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The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else Paperback – July 9, 2003
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"The hour of capitalism's greatest triumph," writes Hernando de Soto, "is, in the eyes of four-fifths of humanity, its hour of crisis." In The Mystery of Capital, the world-famous Peruvian economist takes up one of the most pressing questions the world faces today: Why do some countries succeed at capitalism while others fail?
In strong opposition to the popular view that success is determined by cultural differences, de Soto finds that it actually has everything to do with the legal structure of property and property rights. Every developed nation in the world at one time went through the transformation from predominantly extralegal property arrangements, such as squatting on large estates, to a formal, unified legal property system. In the West we've forgotten that creating this system is what allowed people everywhere to leverage property into wealth. This persuasive book revolutionized our understanding of capital and points the way to a major transformation of the world economy.
- Print length288 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherBasic Books
- Publication dateJuly 9, 2003
- Dimensions5.38 x 0.75 x 8 inches
- ISBN-100465016154
- ISBN-13978-0465016150
- Lexile measure1460L
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The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere ElseHernando De SotoPaperback
The Gulag Archipelago Volume 1: An Experiment in Literary InvestigationAleksandr I. SolzhenitsynPaperback
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"The most intelligent book yet written about the current challenge of establishing capitalism in the developing world."―Economist
"The Mystery of Capital makes a powerful case...An important book."―Washington Post Book World
"If a nonmathematician can win a Nobel Prize in Economics, I nominate de Soto."―Lawrence Minard, Forbes Global
"In his smart new book, The Mystery of Capital, de Soto answers the question why capitalism succeeds in the West and fails in so many other places."―Thomas Friedman, New York Times
"Some books are good, some are bad, but very few are real gems. One of the few gems is the recently published book, The Mystery of Capital."―Thomas Sowell
About the Author
His previous book, The Other Path, was a bestseller throughout Latin America and the U.S. He and ILD are currently working on the practical implementation of the measures for bringing the poor into the economic mainstream introduced in The Mystery of Capital. He lives in Lima, Peru.
Product details
- Publisher : Basic Books; Reprint edition (July 9, 2003)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 288 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0465016154
- ISBN-13 : 978-0465016150
- Lexile measure : 1460L
- Item Weight : 9.9 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.38 x 0.75 x 8 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #116,137 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #47 in Development & Growth Economics (Books)
- #74 in International Economics (Books)
- #106 in Theory of Economics
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1) Document the economic potential of all assets
“Capital is born by representing in writing-in a title, a security, a contract, and in other such records- the most economically and socially useful qualities about the asset as opposed to the visually more striking aspects of the asset. The moment you focus your attention on the title of the house, for example, and not the house itself, you have automatically stepped from the material world into the conceptual world where capital lives”
2) Integrate Asset Documentation into one System that Anyone Can Access
“The reason capitalism triumphed in the West and sputtered in the rest of the world is because most of the assets in Western nations have been integrated into one formal representational system. Developing and former communist nations have not done this. In all countries I have studied, I have never found just one legal system but dozens or even hundreds managed by all sorts of organizations. Consequently what people in those countries can do with their property is limited to the imagination of the owners and their acquaintances. In western countries where property information is standardized and universally available what owners can do with their assets benefits from the collective imagination of a larger network of people”
3) Hold People Accountable to the System
“Once inside a formal property system, owners lost their anonymity. By becoming inextricably linked to real estate and business that could be easily identified and located. People who do not pay for goods or services they have consumed can be identified, charged interests penalties, fined, embargoed and have their credit ratings downgraded”
4) Make Use of the Systems Liquidity
“Representations also enable the division of assets without touching them. Whereas an asset such as a factory may be an indivisible unit in the real world, in the conceptual universe of formal property representation it can be subdivided into any number of portions. Citizens of advanced nations are thus able to split most of their assets into shares, each of which can be owned by different persons, with different rights, to carry out different functions. Thanks to formal property, a single factory can be held by countless investors, who can divest themselves of their property without affecting the integrity of the physical asset. Farmers in many developing countries have no such option and must continually subdivide their farms for each generation until the parcels are too small to farm profitably, leaving the descendants with two alternatives: starving or stealing”
5) Use the System to Network the Business Community
“Property’s real breakthrough is that it radically improved the flow of communications about assets and their potential. Without knowing who has the rights to what, and without an integrated legal system where the ability to enforce obligations has been transferred from extralegal groups to government, utilities would be hard pressed to deliver services properly. On what other basis could they identify subscribers, create utility subscription contracts, establish service connections and ensure access to parcels and buildings? How would they implement billing systems, meter readings, collection mechanisms, loss control, fraud control, delinquent charging procedures and enforcement services such as meter shut offs?”
