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Michelle Alexander

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness Paperback – January 16, 2012

by Michelle Alexander (Author), Cornel West (Introduction)

12,557 ratings

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Once in a great while a book comes along that changes the way we see the world and helps to fuel a nationwide social movement. The New Jim Crow is such a book. Praised by Harvard Law professor Lani Guinier as "brave and bold," this book directly challenges the notion that the election of Barack Obama signals a new era of colorblindness. With dazzling candor, legal scholar Michelle Alexander argues that "we have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it." By targeting black men through the War on Drugs and decimating communities of color, the U.S. criminal justice system functions as a contemporary system of racial control—relegating millions to a permanent second-class status—even as it formally adheres to the principle of colorblindness. In the words of Benjamin Todd Jealous, president and CEO of the NAACP, this book is a "call to action."

Called "stunning" by Pulitzer Prize–winning historian David Levering Lewis, "invaluable" by the Daily Kos, "explosive" by Kirkus, and "profoundly necessary" by the Miami Herald, this updated and revised paperback edition of The New Jim Crow, now with a foreword by Cornel West, is a must-read for all people of conscience.

Print length

336 pages
Language

English
Publisher

The New Press
Publication date

January 16, 2012
Dimensions

6.25 x 1 x 9.25 inches
ISBN-10

1595586431
ISBN-13

978-1595586438
Lexile measure

NC1390L
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Editorial Reviews

Review

Devastating. . . . Alexander does a fine job of truth-telling, pointing a finger where it rightly should be pointed: at all of us, liberal and conservative, white and black.
—Forbes

Alexander is absolutely right to fight for what she describes as a “much-needed conversation” about the wide-ranging social costs and divisive racial impact of our
criminal-justice policies.
—Newsweek

Invaluable . . . a timely and stunning guide to the labyrinth of propaganda, discrimination, and racist policies masquerading under other names that comprises what we call justice in America.
—Daily Kos

Many critics have cast doubt on the proclamations of racism’s erasure in the Obama era, but few have presented a case as powerful as Alexander’s.
—In These Times

Carefully researched, deeply engaging, and thoroughly readable.
—Publishers Weekly

[Written] with rare clarity, depth, and candor.
—Counterpunch

A call to action for everyone concerned with racial justice and an important tool for anyone concerned with understanding and dismantling this oppressive system.
—Sojourners

Undoubtedly the most important book published in this century about the U.S.
—Birmingham News

About the Author

Michelle Alexander is an associate professor of law at Ohio State University and holds a joint appointment at the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. Formerly the director of the ACLU’s Racial Justice Project in Northern California, Alexander served as a law clerk for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Harry A. Blackmun. Cornel West is the Class of 1943 University Professor at Princeton University.

Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ The New Press (January 16, 2012)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 336 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1595586431
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1595586438
Lexile measure ‏ : ‎ NC1390L
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.04 pounds
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.25 x 1 x 9.25 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #13,794 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #7 in Criminal Procedure Law
- #40 in Civil Rights & Liberties (Books)
- #49 in Criminology (Books)

Customer Reviews:
12,557 ratings

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5 star		86%
4 star		9%
3 star		3%
2 star		1%
1 star		2%

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Top reviews from the United States

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Ryan Bert

Solid Points Overshadowed by an Obvious Bias

Reviewed in the United States on August 6, 2018

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While Alexander makes several good points about the dilemma of the US criminal Justice system, a system admittedly with many flaws, she constantly employs false dichotomies and uses single statistics to overreach and convey a conclusion that simply isn't supported by her evidence. It's hard to take cold, generalized statistics and apply them to every single individual case accurately. When you begin taking individual cases one by one, these cold statistics don't always show the conclusion that someone like this author hopes they might.

In one instance, the author attempts to paint President Clinton as a closeted racist, liberal sellout, and conservative crony intent on deploying the death sentence on as many black males as he can in order to sway white voters by falsely reporting the details of an execution he attended while Gov. of Arkansas. In the first chapter the author writes that in an effort to appeal to the white lower class voter,

"Bill Clinton vowed that he would never permit any Republican to be perceived as tougher on crime than he. True to his word, just weeks before the critical New Hampshire primary, Clinton chose to fly home to Arkansas to oversee the execution of Ricky Ray Rector, a mentally impaired black man who had so little conception of what was about to happen to him that he asked for the dessert from his last meal to be saved for him until the morning."

