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The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness Paperback – January 16, 2012
| Michelle Alexander (Author) Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author |
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Called "stunning" by Pulitzer Prize–winning historian David Levering Lewis, "invaluable" by the Daily Kos, "explosive" by Kirkus, and "profoundly necessary" by the Miami Herald, this updated and revised paperback edition of The New Jim Crow, now with a foreword by Cornel West, is a must-read for all people of conscience.
- Print length336 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherThe New Press
- Publication dateJanuary 16, 2012
- Dimensions6.25 x 1 x 9.25 inches
- ISBN-101595586431
- ISBN-13978-1595586438
- Lexile measureNC1390L
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Editorial Reviews
Review
—Forbes
Alexander is absolutely right to fight for what she describes as a much-needed conversation” about the wide-ranging social costs and divisive racial impact of our
criminal-justice policies.
—Newsweek
Invaluable . . . a timely and stunning guide to the labyrinth of propaganda, discrimination, and racist policies masquerading under other names that comprises what we call justice in America.
—Daily Kos
Many critics have cast doubt on the proclamations of racism’s erasure in the Obama era, but few have presented a case as powerful as Alexander’s.
—In These Times
Carefully researched, deeply engaging, and thoroughly readable.
—Publishers Weekly
[Written] with rare clarity, depth, and candor.
—Counterpunch
A call to action for everyone concerned with racial justice and an important tool for anyone concerned with understanding and dismantling this oppressive system.
—Sojourners
Undoubtedly the most important book published in this century about the U.S.
—Birmingham News
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : The New Press (January 16, 2012)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 336 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1595586431
- ISBN-13 : 978-1595586438
- Lexile measure : NC1390L
- Item Weight : 1.04 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.25 x 1 x 9.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #90,751 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #32 in Criminal Procedure Law
- #151 in Civil Rights & Liberties (Books)
- #286 in Criminology (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

A longtime civil rights advocate and litigator, Michelle Alexander won a 2005 Soros Justice Fellowship and now holds a joint appointment at the Moritz College of Law and the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity at Ohio State University. Alexander served for several years as the director of the Racial Justice Project at the ACLU of Northern California, which spearheaded the national campaign against racial profiling. At the beginning of her career she served as a law clerk on the United States Supreme Court for Justice Harry Blackmun. She lives outside Columbus, Ohio.
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I lived in drug infested streets of Baltimore most of my life. I am a black man. I am a disabled man with 13 disabilities. I am an autistic man. Drug dealers would have sold drugs to me just like anyone else had I been the slightest bit interested in ruining my life in drugs. It sounds corny but in elementary school we had a program called Officer Friendly. As a black man it does not take long to learn police officers are anything but our friends. Anyways when I was in 1st grade Officer Friendly showed us drugs, they showed us a film on drugs, they showed what drugs do to people who abuse them. Officer Friendly showed us the whole stupid ugly awful mess that is drug abuse from dealing to abuse. I remembered what I saw. I remember that drugs offered no way out. I was a first grader and I was smart enough to realize that drugs were nothing but a trap one would never get out of. The one thing about drug abuse I could never make sense of is why on Earth would ANYONE, PAY TO MAKE THEMSELVES, VULNERABLE SICK AND A SLAVE TO THEIR DRUG DEALER. I was an autistic child people considered retarded at the time. I did not understand much about the real world but I was smart enough to know drug abuse, drug dealing and crime were just traps set to trap black and brown people. As a black first grader in the 1960's I knew most white people did not like us and they felt we were completely worthless. I asked myself why would any black man commit crimes they know will lead them into the clutches of white people hell bend on our destruction as free people. You see drugs and crime never never made sense to me from the earliest time I can remember. I can't believe grown men and children who were supposed to be so much smarted than my supposedly retarded autistic disabled self would be taken in by such a painfully obvious trap as drug abuse.
The New Jim Crow is a reality but the logic suggesting young black people do not have a choice when it comes to abusing drugs, dealing drugs or committing crimes is just bull. Black and brown people commit crimes because; they are stupid. Only a fool can live as a black man in this racist culture and not know that the so called criminal justice system is not a trap designed to ensnare the black man while letting countless white criminals go free or suffer reduced damage. As a disabled man I saw regularly in my life how people of all races interpreted the rules more harshly so they could have what appeared to be a non-biased logic for excluding me from activities due to my autism and disabilities. You see the New Jim Crow was never invisible to me because; being a disabled, autistic child in the 1960's I was often the victim of a two faced system of justice one for the able bodied another special more harsh legalistic system for me. As an autistic man I learned to walk within the letter of the law because to do otherwise allowed people and institutions to deny me access to opportunities able bodied people wanted for themselves. The New Jim Crow is really nothing new for anyone living with a disability and or autism in the 1960's. I knew the new Jim Crow was in effect the minute the term Police Officer was changed to Law Enforcement Officer. Before our system was a justice system now its a legal system. A legal system is a tool a justice system is a philosophy based on discretion that ensures the punishment fits the crime. White people get justice black people suffer Law Enforcement which is lawful sentences handed down without the slightest bit of discretion to make the punishment fit the crime. Again as a disabled man I have witnessed this same situation way too many times not to know intimately the face of the New Jim Crow.
