The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies 1st Edition
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Guenter Lewy
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Guenter Lewy
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ISBN-13:
978-0195142402
ISBN-10:
0195142403
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Lewy's study is an extremely important addition to the study of the persecution of the Gypsies during the Nazi period, a subject that has been little researched until now...Lewy's meticulously researched and methodically presented study is based on the study of primary documents in archives and in
various governmental agencies. The book includes some photos and reproductions of documents and an extensive bibliography."--Multicultural Review
"Guenter Lewy's The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies is an outstanding achievement. It will become the standard work on the subject. It documents and analyses an aspect of Nazi criminality that hasn't received sufficient attention and corrects some unfounded statements. It is a work of great
compassion and exemplary scholarship."--Saul Friedlander, Department of History, Tel Aviv University and University of California, Los Angeles
"Lewy's account of Nazi measures against the powerless Gypsies is unsurpassed in the English language. It tells a story in painstaking, footnoted detail that is totally bizarre. This book is a platform for much reflection."--Raul Hilber, author of The Destruction of the European Jews
"In his level-headed way Guenter Lewy challenges many stereotypes about the Gypsies, exploring their culture including their 'ritual purity'. He also argues that despite all Nazi crimes against them the Third Reich's policy towards them lacked the single-mindedness of its murderous assault on the
Jews. Meticulously researched, this book is innovative and courageous in its conclusions."--Klemens von Klemperer, Department of History, Smith College
"A moving account of the fate of a small people caught in a maelstrom."--Kirkus
"The tragic story of the Gypsies during Nazi Germany is presented in this comprehensive volume, which provides details on the fates of individuals and families...Lewy contradicts existing scholarship in showing that however much they were persecuted, there was no general program of extermination
that was comparable to the 'final solution' of the Jews."--The Topeka Capital-Journal
"In The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies, Lewy...draws upon thousands of documents--never before used--from German and Austrian archives to provide the most comprehensive and accurate study available of the fate of the Gypsies under the Nazi regime."--Gadfly Online
"The sterling value of Mr. Lewy's book rests on his research of the available sources including 29 German and Austrian archives at federal and other levels...These...give the book the air of social history at its soberest but best"--Washington Times
"Lewy has written a major work on the Nazi persecution of the Gypsies which is accessible to the general reader as well as to scholars."--The Philadelphia Inquirer
"Based on solid archival sources, this should become the standard work on the subject."--Frederic Krome, Library Journal
"A startling new interpretion of the Nazi policy toward the Gypsies. Lewy argues that in contrast to the Final Solution of the 'Jewish Question', the Nazis had no comparable plan to exterminate the Gypsies. And when the latter were sent to the concentration camps for extermination, it was not solely
because of their biological existence, like the Jews, but because their wandering way of life challenged the social and cultural construct of the Third Reich...His theory may be controversial, but he argues his case carefully."--Publisher's Weekly
"[E]specially welcome. Mr. Lewy's account id the most comprehensive treatment of the subject in English to date."--Tom Gross, Wall Street Journal
"A reasoned, academic overview of the often historically neglected Nazi persecution of the gypsies. The book is very accessible to the general reader, filled with poignant details of individual and community struggles with the growing Nazi terror."--ForeWord
"Our understanding about the persecution of the Gypsies by the Nazis has been fairly limited until now. To date, there has been only one work on the subject in English and it is highly inadequate. Part of the reason for this paucity of information is that there were few Gypsy intellectuals, and not
one Gypsy was called to testify at any of the tribunals that followed the war. Moreover, many of the experiences in the camps...violated a number of Gypsy tabus so that the survivors were reluctant to discuss what had transpired. Outsiders who sought to penetrate this wall of silence were generally
rebuffed...Drawing on documentary material from twenty-nine Austrian and German archives, the National Archives and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum...,Lewy has written a groundbreaking work. By examining the decrees promulgated in Berlin and determining how these policies were implemented at the
local level, he has provided a detailed account of the persecution of the Gypsies."--Together
About the Author
Guenter Lewy is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He is the author of many books, including The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany and Religion and Revolution (OUP). He lives in Washington, D.C.