6) Use the System to Encourage Trade
“Although they are established to protect both the security of ownership and that of transactions, it is obvious that western systems emphasize the latter. Security is principally focused on producing trust. The Western emphasis on the security of transactions allows citizens to move large amounts of assets with very few transactions. How else can we explain that in developing and former communist nations people are still taking their pigs to market and trading them one at a time as they have done for thousands of years, whereas in the West traders take representations of their rights over pigs to the market? Traders at the Chicago Commodities Exchange for example deal through representations which give them more information about the pigs they are trading than if they could physically examine each pig. They are able to make deals for huge quantities of pigs with little concerned about the security of transactions.”
I reworded the titles for simplicity but you get my drift.
His driving theory is that the majority of the world poverty exists because the governments of developing nations haven’t taken these steps.
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on January 26, 2021
1) Document the economic potential of all assets
“Capital is born by representing in writing-in a title, a security, a contract, and in other such records- the most economically and socially useful qualities about the asset as opposed to the visually more striking aspects of the asset. The moment you focus your attention on the title of the house, for example, and not the house itself, you have automatically stepped from the material world into the conceptual world where capital lives”
2) Integrate Asset Documentation into one System that Anyone Can Access
“The reason capitalism triumphed in the West and sputtered in the rest of the world is because most of the assets in Western nations have been integrated into one formal representational system. Developing and former communist nations have not done this. In all countries I have studied, I have never found just one legal system but dozens or even hundreds managed by all sorts of organizations. Consequently what people in those countries can do with their property is limited to the imagination of the owners and their acquaintances. In western countries where property information is standardized and universally available what owners can do with their assets benefits from the collective imagination of a larger network of people”
3) Hold People Accountable to the System
“Once inside a formal property system, owners lost their anonymity. By becoming inextricably linked to real estate and business that could be easily identified and located. People who do not pay for goods or services they have consumed can be identified, charged interests penalties, fined, embargoed and have their credit ratings downgraded”
4) Make Use of the Systems Liquidity
“Representations also enable the division of assets without touching them. Whereas an asset such as a factory may be an indivisible unit in the real world, in the conceptual universe of formal property representation it can be subdivided into any number of portions. Citizens of advanced nations are thus able to split most of their assets into shares, each of which can be owned by different persons, with different rights, to carry out different functions. Thanks to formal property, a single factory can be held by countless investors, who can divest themselves of their property without affecting the integrity of the physical asset. Farmers in many developing countries have no such option and must continually subdivide their farms for each generation until the parcels are too small to farm profitably, leaving the descendants with two alternatives: starving or stealing”
5) Use the System to Network the Business Community
“Property’s real breakthrough is that it radically improved the flow of communications about assets and their potential. Without knowing who has the rights to what, and without an integrated legal system where the ability to enforce obligations has been transferred from extralegal groups to government, utilities would be hard pressed to deliver services properly. On what other basis could they identify subscribers, create utility subscription contracts, establish service connections and ensure access to parcels and buildings? How would they implement billing systems, meter readings, collection mechanisms, loss control, fraud control, delinquent charging procedures and enforcement services such as meter shut offs?”
6) Use the System to Encourage Trade
“Although they are established to protect both the security of ownership and that of transactions, it is obvious that western systems emphasize the latter. Security is principally focused on producing trust. The Western emphasis on the security of transactions allows citizens to move large amounts of assets with very few transactions. How else can we explain that in developing and former communist nations people are still taking their pigs to market and trading them one at a time as they have done for thousands of years, whereas in the West traders take representations of their rights over pigs to the market? Traders at the Chicago Commodities Exchange for example deal through representations which give them more information about the pigs they are trading than if they could physically examine each pig. They are able to make deals for huge quantities of pigs with little concerned about the security of transactions.”
