it to the last page.
Now to the content: the main conclusion I reached from the book is that "selection by reputation" has been key to the evolutionary development of morality. This has been particularly important as (proto-) humans started to hunt for large preys. I think the author makes a strong case for both those conclusions. The book will not change the mind of those who do not "believe" (for lack of a better word) in evolution as most of the book is based on a number (plausible) hypotheses that are backed from the study of "LPA", chimpanzees, and bonobos. I enjoyed this. But the path to the enjoyment was, as I wrote above, very painful indeed.
It would have been interesting to read what the author thinks will happen about the "evolution of morality" as the society has moved from a set of bands of hunters/gatherers. If recent events are any clue: it looks like being a "free loader" or a "bully" has gained momentum in the "survival of the fittest". Evolution has to be understood in the context of the environment one must adapt too. We are clearly far from the hunter/gatherer setting that is, according to this author, responsible for the development of morality. But of course, evolution occurs over thousands of generations, so it is hard to tell...
Now, is it "real science"? For some reason the author becomes quite defensive about this towards the end of the book. The scientific method is more than hypotheses and clues but, granted, it is difficulty to find "proofs" in this field. After all, anthropology is not provable like mathematics or physics can be.
I have no idea if I would recommend this book to anybody as reading books should be enjoyable. However, it is intellectually stimulating and, for this reason alone, I do not regret to have made it to the last page.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 11, 2015
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Boehm gives a unique perspective to the origins and evolution of human morals as we know them today. The hypothesis has a solid structure and is backed by an extensive amount of research. I would definitely recommend this read to anyone interested in human behaviour or those who display an interest in anthropological history. I will definitely be looking for more titles published by Christopher Boehm.
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Reviewed in the United States on December 17, 2019
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The book was manageable and dense. I found it interesting, and well worth the time and effort.
Reviewed in the United States on August 18, 2020
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I guess the book is deeper than I could read as a matter of fun. This is for initiated philosophers.
Reviewed in the United States on January 1, 2013
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In Christopher Boehm's earlier book Hierarchy in the Forest: the Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior (1999), he describes how hunter-gatherer and horticultural societies created egalitarian societies. The band or tribe members co-operated to prevent "alpha" type males from dominating their group. Having language helped them achieve this political equality, which chimpanzees would like to achieve and occasionally try to achieve but cannot maintain. Boehm is both an anthropologist and a primatologist and has studied egalitarian band, tribe and village customs and chimps in the wild. Without language that allows them to communicate and better co-operate, chimps end up with hierarchical societies. Human's egalitarianism is partly "natural" i.e. DNA driven and also made possible by abilities like language facilitated by DNA. Egalitarianism is the result of actions and a culture i.e. learned behavior. It is a question of the actions by all the adult members of the society to block potential tyrants or bullies from using physically force to dominate their group. It allows most males to have mates and requires hunters to share equally the meat of a large animal kill among all the members of the band. It requires alpha types to be generous, not aggressive, and not able to give orders or even assume "airs" of superiority.
In Moral Origins, Boehm looks at the evolution of conscience and the sense of shame, linked to the nearly universal (psychopaths do not have it) physiological response of blushing. He writes that only when humans achieved egalitarianism could human morality evolve. He dates these developments tentatively. Egalitarianism started evolving 250,000 thousand years ago and human morality was more or less completed by 50 thousand years ago. By that time, the weak, but clearly evident, (for example when young men volunteer for the military to help their nation) human propensity to altruism, which is defined by biologists as extra familial generosity, had evolved. Boehm writes that it evolved by "social selection" not natural selection. In egalitarian bands, the vast majority of the band selected the traits it most wanted of its members. A tyrant would be gossiped about, coldly greeted, directly talked to, kidded, ridiculed, shunned, ostracized or even executed. It is clear the final two actions changed the gene pools. With positive reinforcement, the generous, emotionally tranquil, and not easily angered were seen as better marriage or hunting/gathering partners. These desired traits and individuals were socially selected and affected human gene pools.
This version of the human story explains a difficult problem for peace and justice activists. Posed as a question: if human beings are by nature selfish or self-interested as mainstream social scientists assert, how can we create the kind of society we want? We know the answer intuitively. If the vast majority of people learn to cooperate, they can use nonviolent methods to force an altruistic morality on our alphas. Alphas may have talents that help societies, but they cannot use their status to dominate others. Counter intuitively, it is in the self-interest of the vast majority to create a society with an altruistic culture, for it benefits all. Conversely, the desire for upward mobility in a ranked system and the illusion that a person is just "one break away from making it big time" is one of the biggest barriers to the solidarity needed for such an optimal society. American culture has always nourished that individual desire and that illusion.