So this is a great book. The book reveals the face of the New Jim Crow to you neurologically typical non disabled folks but this book is nothing new to me and disabled people who have been suffering from our own unique Jim Crow that has been discriminating against us for years. If you think black and brown people are under-represented in the economic life of America look and see that disabled and autistic folk barely exist in the nations economic life. Don't get me wrong I love this book its message is so totally needed that I lack words enough to do the book justice with my praise.
I took one star off my rating because; in the end the book started with the same tired old socialist big government rhetoric that has done more to keep black, brown and poor folks down than Jim Crow ever could. The name of the game in the United States is capitalism. It is better to focus energy on learning to play the capitalist game if we want the kinds of gains that are ours forever. I am also happy that the book speaks to the suffering of poor white people as well since they too suffer under the yoke of those in power. I must agree that white people are NOT treated the same by the mass incarceration machinery and this I know from experience. I like all people white people included so when I was growing up I had and have white male friends, Growing up police officers would stop me ask questions, ask to search me and I suffered all the indignities of the New Jim Crow just because; I'm black. I'd be with my white friends but only I would be searched I think because; white officers thought I was, "Da Drug Dealer Man corrupting poor white youth!" They would never stop and search my white friends and this happened often. We were on our way to New York to see the buildings, when a police officer stopped one of my white friends in the train station. The officer found my friend had on him a small amount of pot I did not know about. The officer searched me the black man found I had nothing and let me go. The officer took my white friends pot and let him go. I was shocked to see him get on the train, he told me the officer let him go. Had it been me caught with a tiny amount of drugs I would have been labeled a felon and ruined for life. I know of a number of my white friends stopped by officers drugs were found but they were let go especially in Baltimore. Police aren't stupid they know the Drug war is the new Jim Crow and all drug addicts and dealers are their dupes.
To be fair I must also state that, as a little kid I committed one crime and a police officer caught me. The police officer could have run me in but he just scolded me, smacked me on the backside and told me never to do wrong again. I saw him later in my life when I was much older and I asked him why he let me go. The police officer said, I'm a police officer, I can tell when a kid has come from a "Good Home" where his parents care about him no matter what color he is. So even with police officers other considerations determine if black or brown people get arrested. I notice as a black man that I am stopped much less often than black folk with the droopy pants and the stereotypical black urban gangsta look. I always looked like a black science geek so I was always treated with slightly more respect than black friends who looked like stereotypical urban druggie street thugs. As an older black adult geek with a great job most police seem to look past me now. My English and vocabulary was always not only appropriate but superior in quality hence my treatment by law enforcement was usually careful and respectful. The new Jim Crow IS REAL FOR SURE but it is not as black and white as the book would have you believe. The New Jim Crow is a Must Read book and one of the best books on the subject ever but, it has its flaws.
Perhaps the part of this book I found most moving and poignant is Prof. Alexander's critique the world "colorblind" as denoting a society that has willingly blinded itself to the plight of people of color in America. After all, how can the War on Drugs be motivated by a desire to perpetuate racial apartheid when a black man has been elected to the highest office in the land, and many police departments and cities are run by black police chiefs and mayors and black judges sit on courts including the Supreme Court. Yet, Prof. Alexander shows convincingly that this is exactly what has happened. Prof. Alexander makes this point clearly in her chapter titled "The Racial Bribe - Let's Give it Back": Affirmative action and exceptionally talented blacks who achieve positions of wealth, power and prestige such as Oprah Winfrey, Barak Obama and now Herman Cain are necessary in the new "colorblind" America to give the new system of Apartheid its needed fig-leaf in the age of Political Correctness. They give the system the plausible deniability without which it might no longer be acceptable in its current form. Prof. Alexander makes a strong case that in a racially diverse society where race has been successfully stigmatized for generations and will leave a legacy for generations to come, "colorblindness" is now being used as a cover to give ourselves permission to become willingly blind to the humanity and despair of those that the system is designed to segregate, control, and marginalize - poor people of color.