At first glance I found this to be quite an appalling thing for the then Governor to focus on. It seemed as though some mentally impaired man had been a victim of his own impairment, possibly committing a crime he had no intention of committing or any knowledge of what he was actually doing, and that the state of Arkansas was about to murder him simply for being less intelligent than the general public. Alexander makes it sound as though this man was innocent. Her words lead you to believe Bill Clinton is the monster in this story and that Rector was the victim of racial prejudice.

What she didn't write, is that Ricky Rector murdered a man at a club because the bouncer wouldn't let his friend, who wouldn't pay the $3 cover charge, in to the building. Rector became angry, pulled a gun, and fired several shots at the bouncer, wounding two bystanders and killing one man instantly, after the man was struck in the throat and spine by Rector's .38 caliber revolver round. Rector fled the scene, evaded police for 3 days, and eventually agreed to surrender to a police officer he'd known since childhood. This police officer, Robert Martin, visited Rector at Rector's mother's house, where it was implied the surrender would occur. Once in the house, Robert Martin was eventually shot twice in the back by Rector, and died shortly after. Rector now had 2 assaults and 2 murder's on his list of pending charges. And by the way, he is not mentally impaired, at all. That comes next.

Rector, realizing his grievous error in life choices decides enough is enough and walks out the back of his mother's house, having just shot and killed Robert Martin, and puts the gun to his own head. He fires, but misses slightly. The round penetrates his skull, destroying his frontal lobe, but leaving him alive nonetheless. This is where his "mental impairment" begins.

This doesn't sound like much of a victim to me. This mental impairment the author appeals to is one of his own doing, and one resulting from a choice he made to kill himself after consciously deciding to fire several shots into a crowd of people and then intentionally killing an indefensible man. This sort of sweeping logic the author does in order to keep the dirt she want's out and the rest under the rug makes for a difficult and frustrating read. You want to agree with her on most points, but she blatantly misrepresents the facts on so many occasions that you end up writing amazon reviews to express your frustration.

This book started off okay, but it's false implications like this that show the author's intentions. While they are likely coming from a point of genuine concern, they are not in good faith, nor those of someone coming from an unbiased point of view. Read it, but don't just take it at it's word. Just like any other opinion.

1,092 people found this helpful

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CC

Steer clear of this one.

Reviewed in the United States on December 2, 2018

Verified Purchase

All I will say is if you read this book, check the footnotes and do your own independent research. The claims the author makes in this book are not supported by the truth. Are some issues that should be addressed raised? Yes. But the bulk of this book is unfair, not supported by facts, and simply more of the same in today's discourse which often lacks a shred of truth or rational thought.

372 people found this helpful

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David J. Thomas

A whole lotta nonsense

Reviewed in the United States on February 12, 2019

Started reading this book today at the suggestion of a friend and I already have some questions:

1. CLAIM: The book claims that the practice of racial discrimination in employment, housing, access to public assistance of old was made illegal, but has now been reinstituted against black people because if you are a convicted felon you can be denied all of those things.

QUESTION: wouldn’t it be the smart things to do to just not commit felonies in the first place? If the right to vote and have a job and a place to rent or buy or have access to public services was so valued, why then engage in a lifestyle that threatens that? Isn’t the real difference is that the black man living in the Jim Crow south had arguably done nothing to be denied these things and the felon of today has?

2. CLAIM: On page two she says as she walked out of the party celebrating the election of Barrack Obama, she was reminded of the harsh realities of the new Jim Crowe in America because she saw a black man handcuffed by the police, yet she doesn’t mention why or for what he was in cuffs?

Question: isn’t that relevant?? Was he in cuffs for being black? Or because he had committed a crime or had an outstanding warrant? Is THIS really the evidence that we are living in an age of the new Jim Crowe? Are the cops NOT supposed to respond to a call for service?

3. CLAIM: We use the criminal justice system to label people of color as “criminals”.

Question: doesn’t that apply to European, Hispanic and Asian Americans too? Isn’t just about everyone convicted of a crime labeled a criminal?