If it is true that human morality could not evolve in prehistory until our ancestors achieved egalitarianism, what has happened to human morality since? In strongly hierarchical societies like ancient Rome and the America of plutocracy and empire, most people sense a "breakdown of morality". The upshot of Boehm's thinking is that we, here in the USA, need to recreate an egalitarian society or at the least a true equal opportunity society. Only then, when everyone has the necessities of life and some dignity, can we say we have become moral.
In Moral Origins, Boehm looks at the evolution of conscience and the sense of shame, linked to the nearly universal (psychopaths do not have it) physiological response of blushing. He writes that only when humans achieved egalitarianism could human morality evolve. He dates these developments tentatively. Egalitarianism started evolving 250,000 thousand years ago and human morality was more or less completed by 50 thousand years ago. By that time, the weak, but clearly evident, (for example when young men volunteer for the military to help their nation) human propensity to altruism, which is defined by biologists as extra familial generosity, had evolved. Boehm writes that it evolved by "social selection" not natural selection. In egalitarian bands, the vast majority of the band selected the traits it most wanted of its members. A tyrant would be gossiped about, coldly greeted, directly talked to, kidded, ridiculed, shunned, ostracized or even executed. It is clear the final two actions changed the gene pools. With positive reinforcement, the generous, emotionally tranquil, and not easily angered were seen as better marriage or hunting/gathering partners. These desired traits and individuals were socially selected and affected human gene pools.
This version of the human story explains a difficult problem for peace and justice activists. Posed as a question: if human beings are by nature selfish or self-interested as mainstream social scientists assert, how can we create the kind of society we want? We know the answer intuitively. If the vast majority of people learn to cooperate, they can use nonviolent methods to force an altruistic morality on our alphas. Alphas may have talents that help societies, but they cannot use their status to dominate others. Counter intuitively, it is in the self-interest of the vast majority to create a society with an altruistic culture, for it benefits all. Conversely, the desire for upward mobility in a ranked system and the illusion that a person is just "one break away from making it big time" is one of the biggest barriers to the solidarity needed for such an optimal society. American culture has always nourished that individual desire and that illusion.
If it is true that human morality could not evolve in prehistory until our ancestors achieved egalitarianism, what has happened to human morality since? In strongly hierarchical societies like ancient Rome and the America of plutocracy and empire, most people sense a "breakdown of morality". The upshot of Boehm's thinking is that we, here in the USA, need to recreate an egalitarian society or at the least a true equal opportunity society. Only then, when everyone has the necessities of life and some dignity, can we say we have become moral.
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Reviewed in the United States on August 2, 2019
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Informative
Reviewed in the United States on July 15, 2016
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I found this book because of Sebastian Junger's book Tribe. It told a familiar story of the growth of reciprocal altruism in the historical context.
Well explained if sometimes a bit dismissive of those who preceded him.
Well explained if sometimes a bit dismissive of those who preceded him.
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Top reviews from other countries
lucasurian
5.0 out of 5 stars
If you are interested in the evolution of morality, don't miss it.
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on July 27, 2012Verified Purchase
This book is beautifully written, the theory proposed is elegant, cogently argued and highly plausible and the theoretical landscape of previous models is skillfully canvassed. I have little doubt that this book will be of great interest not only to anthropologists, but also to all scientists in many other disciplines (e.g., psychology, economics, evolutionary biology) that are involved in understanding human and non-human apes social cognition. I particularly liked the author's successful effort in combining vivid descriptions of several real life events of the foragers and quantitative data suggesting the universality of certain traits. Some of the events reported by the authors will stay in the reader's mind for ever. On the negative side, as a developmental psychologist, I have noticed some short-cuts in discussing the assessment of hypotheses concerning innate competences in children. Also, I think it would have been useful not to contrast nepotism (defined as intra-familiar 'false' altruism) with extra-familiar 'real' altruism', in that both of them may be 'false' cases of altruisms at a biological level - since they both may increase rather than decrease the reproductive fitness of the agent), and both can be real cases of altruism at the psychological level (i.e., at the level of intentions and representations computed by the agent's when she is planning and carrying out her altruistic act). Overall, I guess many psychologists that will read this book will get inspired by it and will use it in planning new challenging research projects. Readers that are not personally involved in research activities will find it, I think, a nice opportunity to stimulate their reflections on the links between evolution and moral cognition and will feel compelled to get hold of some the previous works the authors refers to.