This book has helped make it clear to me that with 7.2 million Americans now "in the system", pet liberal issues like Affirmative Action, Abortion Rights, and Medicinal Marijuana are indulgent side-shows that can benefit only small minorities of those affected. For the millions of mostly black and brown Americans who have been effectively silenced and marginalized by the War On Drugs, along with their decimated and demoralized families and communities, Affirmative Action, Medicinal Marijuana, or Abortion Rights are of little use. One might even fantasize that these pet liberal issues were devised by a scheming Machiavellian social-conservative-bigot in a bid to keep people of good conscience occupied and distracted from forming a meaningful discussion that might lead to a serious challenge to the monstrous system they have put in place.
Perhaps the most chilling point Prof. Alexander makes is that the marginalization of vast numbers of black and brown Americans that the War on Drugs has facilitated may be a greater existential threat to them than both Slavery and Jim Crow that preceded it and that the logical and ultimate conclusion of marginalization is genocide.
Prof. Alexander states in her book that we cannot yet know what form persecution and control of minorities in America will take after the current system of mass incarceration collapses as history suggests it will - as Slavery and Jim Crow each collapsed when society finally evolved to the point where it could no longer tolerate them. I have formed my own disturbing thoughts on what form that new system might take:
When Drug Prohibition collapses, there will remain a huge prison capacity that will literally beg to be filled so that all those concerned, from local law enforcement to large contractors that supply and operate the recently built prisons can continue to profit. For at least the past 10 years, politicians have been stoking resentment among poor whites and also increasingly among poor and middle-class blacks of undocumented immigrants who are overwhelmingly from Mexico and Guatemala. Moslems, both foreign nationals and naturalized or native-born Americans, are also convenient fodder and although their numbers are much fewer, they can be used to assure a gullible public that politicians are "tough" on terrorism. Still firmly in the grip of the Great Recession (despite official claims to the contrary), with both the Tea Party and the Occupy Wall Street movements chipping or threatening to chip away at each of the main political party's bases, both the Democratic and Republican parties are under more pressure than ever to find a new scapegoat to channel the resentment and brewing anger and "so something".
When incarcerating millions of young African-American men for minor drug crimes becomes politically unacceptable (as it should have always been!) it is not hard to imagine who the next victims will be. Meanwhile, politicians have been busy perfecting, and a gullible public willing to accept, the message that international terrorism requires keeping local law enforcement stocked with deadly and high-tech military technology and surveillance powers. Thus, the Big Bribe that Prof. Alexander has called attention to can continue with little interruption. Soon everyone will be happy again. That is to say, everyone except for the new victims.
There are places where the book seems to repeat itself, but that is little concern to me. This book contains powerful arguments and narratives that deserve to be repeated until they sink in: The War on Drugs is not about drugs, it's about race.
As a postscript, Prof. Alexander notes the sheer size of the problem makes it hard for one to even know where to begin to address it. When learning about public issues and sorting through the endless "Culture Wars", I have come to recognize the wisdom of the old adage "Follow the money!". It always seems to explain so much about people's positions on issues.
Therefore, let me humbly suggest that repealing the Byrne grants that provide federal grants to states to pay for state and local law enforcement to wage the War on Drugs might be a perfect place to start. Repealing the Byrne grants must be done together with an all out press to repeal the Forfeiture laws since in the absence of Byrne grants, panicked state and local law enforcement agencies will likely go on a search-and-seizure feeding-frenzy to keep their staffs and perks and prove to a gullible public that they are "needed". Removing the financial incentives will deprive the beast of its oxygen and hit it where it hurts most, and those who work to bring it down must be prepared for it to thrash and kick with deadly force as it fights for its life.
Those two initiatives, repealing the Byrne grants and the Seizure and Forfeiture laws will no doubt keep the leagues of professional Civil Rights lawyers and advocates busy for the better part of this decade. Taking the fight to Congress and the state legislatures also has the advantage that it does not present the same high stakes for finding and recruiting "deserving cases" as civil rights litigation has.
Once efforts to repeal Byrne grants and Forfeiture laws have been organized and are gaining traction, if there is still any remaining capacity to open a new front, then strengthening the Sixth Amendment might be the next best step. When states are forced to provide public defenders with the same resources they provide their public prosecutors, and must by law provide every defendent with adequately paid and independent councel through every stage of the legal process including plea bargaining, states will by necessity become much more frugal and concientious about how they mete how justice and who they mete it out to. I also believe that the death penalty will become far less of an issue when states like Texas, California, and Florida are required to provide every defendent with fairly paid, independent council. The death penalty will remain as a moral issue as long as states continue to execute prisoners, but it will hopefully go away as an issue of fairness.