I reworded the titles for simplicity but you get my drift.
His driving theory is that the majority of the world poverty exists because the governments of developing nations haven’t taken these steps.
Numerous books have been published around globalization, but few have been successful at exposing the heart of the matter - as to what it will take for the developing world to truly embrace capitalism. This book is successful in doing that by going back to the roots of capitalism through re-examining history, extracting its timeless lessons and developing a path to change this disparate reality. A highly recommended thought-provoking read.
Below are key excerpts from the book that I found particularly insightful:
1- "In the West, by contrast, every parcel of land, every building, every piece piece of equipment, or store of inventories is represented in a property document that is the visible sign of a vast hidden process that connects all these assets to the rest of the economy. Thanks to this representational process, assets can lead an invisible, parallel life alongside their material existence. They can be used as collateral for credit. The single most important source of funds for new businesses in the United States is a mortgage on the entrepreneur's house. These assets can also provide a link to the owner's credit history, an accountable address for the collection of debts and taxes, the basis for the creation of securities (like mortgage-backed bonds) that can then be rediscounted and sold in secondary markets. By this process the West injects life into assets and makes them generate capital."
2- "The moment is ripe to solve the problem of why capitalism is triumphant in the West and stalling practically everywhere else. As all plausible alternatives to capitalism have now evaporated, we are finally in a position to study capital dispassionately and carefully."
3- "Leaders of the Third World and former communist nations need not wander the world's foreign ministries and international financial institutions seeking their fortune. In the midst of their own poorest neighborhoods and shantytowns, there are - if not acres of diamonds - trillions of dollars, all ready to be put to use if only the mystery of how assets are transformed into live capital."
4- "As Adam Smith pointed out, money is the "great wheel of circulation", but it is not capital because value "cannot consist in those metal pieces." In other words, money facilitates transactions, allowing us to buy and sell things, but it is not itself the progenitor of additional production. As Smith insisted, "the gold and silver money, which circulates in any country, may very properly be compared to a highway, which, while it circulates and carries to market all the grass and corn of the country, produces itself not a single pile of either.""
5- "...I have seen that the formal property systems of the West produce six effects that allow their citizens to generate capital...1) Fixing the Economic Potential of Assets...2) Integrating Dispersed Information into One System...3) Making People Accountable...4) Making Assets Fungible...5) Networking People...6) Protecting Transactions"
6- "The lessons of the West is that piecemeal solutions and stopgap measures to alleviate poverty were not enough. Living standards rose only when governments reformed the law and the property system to facilitate the division of labor. With the ability to increase their productivity through the beneficial effects of integrated poverty systems, ordinary people were able to specialize in ever-widening markets and to increase capital formation."
7- "The real problem is that we have still not recognized that all these difficulties constitute a sea change in expectations: As the poor flow into cities and create extralegal social contracts, they are forcing a major redistribution of power. Once the governments of developing and former communist countries accept that, they can begin to catch the wave instead of being engulfed by it."
8- "The American experience shows that this is a threefold task: We must find the real social contracts on property, integrate them into the official law, and craft a political strategy that makes reform possible."
9- "To integrate all forms of property into a unified system, governments must find out how and why the local conventions work and how strong they actually are."
10- "The lifeblood of capitalism is not the Internet or fast-food franchises. It is capital. Only capital provides the means to support specialization and the production and exchange of assets in the expanded market. It is capital that is the source of increasing productivity and therefore the wealth of nations."
11- "I hope this book has conveyed my belief that this state of affairs is relatively easy to correct - provided that government are willing to accept the following: 1) The situation and potential of the poor need to be better documents. 2) All people are capable of saving. 3) What the poor are missing are the legally integrated property systems that can convert their work and savings into capital. 4) Civil disobedience and the mafias of today are not marginal phenomena but the result of people marching by the billions from life organized on a small scale to life on a big scale. 5) In this context, the poor are not the problem but the solution. 6) Implementing a property system that creates capital is a political challenge because it involves getting in touch with people, grasping the social contract, and overhauling the legal system."
