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Notes on the Death of Culture: Essays on Spectacle and Society Paperback – August 2, 2016
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WINNER OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
In the past, culture was a kind of vital consciousness that constantly rejuvenated and revivified everyday reality. Now it is largely a mechanism of distraction and entertainment. Notes on the Death of Culture is an examination and indictment of this transformation―penned by Mario Vargas Llosa, who is not only one of our finest novelists but one of the keenest social critics at work today.
Taking his cues from T. S. Eliot―whose essay “Notes Toward a Definition of Culture” is a touchstone precisely because the culture Eliot aimed to describe has since vanished―Vargas Llosa traces a decline whose ill effects have only just begun to be felt. He mourns, in particular, the figure of the intellectual: for most of the twentieth century, men and women of letters drove political, aesthetic, and moral conversations; today they have all but disappeared from public debate. A necessary gadfly, the Nobel laureate Vargas Llosa provides a tough but essential critique of our time and culture.
- Print length240 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPicador
- Publication dateAugust 2, 2016
- Dimensions5.5 x 0.75 x 8.25 inches
- ISBN-101250094747
- ISBN-13978-1250094742
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Review
“Notes on the Death of Culture is a provocative essay collection on the fast decline of intellectual life, and one that manages the dual feat of shedding light while spreading gloom . . . And yet towards the end of these intelligent, penetrative, rigorous, but sporadically mournful essays we can detect a glimmer of hope.” ―Malcolm Forbes, The New Criterion
“Making Waves is fascinating . . . [It] is a diverse and representative volume that allows us, for the first time, to trace this enigmatic, often brilliant writer's . . . intellectual journey.” ―Jay Parini, The New York Times Book Review on Making Waves
About the Author
John King edited From Oslo to Jerusalem from I. B. Tauris.
Product details
- Publisher : Picador; Reprint edition (August 2, 2016)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 240 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1250094747
- ISBN-13 : 978-1250094742
- Item Weight : 7.2 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.5 x 0.75 x 8.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #2,223,662 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #7,762 in Communication & Media Studies
- #28,500 in Sociology (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

MARIO VARGAS LLOSA, nacido en Arequipa, Perú, en 1936, académico de la lengua, crítico literario, periodista, político y escritor, comenzó su carrera literaria y periodística con tan solo dieciséis años de edad. Sus primeras novelas cosecharon un gran éxito en la década de los sesenta, época en la que aprovechando su prestigio, marchó a Europa y Estados Unidos para fijar su residencia durante varios años. Sus obras son una verdadera exhibición de virtuosismo literario y su prosa integra abundantes elementos experimentales, tales como la mezcla de diálogo y descripción y la combinación de acciones y tiempos diversos. Ganador de múltiples galardones, en su haber cuenta con los premios Planeta, Cervantes, Príncipe de Asturias y el Premio Nobel de Literatura 2010.
La Editorial Alvi Books le dedicó, como tributo y reconocimiento, este espacio en Amazon en 2013.
MARIO VARGAS LLOSA was born in Arequipa, Peru, in 1936. In 1958 he earned a scholarship to study in Madrid, and later he lived in Paris. His first story collection, The Cubs and Other Stories, was published in 1959. Vargas Llosa’s reputation grew with the publication in 1963 of The Time of the Hero, a controversial novel about the politics of his country. The Peruvian military burned a thousand copies of the book. He continued to live abroad until 1980, returning to Lima just before the restoration of democratic rule.
A man of politics as well as literature, Vargas Llosa served as president of PEN International from 1977 to 1979, and headed the government commission to investigate the massacre of eight journalists in the Peruvian Andes in 1983.
Vargas Llosa has produced critical studies of García Márquez, Flaubert, Sartre, and Camus, and has written extensively on the roots of contemporary fiction. For his own work, he has received virtually every important international literary award. Vargas Llosa’s works include The Green House (1968) and Conversation in the Cathedral (1975), about which Suzanne Jill Levine for The New York Times Book Review said: “With an ambition worthy of such masters of the 19th-century novel as Balzac, Dickens and Galdós, but with a technical skill that brings him closer to the heirs of Flaubert and Henry James . . . Mario Vargas Llosa has [created] one of the largest narrative efforts in contemporary Latin American letters.” In 1982, Farrar, Straus and Giroux published Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter to broad critical acclaim. In 1984, FSG published the bestselling The War of the End of the World, winner of the Ritz Paris Hemingway Award. The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta was published in 1986. The Perpetual Orgy, Vargas Llosa’s study of Flaubert and Madame Bovary, appeared in the winter of 1986, and a mystery, Who Killed Palomino Molero?, the year after. The Storyteller, a novel, was published to great acclaim in 1989. In 1990, FSG published In Praise of the Stepmother, also a bestseller. Of that novel, Dan Cryer wrote: “Mario Vargas Llosa is a writer of promethean authority, making outstanding fiction in whatever direction he turns” (Newsday).
