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The New Faces of Fascism: Populism and the Far Right Hardcover – January 29, 2019

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What is fascism in the twenty first century?

What does Fascism mean at the beginning of the twenty-first century? When we pronounce this word, our memory goes back to the years between the two world wars and envisions a dark landscape of violence, dictatorships, and genocide. These images spontaneously surface in the face of the rise of radical right, racism, xenophobia, islamophobia and terrorism, the last of which is often depicted as a form of "Islamic fascism."

Beyond some superficial analogies, however, all these contemporary tendencies reveal many differences from historical fascism, probably greater than their affinities. Paradoxically, the fear of terrorism nourishes the populist and racist rights, with Marine Le Pen in France or Donald Trump in the US claiming to be the most effective ramparts against "Jihadist fascism". But since fascism was a product of imperialism, can we define as fascist a terrorist movement whose main target is Western domination? Disentangling these contradictory threads, Enzo Traverso's historical gaze helps to decipher the enigmas of the present. He suggests the concept of post-fascism--a hybrid phenomenon, neither the reproduction of old fascism nor something completely different--to define a set of heterogeneous and transitional movements, suspended between an accomplished past still haunting our memories and an unknown future.

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Editorial Reviews

Review

“A valuable intervention.”
—Natasha Lennard, Times Literary Supplement

“An essential contribution to the debate around the crisis in the EU and the rise of the far right.”
—Theory & Struggle

About the Author

Enzo Traverso is the Susan and Barton Winokur Professor in the Humanities at Cornell University. His publications, all translated into various languages, include more than ten authored and edited books, including The Marxists and the Jewish Question, The Jews and Germany, Understanding the Nazi Genocide, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914-1945 and Left-Wing Melancholia: Marxism, History, and Memory.

Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Verso; Translation edition (January 29, 2019)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 208 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1788730461
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1788730464
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 12.8 ounces
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.79 x 0.81 x 8.54 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #1,674,815 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #3,073 in European Politics Books
- #3,429 in French History (Books)
- #7,427 in History & Theory of Politics

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E. N. Anderson

Excellent guide to current European right-wing thought

Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on September 14, 2019

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Enzo Traverso’s book is a broad introduction to current right-wing political thought in Europe. The right ranges from outright fascists (notably in Greece) to old-fashioned conservatives, but seems to cluster around an anti-immigrant, nativist, backward-looking stance that is more concerned with maintaining ethnic or at least religious purity than with economic policies. The right seems more concerned with ideology and culture than with economics. Most of the right seem broadly comfortable with Europe’s welfare state systems, and broadly uncomfortable with free-wheeling capitalism, but there the uniformity ends. Traverso thus sees fascism and postfascism—the current anti-immigrant, anti-change movements—as cultural and ideological, not political and economic. My own definition is different: I see the essence of fascism in the fusion of authoritarian, murderous, powerful government with giant firms and suppression of labor. This was the core of “National Socialism,” and is the core of American fascism today. Traverso also briefly addresses Islamic extremism, pointing out that Muslim countries never had free or democratic institutions and have always had varying degrees of religious repression. He is, however, aware that many current Islamicists are young men (rarely women) with little real knowledge of Islam. He cites one would-be killer captured with a book Islam for Dummies in his baggage.
One interesting aspect of the right-wing turn has been “revisionist” histories of fascism. Right-wing historians now range from those who want no more than rhetoric-free history to outright fascist apologists for Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco. They see the USSR as far worse at the game of tyranny. Conversely, left-wing revisionists find much good in Stalin and far less in Hitler. (I am reminded of recent efforts in the China literature to rehabilitate Mao Zedong. These range from moderate texts pointing out that at least he did bring food and medical care to China to outright defenses of his murderous excesses.) Traverso ends by interrogating the idea of “totalitarianism,” which he finds too broad and loaded a term. I do not entirely agree. Granted, understanding Hitler and understanding Stalin require extremely different types of investigation. Yet there is still something about one man seizing total power and using it to kill millions of others for absurd reasons that unifies not only Hitler and Stalin, but also Mao, Qin Shi Huang Di, Savonarola, and many others throughout history. Genocide, for instance, is a highly predictable event, something that would be unlikely if it were “really” a lot of unrelated phenomena. I will duly continue to use the word, but with proper attention to the enormous diversity of things it covers.
One minor complaint about an otherwise extremely rich and valuable book: One, he does not understand the Trump phenomenon in the US. He thinks Trump is more or less a one-off wild card. Not so; Trump is the result of a very long and systematic political effort by genuine fascists—people who still support Hitler and his ideals—and other extremist right-wingers of a more “postfascist” sort.

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mangilli-climpson m

A Future Holocaust seen by an Over-active Mind

Reviewed in the United Kingdom 🇬🇧 on February 3, 2019

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In the run up to European elections - in which very likely for the first time since the first elections in 1979 Britain will not be taking part, the press will attempt to play the fear card, stating “beware of the Populists”. Enzo Traverso’s The New Faces of Fascism: Populism & the Far Right might receive the coverage on TV with more warnings: we are heading back to the days of conflict of the interwar years, the rise of Fascism and Nazism and their hybrids in Central and Eastern Europe, and any false move in 2019 might unleash a repeat of 1939.

