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No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality Paperback – June 17, 2007
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"A display of scientific courage and imagination." ―William Saletan, New York Times Book Review
Why do people―even identical twins reared in the same home―differ so much in personality? Armed with an inquiring mind and insights from evolutionary psychology, Judith Rich Harris sets out to solve the mystery of human individuality.
12 illustrations- Print length344 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherW. W. Norton & Company
- Publication dateJune 17, 2007
- Dimensions5.6 x 0.9 x 8.2 inches
- ISBN-100393329712
- ISBN-13978-0393329711
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― Kirkus Reviews
"This is an absolute stunner of a popular science book. The author does a brilliant job of demolishing the academic psychology establishment, by questioning a fundamental assumption that was made without properly checking it―that nurture would influence personality. She does all this in a very personal, human fashion, with as much reference to the way traditional crime fiction works as to scientific research."
― Martin O'Brien, Popular Science
"No Two Alike is another firecracker of a book by the woman who forced the world to rethink how we became who we are. Harris's scholarship and the persuasiveness of her arguments make this book mandatory reading for psychologists; her style, humor, and storytelling skills make it exhilarating reading for everyone."
― Steven Pinker, author of Rationality and The Better Angels of Our Nature
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company; Annotated edition (June 17, 2007)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 344 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0393329712
- ISBN-13 : 978-0393329711
- Item Weight : 15.5 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.6 x 0.9 x 8.2 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #930,733 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #276 in Evolutionary Psychology (Books)
- #375 in Popular Adolescent Psychology
- #1,948 in Popular Psychology Personality Study
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Writing it in the style of a detective story is a serviceable way to propel the narrative. It reads like a personal memoir of a no-nonsense lady stubbornly in search of truth, with Joan as her trusty lance-bearer, while they battle against the stubborn momentum of popular myths.
Harris took a cogently argued polemic and turned it into a meditation on the very methods by which science overcomes the confirmation bias, and the methods by which it does NOT.
I am convinced there is no evidence that children's relationships with their parents has any affect on their adult relationships, and there has never been any evidence shown that birth order has an affect. If somebody has evidence that it does, show it. As Harris says, "Show me the data." If psychologists can't respond with data, the argument rests on the conclusion that Freudian psychology is based on a hunch.
The sad story is that you pretty much never find this book on the "parenting" shelf in bookstores, even though it's the most important book any parent could read.
In the first part of her book, Harris takes developmental and social psychologists to task for over-emphasizing the influence of early childhood experiences on personality formation and not giving enough credit to what happens outside the home. She also maintains that developmental studies that don't screen for genetic influences are prone to confuse cause and effect. She shows how research that's been inadequately digested makes its way into mainstream culture, where it's regurgitated as pop truth. According to Harris, most of the conventional wisdom about birth order, home environment, parenting style, and the interaction of genes and the home environment does not adequately explain why we're different from one other.
Having eliminated the usual suspects, Harris turns to Stephen Pinker's How The Mind Works as her starting point for solving the mystery of human personality. Pinker posits that our brains are organized into "mental modules" that perform discrete tasks. Some examples of modular systems are facial recognition, language acquisition, and our ability to postulate what other people are thinking (a theory of mind). All of these had evolutionary value to small tribes of wandering hominids, and evolved to better serve our survival needs.
Harris' theory is that once we've figured out what part of a personality is accounted for by genes (a little less than half if you average the various studies), the remainder of a personality is created through the interplay of three mental systems: the relationship system, the socialization system, and the status system. Each of these systems evolved to deal with a pressing survival issue. The relationship system helps us attach to, and later relate to, specific individuals. The socialization system enables us to figure out the norms of our group so we can fit in. The relationship system is with us at birth, and the socialization system develops quite early in life. The slowest system to emerge is the status system, which we use to set ourselves apart from the other members of our group. The status system takes longest to develop because we need to be intellectually sophisticated enough to figure out who we are and what we're good at.
These systems can issue contradictory directives. For instance, the generalizations of the social system war with the specificity of the relationship system. This explains why a person can dislike an ethnic group while getting along perfectly well with a neighbor who happens to be a member of that group. The socialization and status systems are often at odds: do I sacrifice my personal goals for the good of the group, or do what's best for me even if it harms the others? Most of a life's high drama involves trade-offs among these systems. What makes you unique among all the humans who have ever trod the planet is the way your mental modules process the stimulus provided by your particular environment.
I wish we had more detail on how Harris' mental systems work. For instance, language acquisition theorists continue to go round on how much of our language facility is innate versus how much is instantiated by experience. Just as we have to memorize a lot of specific words to speak a language, we have to organize a lot of data - particular faces, facts about the people attached to those faces, rules, norms and prototypes of groups, specific information about our own skills and how people view us - to populate Harris' mental modules. Does the framework - eg grammar rules or the relationship module - precede the data, or does it emerge as the data is acquired? If the three systems are more innate than experiential, does this mean that more of our personality is influenced by genes than we currently believe? If it's experiential, by what process do we generate the proper responses to a specific situation? What triggers the appropriate neural assemblies and how do we make trade-offs between specific information and general rules?
As Harris herself states, her theory needs to researched, tested and validated. The really exciting breakthroughs will come when we're able to correlate observational studies of human behavior with the genes and genetic switches that activate those behaviors. Behavioral geneticists are advancing into this new territory, which will help us lift the analysis of human personality out of the realm of metaphor and into the realm of hard science. Meanwhile, Harris has given us an elegant hypothesis, rich in implications, written in a clear and entertaining manner. As a theory, it explains an immense amount about why you're you and I'm me.
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JRH adopts what I would consider a scientific approach to the subject which had been sadly lacking in Freudian and post-Freudian analyses. She has read extensively in research studies and carefully thought about their validity. I am a follower of Karl Popper and, as such, find her approach very close to Popperian methodology (although I am not claiming that this is intentional on JRH's part). In other words, she does not dogmatically claim that her hypotheses are correct. She puts them forward as conjectures which may or may not be correct and invites further research and criticism.
This is a must read book for anyone interested in the human condition.