Civil Libertarians who read this review may ask why I have left out restoration of the Fourth Amendment as a top priority, which the Supreme court has become all but criminally derelict in protecting. Let them take on this important work! They will have many supporters including me! However, for those whose primary concern is Civil Rights and dismantling of the new system of American Apartheid, sold to a gullible public as the "War on Drugs", I belive that repeal of the Byrne grants, repeal of the Seizure and Forfeiture laws (which I believe is best framed as a Fifth Amendment issue) and strengthening of the Sixth Amendment will have the most immediate effects because they will deprive the monstrous system of its financial incentives. This work will probably take a generation to accomplish. As the rabbinical proverb says: "The task is too great for you to finish, but it is too important for you to ignore!"
This book has only whetted my appetite to learn more about the history of race and class in America. Thank you, Prof. Alexander!
"Justice!, justice you will pursue, that you may live to inherit the land which The Lord your god is giving you!" -Shoftim
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After looking at a pamphlet, proclaiming that Drug War is the new Jim Crow, the author ignored it as a theory promoted by a bunch of conspiracy guys. She continues in her job as a civil rights lawyer, but in due course realises that the statement was actually true. Millions of black and brown people in the US are languishing behind bars because of the Drug war that was unleashed during the 80’s when Ronald Regan was the president. The outcome of her quest to expose the truth is this book. And what a fantastic book this is.
Here are the key points raised in the book:
1. The race based segregation never went away, it just changed to a form that was more palatable to the prevalent norms in the society. Started as Slavery, ended with the civil war in 1865. Transformed to Jim crow laws, ended with the civil rights law in 1964. Transformed to War on drugs in the 1980’s, and still going on. It’s like a chameleon changing colours to avoid being detected
2. The criminal and judicial systems act in tandem to act as a funnel sucking in an increasing number of black and brown people into a life of segregation. At top of the funnel are the police who routinely stop and search the minorities looking for drugs, flagrantly defying 4th amendment which was meant to protest people’s right to privacy . Black and brown men are put in jail for possessing even small quantities of drugs, while the white men are treated differently. Once they are behind bars, they are scared into accepting guilty plea by the prosecutor, or go to trial and risk harsh sentences. The prosecutors have been granted virtually unlimited power to go after them. And by passing laws, the higher courts have made it impossible for police and prosecutors to be held accountable for their actions
3. Once the person comes out, the segregation doesn’t end. They are discriminated on every possible front: housing, jobs, social benefits. It is monumentally difficult for him to get back to normalcy. Often, he ends up back in jail. And the cycle continues
4. There are incentives for politicians and businesses to keep things the way they are. For politicians, it’s a way to keep the white people feel distracted from their poor economic condition. For businesses that manage jails, there’s money to be made as more and more people are put behind bars. Their profit depends on more people being incarcerated. With such strong incentives, it won’t be easy to pass legislation to abolish this race based segregation
‘Colorblindness’ in the sub-title of book means that we as a society have become indifferent to the plight of these minorities. Because it’s too convenient to think that segregation doesn’t exist, especially when we see a black man getting elected as the president. And we don’t hear people openly vouching for racist beliefs (although that is changing as we can see in the current US election). The author warns against this indifference. Just because those prisons are located in remote villages, away from the main society, we cannot ignore this race based segregation.
Finally, the author proposes that nothing short of a movement will end this form of segregation that is being waged under the name of War on Drugs.
Here’s one such first principal: why do we imprison others? I’m of the mind that it shouldn’t be to punish, however bad the crime, but rather to protect the liberties of ALL. In the interest of subjective self-disclosure: I have two neighbours, who have each been through the prison system multiple times. Now in their sixties, I help with their banking and medication, because they are both illiterate. It would have been of the greatest benefit to society to teach them to read, but the principal of their incarceration was to punish.
Michelle Alexander has done something remarkable (also check the documentary, “13th” which wouldn’t exist without this book) in exposing structural inequality on an industrial scale. Her argument is elegant and carefully evidenced, it will profit anyone who reads it (even naysayers). As important as John Rawls, “A Theory of Justice”, and I hope destined to be a standard text alongside Hobbes’ “Leviathan”.
This is an important piece of work for the current generation - it highlights why we need to educate the public on crime and justice, and how important it is to be involved in your local community.
A fantastic read from a talented and thought-provoking writer.
I will continue to hope that we as people learn from the past and see the continuing errors in our ways and laws.