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Product details
- Publisher : Oxford University Press; 1st edition (May 24, 2001)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 320 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0195142403
- ISBN-13 : 978-0195142402
- Lexile measure : 1500L
- Item Weight : 15.9 ounces
- Dimensions : 8.9 x 0.8 x 5.8 inches
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Best Sellers Rank:
#2,547,368 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #2,964 in Medieval Literary Criticism (Books)
- #7,756 in European History (Books)
- #18,513 in Literature
- Customer Reviews:
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33 global ratings
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Reviewed in the United States on December 3, 2012
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This is a great examination of a little known and even lesser understood aspect of the Holocaust. The Roma and Sinti (Gypsy sub-groups) were some of the first to be persecuted. Most of the crime in a city would be laid at the hands of the Gypsies when they were near. They were singled out even before the Jews. They were shunned by society simply because they had no fixed home and lived a nomadic lifestyle. There were even laws that stipulated that church bells must be rung when the Gypsies entered a town to warn the locals to lock up their valuables. This book is a must read if you want to understand what really happened in the Holocaust, not just have a general overview of its history. This is not an easy book to read. It is in-depth and delves into a very difficult subject that is heart wrenching at best and quite depressing at worst.
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Reviewed in the United States on July 11, 2000
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This is an absorbing, well-written and quite readable text book by a noted 20th century historian, Guenter Lewy, and it constitutes a disturbing, graphic and poignant overview of the Nazi campaign against the gypsy population of central Europe. The German national socialist regime, always in search for helpless, infirm and unwell sectors of the population to scapegoat and persecute, found in the gypsies an ideal target by way of a collection of powerless, rootless, and socio-politically unsavory groups of individuals to prey upon. Yet this persecution has not been widely publized or recognized until now largely because of the nature of the gypsy population, i.e. due to their own lack of social and political visibility, no one has paid a lot of attention to their plight or to the multitude of ways in which they were persecuted, along with Jews and other political groups by the Nazis.
This book remedies that egregious oversight, painting a vivid, quite compassionate picture of the gypsies' dilemma, and at the same time marshaling a damning indictment of the general campaign of mistreatment, disenfranchisement, torture, and murder conducted by the Third Reich against all subjugated peoples both in greater Germany and also in the countries conquered as they pushed both east and west during the prosecution of the war. According to the author, the policy seemed to evolve as the Nazis encountered such groups in their conquests, and whatever policies as emerged did so more in relation to the local officials' negative views of the gypsies as being thieves, trouble-makers and undesirables than due to any overall pre-planned approach.
Of course, this sort of insight shouldn't come as a total surprise to students of Third Reich social policies. Even Himmler's well-documented plan for the "Final Solution" is now considered by a number of noted historians to owe more to the requirements of exigent circumstance that evolved as the Wehrmacht rolled through Poland during Operation Barbarossa than from any long-term plan to systematically exterminate all European Jews. The Nazis realized they could not feed or shelter the Jews and maintain their schedule for populating the hinterlands, and the extermination program was conceived of as a way out of that dilemma.
It should also be noted that the Nazi bureaucracy was rife with duplications and redundancies, and that this led to disorganization and confusion. As a result, it was exceedingly ineffective and inefficient. The history associated with the conduct of the army and its special branches toward extermination also reflects this disorganization and amateurish, rigid and unfocused leadership and direction. In spite of this lack of leadership or any clear and unambiguous policy, the local officials often improvised, with gruesome effect. As history shows, they were a deadly, murderous crew.
The campaign as described in this well-documented and painstakingly researched book reflects that lack of coherent policy and disorganization in the actions taken against the gypsies. However, this lack of specific focus does not mean they were not massively and negatively affected by government policies. On the contrary, from the inception of programs against the gypsies began in 1938 to the bitter end, they suffered the fates of so many others; deportation to concentration camps, exclusion from school, work and social life, slave labor, involuntary sterilization, torture, medical experimentation, and extermination. This book fully documents the place of the gypsies as a class of victims in the Holocaust, and fills a void too long left vacant by scholarship and public recognition. This is an excellent book, carefully researched, well documented, and compassionate in its comprehensive consideration of the plight of European gypsies at the hands of the Third Reich.
This book remedies that egregious oversight, painting a vivid, quite compassionate picture of the gypsies' dilemma, and at the same time marshaling a damning indictment of the general campaign of mistreatment, disenfranchisement, torture, and murder conducted by the Third Reich against all subjugated peoples both in greater Germany and also in the countries conquered as they pushed both east and west during the prosecution of the war. According to the author, the policy seemed to evolve as the Nazis encountered such groups in their conquests, and whatever policies as emerged did so more in relation to the local officials' negative views of the gypsies as being thieves, trouble-makers and undesirables than due to any overall pre-planned approach.
Of course, this sort of insight shouldn't come as a total surprise to students of Third Reich social policies. Even Himmler's well-documented plan for the "Final Solution" is now considered by a number of noted historians to owe more to the requirements of exigent circumstance that evolved as the Wehrmacht rolled through Poland during Operation Barbarossa than from any long-term plan to systematically exterminate all European Jews. The Nazis realized they could not feed or shelter the Jews and maintain their schedule for populating the hinterlands, and the extermination program was conceived of as a way out of that dilemma.