4. On page 4, the author declares “Quite belatedly, I came to see that mass incarceration in the United States had, in fact, emerged as a stunningly comprehensive and well-disguised system of racialized social control that functions in a manner strikingly similar to Jim Crow”

Question: so she believes that there is a conspiracy among European American legislators and executives in America that secretly conspired to pass laws in order to go after a segment of the black population that is typically living under the poverty level, oftentimes not particularly well educated and far too often either unemployed or underemployed, while allowing the middle class and upper-middle class black folks (made up of carpenters, electricians, bank executives, salesmen and women, accountants, restaurant owners, dentists, lawyers and doctors) who have more purchase power with their higher incomes and better connections due to their jobs and social statuses flourish? Why go after the poor and downtrodden when they have no power to really deny “white America” of anything? Why would they want to do that? Wouldn’t it actually benefit these evil, racist white men at the top to see the poorest of the poor in the black community (and every other community for that matter) get good paying jobs, improve their homes or buy/build new ones, buy new cars, see less crime and all of the other things plaguing too much of the black community?

5. The author then goes on to state again that once released from prison, they have lost all the same rights that were denied to black folks under Jim Crowe.

Question: assuming that is true, why then commit crimes if you are going to be denied these things? And, aren’t Americans of all backgrounds denied these things when they are convicted felons? It doesn’t just apply to black Americans, does it?

6. On page five the author states that 75% of black males can expect to spend time in prison.

Question: how is this an indication of racism, especially in a city like the District of Columbia that has a black mayor, a police department that is 59% black and only 32% white, a city council of 13 democrats of which seven are black? Are the police simply driving around and arresting young black males and putting them in prison for loitering, or is the Metropolitan Police there in DC responding to serious crimes and calls for service?

7. The author states on page seven that in some areas in the United States, as many as 80% of young black males have criminal records and are now legally discriminated against.

Question: Is it not THEIR fault that they have criminal records? And if they are now discriminated against, is it because of their color? Or their crime?

8. On page nine the author states that as a national average, one in three black men are in some stage of the criminal justice system, yet incarceration trends are seen as a crime problem and not as a racial justice or civil rights issue.

Question: are they in jail because of their color? Or their crime? And if the likelihood of them being incarcerated for longer periods of time because the laws are targeted at them, why are they committing crimes in the first place? And who in their community is setting the right example and ALSO making them aware of the fact that if they do even the slightest thing they are going to pay a heavy price?

393 people found this helpful

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Felix

One is too high a score

Reviewed in the United States on February 17, 2020

Verified Purchase

I have a master's degree in education and am very acquainted with looking at situations from as many perspectives as possible. I wanted to take a class simply to broaden my thinking. this book was assigned reading. I read the 27 page"updated preface" and had serious doubts and then the foreword and decided to drop the class. It is 365 pages of the ACLU lawyer's angry opinions and very difficult to follow her ramblings.

194 people found this helpful

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Top reviews from other countries

Mogwai 275

Critical book loses plot on one "benign" comment which discredits BLM to no more than a "so what?"

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on July 26, 2020

Verified Purchase

I came to this book as part of the 'final nail in the coffin' that were the documentary "13th" and the angering documentary on Khalief Browder, a young, intelligent, conscientious African American who courageously (heroically, as it cost him his life) stood up to a racist system that was bending backwards into crushing and breaking him because he had the sole audacity of standing up to it for his civil rights and innocence, rather than letting it relegate him to the 2+ million others (and more, as one should count those “processed” by the legal system as legitimate victims too) that had been "beaten" into submission.

I was enthralled and subjugated by this well-argued and written book until reaching the point where I stopped, completely perplex and in utter shock to the ‘argument’ and example raised by Ms Alexander (the use of "Ms" and stripping of any academic title she might hold is a conscient choice) and the sheer, utter ignorance that it implies. It is impossible to not conclude that she is unable to process the fact that she has implied the claim that ultimately, 'some lives matter more than others', it just depends on "whose foot the shoe is on".