In 1990, Vargas Llosa ran for the presidency of his native Peru. In 1994, FSG published his memoir, A Fish in the Water, in which he recorded his campaign experience. In 1994, Vargas Llosa was awarded the Cervantes Prize, the Spanish-speaking world’s most distinguished literary honor, and, in 1995, the Jerusalem Prize, which is awarded to writers whose work expresses the idea of the freedom of the individual in society. In 1996, Death in the Andes, Vargas Llosa’s next novel, was published to wide acclaim. Making Waves, a collection of his literary and political essays, was published in 1997; The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto, a novel, was published in 1998; The Feast of the Goat, which sold more than 400,000 copies in Spanish-language, was published in English in 2001; The Language of Passion, his most recent collection of nonfiction essays on politics and culture, was published by FSG in June 2003. The Way to Paradise, a novel, was published in November 2003; The Bad Girl, a novel, was published in the U.S. by FSG in October, 2007. His most recent novel, El Sueño del Celta, will be published in 2011 or 2012. Two works of nonfiction are planned for the near future as well.
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(epigraph)
Seems to imply that the invisible course of life - time - has lost any way of measurement or structure.
Excellent introduction.
''All the great liberal thinkers, from John Stuart Mill to Karl Popper, including Adam Smith, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, Isaiah Berlin and Milton Friedman, argued that economic and political freedom achieved its full civilizing function, creating wealth and employment, defending individual sovereignty, the rule of law and human rights, only when the spiritual life of a society was intense and fostered a hierarchy of values respected and adhered to by that society.'' (179)
This is fascinating, since Llosa is not a believer. Nevertheless, gives credit where due.
''This was the best way, according to them, of doing away with or reducing the difference between price and value. The great failure, and the crises that the capitalist system faces again and again –corruption, the spoils system, mercantilist manoeuvres to gain wealth by infringing the law, the frenetic greed and fraudulent activities of bank and finance houses –are not due to inherent faults in the institutions of capitalism themselves but rather to the collapse of moral and religious values, which act as a curb that keeps capitalism within certain norms of honesty, respect for one’s neighbour, and respect for the law.''
This keen insight - 'collapse of moral and religious values, which act as a curb', is profound.
''When this invisible but influential ethical structure collapses and disappears in many areas of society, above all among those that have the most responsibility in economic life, then anarchy spreads, bringing about an increasing lack of confidence in a system that seems to function only for the benefit of the most powerful (or the biggest tricksters) and against the interests of ordinary citizens who lack wealth and privilege.''
What is invisible is the most influential.
''When religion becomes banal and disappears from many sectors of modern society –in particular among the elites –this helps bring about the ‘crisis’ of capitalism that we hear so much about, at the very moment when, with the break-up of the Soviet Union and the conversion of China into an authoritarian capitalist society, it seems that socialism, to all intents and purposes, has reached the end of its history.''
''Frivolity morally disarms a sceptical culture. It undermines its values and introduces dishonest and, at times, openly criminal practices without any form of moral sanction.'' (179)
Epigraph
Metamorphosis of a Word
I The Civilization of the Spectacle
II A Brief Discourse on Culture
III Forbidden to Forbid
IV The Disappearance of Eroticism
V Culture, Politics and Power
VI The Opium of the People
Final Thoughts
Llosa's introduction analyses two other famous essays on the death of culture; T. S. Elliott and George Steiner. Excellent choice. Quotes Steiner -
''The unique, inconceivable god of the Jews is outside human reason –it is accessible only through faith –and it fell victim to the philosophes of the Enlightenment, who were convinced that a lay, secular culture would put an end to the violence and killings resulting from religious fanaticism, inquisitorial practices and wars of religion.'' (7)
Voltaire knew - he just knew! - religion is the only cause of all pain. Remove religion and paradise will appear automatically! This idea - despite the evidence of modernity - still dominates.
''But the death of God did not signify the advent of paradise on earth, but rather a hell, already prefigured in the Dantesque nightmare of the Commedia or in the pleasure palaces and torture chambers of the Marquis de Sade. The world, liberated from God, gradually became dominated by the devil, a spirit of evil, cruelty and destruction that would culminate in the world wars, the Nazi crematoriums and the Soviet Gulag. With this cataclysm culture came to an end and the era of post-culture began.'' (7)
How has this horror dominated?
''What do we mean by civilization of the spectacle? The civilization of a world in which pride of place, in terms of a scale of values, is given to entertainment, and where having a good time, escaping boredom, is the universal passion. To have this goal in life is perfectly legitimate, of course. Only a Puritan fanatic could reproach members of a society for wanting to find relaxation, fun and amusement in lives that are often circumscribed by depressing and sometimes soul-destroying routine.''
Recreation is not 're-creation'.
''But converting this natural propensity for enjoying oneself into a supreme value has unexpected consequences: it leads to culture becoming banal, frivolity becoming widespread and, in the field of news coverage, it leads to the spread of irresponsible journalism based on gossip and scandal.'' (23)
Llosa's combining of Spanish, Anglo and French thought paints a fascinating picture. Like Elliott and Steiner, he is not writing for the general reader. He hopes to reach a discerning, serious, intellectual moral seeker.