It should also be noted that the Nazi bureaucracy was rife with duplications and redundancies, and that this led to disorganization and confusion. As a result, it was exceedingly ineffective and inefficient. The history associated with the conduct of the army and its special branches toward extermination also reflects this disorganization and amateurish, rigid and unfocused leadership and direction. In spite of this lack of leadership or any clear and unambiguous policy, the local officials often improvised, with gruesome effect. As history shows, they were a deadly, murderous crew.
The campaign as described in this well-documented and painstakingly researched book reflects that lack of coherent policy and disorganization in the actions taken against the gypsies. However, this lack of specific focus does not mean they were not massively and negatively affected by government policies. On the contrary, from the inception of programs against the gypsies began in 1938 to the bitter end, they suffered the fates of so many others; deportation to concentration camps, exclusion from school, work and social life, slave labor, involuntary sterilization, torture, medical experimentation, and extermination. This book fully documents the place of the gypsies as a class of victims in the Holocaust, and fills a void too long left vacant by scholarship and public recognition. This is an excellent book, carefully researched, well documented, and compassionate in its comprehensive consideration of the plight of European gypsies at the hands of the Third Reich.
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Reviewed in the United States on December 28, 2002
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At last there is a reliable, scholarly treatment of the Nazi persecution of Gypsies ! Lewy's work distinguishes itself from previous writings in at least two ways:
First, he has a good command of the sources, which he uses conscientiously and authoritatively. He is thus able to paint for us the murderous Nazi policies in regard to Gypsies, and the unspeakable suffering of the Gypsy people under Nazi rule.
Second, and again on the basis of these sources, Lewy can tell us what the Nazi's Gypsy persecution was and what is was not. It was a crime of great magnitude, and probably amounted to the outright murder of more than half of all the Gypsies in Nazi-controlled areas. It was not a "Holocaust" in the sense of the Nazi killings of the Jews. The Holocaust sought to kill all Jews without distinction while the murder of Gypsies involved a Nazi policy of killing some and sparing others.
There were of course still others who suffered greatly under the Nazis. There were Communists and Socialists, and Jehovah's Witnesses, among many other such groups. Whole nations were targeted, for instance the Poles. Lewy cannot deal with all such Nazi crimes, but he should have at least reminded us of them in order to provide perspective and comparison. This is a fault of the book.
A second fault lies in Lewy's apparent ignorance of the ethnographic and linguistic literature concerning the Gypsy people. Some such acquaintance would have prevented some rather naïve observations. And it would also have made him more knowledgeable in his references to the many self-styled spokesmen for the Gypsies.
Such faults, however, are heavily outweighed by the very substantial virtues. This book is an absolutely indispensable contribution to our knowledge of the Nazi dictatorship.
First, he has a good command of the sources, which he uses conscientiously and authoritatively. He is thus able to paint for us the murderous Nazi policies in regard to Gypsies, and the unspeakable suffering of the Gypsy people under Nazi rule.
Second, and again on the basis of these sources, Lewy can tell us what the Nazi's Gypsy persecution was and what is was not. It was a crime of great magnitude, and probably amounted to the outright murder of more than half of all the Gypsies in Nazi-controlled areas. It was not a "Holocaust" in the sense of the Nazi killings of the Jews. The Holocaust sought to kill all Jews without distinction while the murder of Gypsies involved a Nazi policy of killing some and sparing others.
There were of course still others who suffered greatly under the Nazis. There were Communists and Socialists, and Jehovah's Witnesses, among many other such groups. Whole nations were targeted, for instance the Poles. Lewy cannot deal with all such Nazi crimes, but he should have at least reminded us of them in order to provide perspective and comparison. This is a fault of the book.
A second fault lies in Lewy's apparent ignorance of the ethnographic and linguistic literature concerning the Gypsy people. Some such acquaintance would have prevented some rather naïve observations. And it would also have made him more knowledgeable in his references to the many self-styled spokesmen for the Gypsies.
Such faults, however, are heavily outweighed by the very substantial virtues. This book is an absolutely indispensable contribution to our knowledge of the Nazi dictatorship.
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Reviewed in the United States on September 12, 2012
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As a Romani person I am very happy to be able to get hold of a book about the Porrajmos. It is a good book and very informative. However, the author tries to make the claim that the slaughter of our people was no genocide, which is absolutely false!
Reviewed in the United States on January 15, 2018
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interesting
Reviewed in the United States on March 14, 2013
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Very good and thourough book on the forgotten holocaust of the Gypsies. As a guide in a Holocaust museum this book has helped me a great deal in my guiding tours.