Please hear me out, as the 'surface details' seem to be discussed in many blogs, but not the underlying, blatantly discriminatory and 'self-apologetic' "matter of fact". According to Alexander "The harm white people suffer in the drug war is much like the harm Iraqi civilians suffer in US military actions targeting presumed terrorists and insurgents". The author then goes on to state soon after "Saying that white people are collateral damage may sound callous", then presenting the question to the readers’ of a situation reversal (i.e what-if 'whites' would be criminalised like 'blacks') and concluding from this that "The criminalization of white men would disturb us to the core'". She then finishes her full line of argumentation with an italicised question the readers should ask themselves: "Whom do we care about?"

I have read this passage 10 times and cannot understand the sheer ignorance of the argument and the stupidity of choosing exactly this one in face of any other possible.

In case of a 'blue moon' the author might read this, please read/research a little more about the subject (https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/01/world/iraq-sanctions-kill-children-un-reports.html).
An estimated 576,000 Iraqi children (aged zero to seven years old) were wiped off the face of this world in the matter of 4.5 years (1991 – 1995) in order to "get rid" of a dictator who owed his rise to power via the overt and covert logistical and operational support, financial support and weaponisation and help of successive US governments (so much an ally that Saddam was, that Iraq even 'apologetically' and accidentally bombed a US warship with no retaliation whatsoever). When asked about "whether the price [of these half million dead children] was worth it?", the US Secretary of State said in a national US TV interview that "We [the US government and administration] think it was worth it.".

These innocent half a million lives are the ones that are systematically and CALLOUSLY referred to as 'collateral damage', but the author completely skips and obliterates this point to such an extent that the only "callous" question involved is regarding a hypothetical 'white' person(s), if they were to be put in a 'black' person(s)'s situation.

??!???!??!

I have in vain, looked for a hint of 'sarcasm' or "sense of sardonic" regarding the example given, but there is none to be found in this abhorrent and shocking example given. I cannot finish reading this book, although I enjoyed it until this unconscionable "disaster" (I have no word to describe it, so let’s just use “disaster”) but had to stop for a simple reason. I could not help myself from started to replace the words 'black/Afro-American' with 'Iraqi', 'Jim Crow' with 'Saddam's regime' and/or 'coalition forces' and 'whites' with the 'US forces and government'. The replacement of the words and argument to the Iraqi case being acceptable and nothing more than 'collateral damage' was tenable, and according to the author's example "acceptable" under the auspices of 'collateral damage'.

Then the full shock and hypocrisy, the ignorance of it all could only lead to one conclusion: "it is obvious and inherently observable that some lives matter more than others. So what?"

I beg to disagree with this perspective and find it so disheartening when a valid and important subject matter is 'erased' by such a self-annihilating "example".
But the abysmally ignorant and shocking example given by the author, gives full credence and justification to anyone shrugging shoulders and saying "Black Lives Matter? Hey.... (….collateral damage)”.

If I could, I'd like my money back for this book. The author with that one comment (and it's underlying "whitewash"/obliteration of half a million children) has done a dis-service to the discussion of wanton and systemic discrimination (racism), as well as to the BLM. On the contrary, the extent of the ignorance, ignominy, prejudice, and unfair stereotyping involved in the author's example is exactly the same as the one the author wants to decry – and with great reason.

I’m dumbfounded. Hope the ‘title’ of this review makes more sense now.

14 people found this helpful

Kris

The Reality Behind The War on Drugs

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 19, 2016

Verified Purchase

This book will change the way you think about criminal and judicial systems in the US. It will shine a light on a new form of segregation based on Race.

After looking at a pamphlet, proclaiming that Drug War is the new Jim Crow, the author ignored it as a theory promoted by a bunch of conspiracy guys. She continues in her job as a civil rights lawyer, but in due course realises that the statement was actually true. Millions of black and brown people in the US are languishing behind bars because of the Drug war that was unleashed during the 80’s when Ronald Regan was the president. The outcome of her quest to expose the truth is this book. And what a fantastic book this is.