The author’s problem begins with the definitions. No one denies the origins of Fascism and Nazism, but no scholar (see The Oxford Handbook of Fascism) describing such movements elsewhere wishes to be identified with a disapproved system of mass barbarity. Populism, furthermore, is an ambiguous concept in a chaotic period of change: the voice of the angered people in the Third World is depicted as a pillar of the anti-colonial Left – in Latin America, headed by the charismatic Chavez in Venezuela, Morales in Bolivia, Correa in Ecuador (no sign of Mugabe and his discredited ZANU-PF in Zimbabwe), plus for good measure Syriza in Greece, Podemos in Spain, the Democrat Party and Labour Party in the US and UK (or more precisely Sanders’ and Corbyn’s factions) in the West; whereas in Europe, since the world depression in 2008, with Brexit and Trump’s Presidential victory in 2016, it is Populism of the Right that is solely under the spotlight glare.

Traverso manages to identify only three parties that openly pride themselves with Fascism – Golden Dawn in Greece, Jobbik in Hungary, and the National Party in Slovakia, but then underlines eight countries in the EU are led in coalition by the Far Right (occasionally referred to as Post-Fascist), and now the Alternative für Deutschland (as have more recently the Democrats in Sweden) has made an electoral breakthrough. While naming the xenophobic Italian League (ex Northern League) in Italy, now headed by Deputy Premier Salvini, he overlooks that it is in coalition, and is balanced by its Populist Left partner the Five Star Movement, and in Hungary Jobbik is firmly critical of Orban and his Far Right Populist Fidesz Party. He asserts Trump, like Mussolini, as “a Man of Action”, never a Fascist, but in the next breath barks he is a “Post-Fascist leader without Fascism” – and though no further explanations are uttered, the smell and fears of past Fascism seems to seep through.

The book aimed at a French and US Left public lacks a comparative analysis of European parties of the Right – whatever that may be. It reminds one of the mind of an uncritical being, like Humpty Dumpty in Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland, who portrays people and events individually and eclectically, and assumes readers will instantly transfer what individuals and groups abroad with similar sounding names do with what they imagine or know they might carry out closer to home.

In one full clean sweep Traverso chooses to forget his meek rational “nowhere” internationalists and friends on the Populist Left, before then painting all the Far Right as Populist with the same Fascist brush intent in foolishly building walls against the onset flood of mass immigration, and spreading old racist wine hatred in new bottles -the dark-skinned Muslim now replacing the wicked Jew. Supporters of the Far Right are treated as old misguided nationalist “fruitcakes” of demagogues, defenders of mythical past homogeneous national communities, who fail to see their wicked ideas will only ferment greater friction in and between societies, which can not but lead to war.

Worst, where these supposedly evil political forces are not in government, as in the case of Marine Le Pen’s National Rally (formerly National Front) in France, for years social policies under Centre-right and Socialist Presidents Sarkozy and Hollande, have taken on the clothes of the Populists, as the Austrian Chancellors Dollfuss and Schuschnigg had prior even to the Nazi Anschluss in 1938. Seventy years later, in 2018, German Minister of the Interior, Seehofer, made the honest, but to liberal ears controversial comment that “Islam does not belong to Germany”, almost mouthing a view of the Alternative –virtually leads one to conclude that in the wave of an economic crisis the political establishment naturally favours or reverts to authoritarian forms to prop up a weak democracy.

Traverso may have hinted - without admitting, that the EU – through its executive “troika”: the IMF, the EC Bank, and the EC Commission, may be partly to blame for not putting on the breaks to the rise of such populist thought. It embodies a neo-liberal “state of exception”, constituting something normal, and involves the submission of the will of the people – the political, to that of financial capital, a modern trans-national version of Lenin’s imperialism. Its current class of leaders of opportunists, careerists, and artists of the lie, nicely fashioned in the Blair, Renzi, Hollande model, encouraged mass immigration in a modern globalized world; and compelled Greece into greater austerity and debt.

It is not impossible, theoretically, therefore, that in 2019 the European Populists will become the leading political group in the Brussels / Strasbourg Parliaments, and the Commission will simply ignore it, leaving its members to shout and demonstrate after motions and debates are passed as angry wild pups, causing stasis, disunity, and further break up of the EU.

The author forewarns the Far Right parties with authoritarian national systems becoming fully Fascist and totalitarian, and spends two lengthy chapters, covering more than half the volume, discussing the similarities and differences of past Nazi and Soviet totalitarian systems, with their Gulags, and the Nazi death camps.

On the other hand, though, he says these parties are constantly transforming their image over time, he can not provide any source that even one leader dreams a Europe of Black shirts, much less of mass murder camps. So where is the “new” or old face of Fascism other than in the author’s back to the future mind and excessive fears of past events?

History, he should know only highlighted the emergence of an occupied Nazi Empire – the Greater Reich, like the Post-War Communist Warsaw Pact, never a confederation. Even in Sir Oswald Mosley’s Union Movement it would signify the smallest and weakest being taken over by the most organized. Moreover, prior to 2019, being a member of a Far Right party in one nation did not mean it could work closely in harmony with another, as national policies are always of more immediate importance than cross-national ones.

Instead, Enzo Traverso ends showing his true colours with the hope that after the mess of Brexit, it will trigger a change in thinking in the EU: an end, and the birth of the real federal project helped by the Left – the good Populists, at present Syriza, and Podemos, and the project will obviously lead to leftward movement in life and vision. And why can not a radical Left movement try out something already tried by Robert Mugabe?

No, sorry, not a book I can recommend. Try Roger Eatwell & Matthew Goodwin National Populism (2018), very up to date, much more well balanced, and succeeds to distinguish the different types of parties on the Right without first promoting the authors prejudices.

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