Top reviews from other countries
De Soto's premise is that widely accessible legal property systems are the foundation of the West's prosperity and that the absence of such systems in Third World countries is the principal reason why all attempts at macroeconomic reform in the Third World- however good-intentioned - are doomed to failure. By presenting results of original grass-roots research that he conducted in five countries (Haiti, Peru, Brazil, Egypt and The Philippines), De Soto demonstrates that the poor are anything but poor. For example, he showed that the poor in Peru owned about $72 billion worth of property, (an amount that was eight times the amount of savings deposits in Peru at the time). The problem, though, is that all of that $72 billion worth of asset is `dead capital', as it is in the extra-legal sector of the economy. Since there are no legal titles or deeds, this `dead capital' could not be put up as collateral to start businesses, or to generate wealth independent of its status as real estate.
De Soto devotes considerable space to examine the history of property rights development in the United States. He shows clearly that the process of developing property rights in the US was not a straight forward. Indeed, it took the better part of a century to develop an integrated, property system that was accessible to the entire U.S. population. Therein, according to De Soto, lie the lessons for today's developing countries.
He finally outlines a strategy for integrating the extra legal population into the economic mainstream: taking the perspective of the poor; co-opting the elites and dealing with the technocrats, who have a vested interest in maintaining outmoded, unrepresentative property systems.
The book's concluding chapter is a gem - albeit a `short' one. De Soto eloquently challenges the `cultural argument' to wit: Is succeeding at capitalism a cultural thing? How much of Bill Gates success, for example, is due to his cultural background and `Protestant Work Ethic' and how much is due to the existence of legal property systems in the United States? His conclusion: "Much behaviour that is attributed to cultural heritage is not the inevitable result of people's ethnic or idiosyncratic traits but of their rational evaluation of the relative costs and benefits of entering the legal property system". De Soto's conclusion is one that I, as a Nigerian, agree with. The poor in my native country are not just an unruly, pre-industrial lot waiting for hand outs from the West. Instead, they are entrepreneurs, who survive - and even thrive - in spite of a hostile economic and political situation. It's time to harness their entrepreneurial energy to produce `live capital'. De Soto's message is timely and well-argued. Therefore, The Mystery of Capital deserves my 4 stars.
The argument is basically that economic development of a more equitable and prosperous for the poorest, could happen by simply creating good legal and administrative framework for property and investment. That is the so-called "mystery of capital": when this is in place, people will be able to extract capital from their property, just as they are largely doing informally in much of the developing world, but completely outside the formal economic system.
The argument is excellent. Therefore, I believe the book is a must-read for anyone working with poverty and development (not only in the developing countries).
Nevertheless, there are still some things that may be discussed. Mr. De Soto is a firm believer in the invisible hand of the market: when the framework is in place, people will be able to help themselves. In that sense, I can't help but thinking that Mr. De Soto is largely speaking of poor people as mostly urban dwellers, who although informally, are already to a degree incorporated into the economic system, and have a (minimum) knowledge and understanding of how the market works and how to extract capital from it.
But what about the poorest of the poorest subsistence farmers in some African countries? I personally don't believe the arguments put forth in the book would change anything for them. On the contrary, without proper protection, they might be in for more exploitation from more capable people...
While I still don't believe the links of market capitalism are directly related to reducing poverty (an argument implicit in Mr. De Soto's book), I do believe that the easing of market restrictions and clarification of property rights which Mr. De Soto argues for, are a pre-condition for economic development, which may help but will not alone alleviate the precarious situation for the poorest of the poor.
Great book.
The central theme of the book is simple - the reason while capitalism has not taken off outside the west is not that people are somehow lazy (quite to the contrary) but that legal and property systems do not allow them to use their property to obtain liquid capital. I don't disagree, but I think this is a one-dimensional view. I'm always dubious about single cause explanations for economic and social phenomena, and this idea is no exception. Yes, lack of legal property is an important part of the problem, but it's not the only one, and a more rounded view of the problems involved is needed to resolve them.