Here are the key points raised in the book:

1. The race based segregation never went away, it just changed to a form that was more palatable to the prevalent norms in the society. Started as Slavery, ended with the civil war in 1865. Transformed to Jim crow laws, ended with the civil rights law in 1964. Transformed to War on drugs in the 1980’s, and still going on. It’s like a chameleon changing colours to avoid being detected

2. The criminal and judicial systems act in tandem to act as a funnel sucking in an increasing number of black and brown people into a life of segregation. At top of the funnel are the police who routinely stop and search the minorities looking for drugs, flagrantly defying 4th amendment which was meant to protest people’s right to privacy . Black and brown men are put in jail for possessing even small quantities of drugs, while the white men are treated differently. Once they are behind bars, they are scared into accepting guilty plea by the prosecutor, or go to trial and risk harsh sentences. The prosecutors have been granted virtually unlimited power to go after them. And by passing laws, the higher courts have made it impossible for police and prosecutors to be held accountable for their actions

3. Once the person comes out, the segregation doesn’t end. They are discriminated on every possible front: housing, jobs, social benefits. It is monumentally difficult for him to get back to normalcy. Often, he ends up back in jail. And the cycle continues

4. There are incentives for politicians and businesses to keep things the way they are. For politicians, it’s a way to keep the white people feel distracted from their poor economic condition. For businesses that manage jails, there’s money to be made as more and more people are put behind bars. Their profit depends on more people being incarcerated. With such strong incentives, it won’t be easy to pass legislation to abolish this race based segregation

‘Colorblindness’ in the sub-title of book means that we as a society have become indifferent to the plight of these minorities. Because it’s too convenient to think that segregation doesn’t exist, especially when we see a black man getting elected as the president. And we don’t hear people openly vouching for racist beliefs (although that is changing as we can see in the current US election). The author warns against this indifference. Just because those prisons are located in remote villages, away from the main society, we cannot ignore this race based segregation.

Finally, the author proposes that nothing short of a movement will end this form of segregation that is being waged under the name of War on Drugs.

35 people found this helpful

iampago

Eye-Opening - Great for Sociology and Criminology Students

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on December 14, 2016

Verified Purchase

This book will open your eyes, your mind, and get you thinking differently about the way we view crime among ethnic minorities. I'm a sociology and criminology student, and I found this book illuminating and an excellent source of information on crime in black neighbourhoods, individual studies, and a fresh perspective.

This is an important piece of work for the current generation - it highlights why we need to educate the public on crime and justice, and how important it is to be involved in your local community.

A fantastic read from a talented and thought-provoking writer.

7 people found this helpful

Gareth Hughes

Good book but is very biased

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on February 24, 2021

Verified Purchase

This book arrived in good time and was in excellent condition. This is an excellent read and Alexander details her arguments well. In particular she refers to how different administrations in the White House all escalated the war on drugs. But it is a very biased book. She does not back up her arguments with statistics on violent crime. She also continually emphasizes how America should show more compassion to offenders. There is another term for compassion from my experience - weakness. Her consistent call for compassion makes her out to live in a fairytale world. At one stage in the book she justified an individual continually stealing to feed his family. What about the people the individual stole from? Early on in the book she references a man who cannot vote without mentioning the specific crimes he was charged with. I later found out that he was convicted of murder and that was why he couldn't vote. These examples and her cry for compassion undermine the arguments she makes. Nonetheless the book is a good read. I read an excellent critique of the book which knocked down some of Alexander's arguments.

One person found this helpful

Antiphonal

A masterpiece of modern Political thought

Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 6, 2017

Verified Purchase

The central question of Political Philosophy is, “How to share liberties and resources fairly?” Rarely, does Political Philosophy look at the Cultural and Institutional barriers to answering this question. Its concern is first principals.

Here’s one such first principal: why do we imprison others? I’m of the mind that it shouldn’t be to punish, however bad the crime, but rather to protect the liberties of ALL. In the interest of subjective self-disclosure: I have two neighbours, who have each been through the prison system multiple times. Now in their sixties, I help with their banking and medication, because they are both illiterate. It would have been of the greatest benefit to society to teach them to read, but the principal of their incarceration was to punish.

Michelle Alexander has done something remarkable (also check the documentary, “13th” which wouldn’t exist without this book) in exposing structural inequality on an industrial scale. Her argument is elegant and carefully evidenced, it will profit anyone who reads it (even naysayers). As important as John Rawls, “A Theory of Justice”, and I hope destined to be a standard text alongside Hobbes’ “Leviathan”.

2 people found this helpful

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