9 people found this helpful
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Graham Music
5.0 out of 5 stars
Not to be ignored
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on December 25, 2017Verified Purchase
An excellent account of how human moral sense and some of our most altruistic hopeful traits developed as an essential binding force in the hunter gatherer past we all evolved in. These are traits we need to savour, learn to grow or ignore at our and our planet's peril. An extremely scholarly and well written account
Mal
5.0 out of 5 stars
Convincing explanation of our fundamental egalitarianism
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on January 5, 2019Verified Purchase
Boehm uses anthropological studies of hunter-gatherer peoples as models of our late Pleistocene and earlier ancestors to show how morality and egalitarianism evolved.
et
5.0 out of 5 stars
Umfassende Analyse und Begründung für die Entstehung von Moral
Reviewed in Germany on October 1, 2014Verified Purchase
Christopher Boehm befasst sich hier aus einer evolutionstheoretischen Perspektive mit der Frage, warum wir Menschen so seltsame Dinge wie Scham (Erröten), Altruismus und ein tiefgehendes Bedürfnis nach Fairness und Ehrlichkeit haben. Nach der rein biologischen Theorie der "egoistischen Gene" (Dawkins), gibt es ja keinerlei vernünftige Erklärung dafür, unbekannten Menschen in fernen Ländern zB nach einem Erdbeben oder bei einer Hungersnot Geld zu spenden. Und doch tun wir Menschen das immer wieder und fühlen uns gut dabei! Warum?
Diese Frage beantwortet Boehm umfassend, und zwar ausgehend von den frühen Jäger/Sammler-Gesellschaften. Solche "ursprüngliche" Stammesgesellschaften gibt es weltweit noch etwa 300, davon noch etwa 150 in einem "unverfälschten", d.h. noch nicht durch intensive Kontakte mit Industriegesellschaften beeinflusste. Diese noch "unentwickelten", d.h. noch nicht durch Ackerbau/Viehzucht, Zivilisation und Industrie veränderten Gesellschaften zeigen, wie alle unsere Homo-Sapiens-Vorfahren während Tausenden von Generationen gelebt haben.
Während wenigstens 150'000 Jahren haben sich Mechanismen und Verhaltensmuster in unseren Genen und Gebräuchen abgebildet, die auf das Leben als jagende und sammelnde Nomaden, ohne Hierachie, ohne Besitz und Eigentum zugeschnitten sind. Diese Verhaltensmuster wurden auch durch die knapp 10'000 Jahre "Zivilisation" seit der Erfindung von Ackerbau, Viehzucht und Schrift nur übertüncht, aber nicht grundlegend geändert. Sie wirken im unbewussten Hintergrund noch beinahe genauso stark, wie bei unseren Vorfahren - und unseren noch "ursprünglich" lebenden Mitmenschen im Busch, Dschungel und Steppen.
Für mich brachte die Lektüre eine überraschend aktuelle Einsicht - zum Thema NSA, CIA und andere Geheimdienste. Es hat mich immer etwas verblüfft, dass diese Geheimorganisationen offenbar keinerlei Hemmungen haben, mit ihren entsprechenden ausländischen Diensten zu kooperieren, aber sich mit Händen und Füssen wehren, wenn die eigenen Bürger gerne wissen möchten, was eigentlich läuft. Ebenso ist die sichtbare Abneigung aller Regierungen, der Deutschen genauso wie der Schweizerischen, gegen die NSA-Ausspähungen wirklich energisch und aktiv vorzugehen. Es scheint ja, als ob die Regierungen gar nichts gegen das Ausspionieren ihrer eigenen Bürger durch die NSA hat.
Boehm bringt indirekt die Lösung dieses Rätsels: Die regierenden Personen, die Machtfiguren haben tatsächlich eine tiefsitzende Angst vor dem Bürger! Diese geht auf die Zeiten der Jäger/Sammlergesellschaften zurück. Diese waren, wie Boehm an Beispielen und mit harten Daten zeigt, ausserordentlich egalitär orientiert. Jeder Versuch, sich aufzuspielen, Trittbrett zu fahren, andere zu drangsalieren, nur schon mit den eigenen Fähigkeiten (zB als Jäger) zu prahlen, wird von der eigenen Horde rasch und unerbittlich geahndet. Da wird auch sehr rasch zum ultimativen "Heilmittel" gegriffen und der Abweichler wird eliminiert. Auch wer "bloss" ausgestossen wird, muss damit rechnen, die nächste Woche nicht zu überleben.