(See also; ''Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes'', by Jacques Ellul; ''Memoirs of a Superfluous Man'', by Albert Jay Nock)
“What do we mean by the civilization of the spectacle? The civilization of a world in which pride of place, in terms of scale of values, is given to entertainment, and where having a good time, escaping boredom, is the universal passion. To have this goal in life is perfectly legitimate, of course…. But converting this natural propensity for enjoying oneself into a supreme value has unexpected consequences: it leads to a culture becoming banal, frivolity becoming widespread and, in the field of news coverage, it leads to the spread of irresponsible journalism based on gossip and scandal….systematically and imperceptibly, not being bored, avoiding anything that might be disturbing, worrying or distressing, became for increasing number both at the pinnacle and at the base of the social pyramid, a generational mandate..”
“Stupidity has become the ruling value of postmodern life, and politics is one of its main victims.”
While not a believer, Llosa values religious education as essential for understanding our cultural inheritance.
“To ban entirely all forms of religious education in state schools would be to bring up the new generations with a deficient culture and deprive them of basic tools to understanding their history, their tradition, and enjoy the art, literature and thought of the West. Western culture is imbued with religious ideas, beliefs, images, festivities and customs. To cut out this rich inheritance from the education of the new generations would be to deliver them, bound hand and foot, to the civilization of the spectacle, to frivolity, superficiality, ignorance, gossip and bad taste. A non-sectarian, objective and responsible education, which explains the hegemonic role of Christianity in the creation and evolution of the culture of the West, with all its divisions and secessions, its wars, its historical impact, its achievements, its excesses, its saints, its mystics, its martyrs, and the ways in which all this has had an influence, both good and bad, on history, philosophy, architecture, art and literature, is indispensable if we want to avoid culture degenerating at the rate it is doing and having the world in the future divided between functional illiterates and ignorant and insensitive specialists.”
His final thoughts include the following.
“Never before have we lived in an age so rich in scientific knowledge and technological discoveries; never have we been better equipped to defeat illness, ignorance and poverty, and yet perhaps we have never been so confused about certain basic questions such as what we are doing on this lightless planet of ours, if mere survival is the sole aim that justifies life, if concepts such as spirit, ideals, pleasure, love, solidarity, art, creation, beauty, soul, transcendence still have meaning and, if so, what these meanings might be. The raison d’être of culture was to give an answer to these questions. Today it is exonerated from such responsibility, since we have turned it into something much more superficial and voluble: a form of entertainment or an esoteric and obscurantist game for self-regarding academics and intellectuals who turn their backs on society.”
This is book that would bring a group alive with discussion of current issues.
Reviewed in the United States on September 16, 2015
“What do we mean by the civilization of the spectacle? The civilization of a world in which pride of place, in terms of scale of values, is given to entertainment, and where having a good time, escaping boredom, is the universal passion. To have this goal in life is perfectly legitimate, of course…. But converting this natural propensity for enjoying oneself into a supreme value has unexpected consequences: it leads to a culture becoming banal, frivolity becoming widespread and, in the field of news coverage, it leads to the spread of irresponsible journalism based on gossip and scandal….systematically and imperceptibly, not being bored, avoiding anything that might be disturbing, worrying or distressing, became for increasing number both at the pinnacle and at the base of the social pyramid, a generational mandate..”
“Stupidity has become the ruling value of postmodern life, and politics is one of its main victims.”
While not a believer, Llosa values religious education as essential for understanding our cultural inheritance.
“To ban entirely all forms of religious education in state schools would be to bring up the new generations with a deficient culture and deprive them of basic tools to understanding their history, their tradition, and enjoy the art, literature and thought of the West. Western culture is imbued with religious ideas, beliefs, images, festivities and customs. To cut out this rich inheritance from the education of the new generations would be to deliver them, bound hand and foot, to the civilization of the spectacle, to frivolity, superficiality, ignorance, gossip and bad taste. A non-sectarian, objective and responsible education, which explains the hegemonic role of Christianity in the creation and evolution of the culture of the West, with all its divisions and secessions, its wars, its historical impact, its achievements, its excesses, its saints, its mystics, its martyrs, and the ways in which all this has had an influence, both good and bad, on history, philosophy, architecture, art and literature, is indispensable if we want to avoid culture degenerating at the rate it is doing and having the world in the future divided between functional illiterates and ignorant and insensitive specialists.”
His final thoughts include the following.
“Never before have we lived in an age so rich in scientific knowledge and technological discoveries; never have we been better equipped to defeat illness, ignorance and poverty, and yet perhaps we have never been so confused about certain basic questions such as what we are doing on this lightless planet of ours, if mere survival is the sole aim that justifies life, if concepts such as spirit, ideals, pleasure, love, solidarity, art, creation, beauty, soul, transcendence still have meaning and, if so, what these meanings might be. The raison d’être of culture was to give an answer to these questions. Today it is exonerated from such responsibility, since we have turned it into something much more superficial and voluble: a form of entertainment or an esoteric and obscurantist game for self-regarding academics and intellectuals who turn their backs on society.”
This is book that would bring a group alive with discussion of current issues.