Jede Machtfigur, Mutti Merkel genaus wie alle Regierungsmitglieder, die Brüsseler Bürokraten, die Staatshierarchien etc. haben tatsächlich alle Angst vor dem Volk. Mehr Angst vor dem eigenen Volk als vor fremden Kräften. Daher missbrauchen diese Figuren die Geheimdienste und ihr kriminelles Potential gerne und ungehemmt, um das eigene Volk gefügig zu halten, Kritik zu unterdrücken und Rebellen zu eliminieren. Alles Nachwirkungen unserer egalitär geprägten Entwicklungsgeschichte.
Ich empfehle dieses erhellende, fundierte und umfassende Werk jedem, der sich dafür interessiert, wie und warum wir Menschen uns so benehmen, wie wir uns eben benehmen.
Diese Frage beantwortet Boehm umfassend, und zwar ausgehend von den frühen Jäger/Sammler-Gesellschaften. Solche "ursprüngliche" Stammesgesellschaften gibt es weltweit noch etwa 300, davon noch etwa 150 in einem "unverfälschten", d.h. noch nicht durch intensive Kontakte mit Industriegesellschaften beeinflusste. Diese noch "unentwickelten", d.h. noch nicht durch Ackerbau/Viehzucht, Zivilisation und Industrie veränderten Gesellschaften zeigen, wie alle unsere Homo-Sapiens-Vorfahren während Tausenden von Generationen gelebt haben.
Während wenigstens 150'000 Jahren haben sich Mechanismen und Verhaltensmuster in unseren Genen und Gebräuchen abgebildet, die auf das Leben als jagende und sammelnde Nomaden, ohne Hierachie, ohne Besitz und Eigentum zugeschnitten sind. Diese Verhaltensmuster wurden auch durch die knapp 10'000 Jahre "Zivilisation" seit der Erfindung von Ackerbau, Viehzucht und Schrift nur übertüncht, aber nicht grundlegend geändert. Sie wirken im unbewussten Hintergrund noch beinahe genauso stark, wie bei unseren Vorfahren - und unseren noch "ursprünglich" lebenden Mitmenschen im Busch, Dschungel und Steppen.
Für mich brachte die Lektüre eine überraschend aktuelle Einsicht - zum Thema NSA, CIA und andere Geheimdienste. Es hat mich immer etwas verblüfft, dass diese Geheimorganisationen offenbar keinerlei Hemmungen haben, mit ihren entsprechenden ausländischen Diensten zu kooperieren, aber sich mit Händen und Füssen wehren, wenn die eigenen Bürger gerne wissen möchten, was eigentlich läuft. Ebenso ist die sichtbare Abneigung aller Regierungen, der Deutschen genauso wie der Schweizerischen, gegen die NSA-Ausspähungen wirklich energisch und aktiv vorzugehen. Es scheint ja, als ob die Regierungen gar nichts gegen das Ausspionieren ihrer eigenen Bürger durch die NSA hat.
Boehm bringt indirekt die Lösung dieses Rätsels: Die regierenden Personen, die Machtfiguren haben tatsächlich eine tiefsitzende Angst vor dem Bürger! Diese geht auf die Zeiten der Jäger/Sammlergesellschaften zurück. Diese waren, wie Boehm an Beispielen und mit harten Daten zeigt, ausserordentlich egalitär orientiert. Jeder Versuch, sich aufzuspielen, Trittbrett zu fahren, andere zu drangsalieren, nur schon mit den eigenen Fähigkeiten (zB als Jäger) zu prahlen, wird von der eigenen Horde rasch und unerbittlich geahndet. Da wird auch sehr rasch zum ultimativen "Heilmittel" gegriffen und der Abweichler wird eliminiert. Auch wer "bloss" ausgestossen wird, muss damit rechnen, die nächste Woche nicht zu überleben.
Jede Machtfigur, Mutti Merkel genaus wie alle Regierungsmitglieder, die Brüsseler Bürokraten, die Staatshierarchien etc. haben tatsächlich alle Angst vor dem Volk. Mehr Angst vor dem eigenen Volk als vor fremden Kräften. Daher missbrauchen diese Figuren die Geheimdienste und ihr kriminelles Potential gerne und ungehemmt, um das eigene Volk gefügig zu halten, Kritik zu unterdrücken und Rebellen zu eliminieren. Alles Nachwirkungen unserer egalitär geprägten Entwicklungsgeschichte.
Ich empfehle dieses erhellende, fundierte und umfassende Werk jedem, der sich dafür interessiert, wie und warum wir Menschen uns so benehmen, wie wir uns eben benehmen.
Evelyn
5.0 out of 5 stars
Five Stars
Reviewed in Canada on December 23, 2016Verified Purchase
Great book on the origins of morality, equality and social punishment. Present some original research
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