Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness [Expanded Edition] Audible Audiobook – Unabridged

Richard H. Thaler (Author), Cass R. Sunstein (Author), Sean Pratt (Narrator),

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Every day, we make decisions on topics ranging from personal investments to schools for our children to the meals we eat to the causes we champion. Unfortunately, we often choose poorly. The reason, the authors explain, is that, being human, we are all susceptible to various biases that can lead us to blunder.

Our mistakes make us poorer and less healthy; we often make bad decisions involving education, personal finance, health care, mortgages and credit cards, the family, and even the planet itself.

Thaler and Sunstein invite us to enter an alternative world, one that takes our humanness as a given. They show that by knowing how people think, we can design choice environments that make it easier for people to choose what is best for themselves, their families, and their society.

Using colorful examples from the most important aspects of life, Thaler and Sunstein demonstrate how thoughtful "choice architecture" can be established to nudge us in beneficial directions without restricting freedom of choice. Nudge offers a unique new take - from neither the left nor the right - on many hot-button issues, for individuals and governments alike. This is one of the most engaging and provocative audiobooks to come along in many years.

Included in this recording are a bonus chapter and a Postscript that was added in the paperback edition.

Listening Length

11 hours and 26 minutes
Author

Richard H. Thaler, see all
Narrator

Sean Pratt
Audible release date

February 23, 2009
Language

English
Publisher

Gildan Media, LLC
ASIN

B001TY8DFA
Version

Unabridged
Program Type

Audiobook
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Product details

Listening Length	11 hours and 26 minutes
Author	Richard H. Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein
Narrator	Sean Pratt
Audible.com Release Date	February 23, 2009
Publisher	Gildan Media, LLC
Program Type	Audiobook
Version	Unabridged
Language	English
ASIN	B001TY8DFA
Best Sellers Rank	#61,425 in Audible Books & Originals (See Top 100 in Audible Books & Originals) #104 in Sociology of Social Theory #242 in Stress Management (Audible Books & Originals) #258 in Medical Applied Psychology

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J. Kane

Absolutely Worth the Read for those into Poli.Sci., Econ., and all other Social Sciences

Reviewed in the United States on August 31, 2012

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First some quick comments, then some longer ones:

1) Anyone interested in the Social Sciences should get this. Parts of it are written as if the book were a guide to finance, but that was probably just a marketing ploy of some sort. The main thesis is really interesting and very refreshing for those interested in the somewhat stale and oversimplified "big vs. small government" debate.

2) I read this right after Kahneman's "Thinking Fast and Slow." Both are extremely similar, but Nudge is more to the point and more organized. "Thinking Fast and Slow" was still brilliant though.

3) All those reviewers who call this "manipulation" or some other "Big Government!!!" charge, I must say, probably didn't read the book. The authors address libertarian concerns multiple times, and with great consideration, throughout the entire book. Understanding what makes "libertarian paternalism" libertarian is an extremely important step in getting the authors' main point. Honestly, if anything, it made my political views MORE libertarian rather than less, so it's difficult for me to think of Nudge as a "defense of Big Brother" or some other right-wing nonsense.

4) The only inconsistency I came across (and I mention this below) is that when they talk about being "anti-mandate," they really mean being against public or consumer mandates. However, many of their proposals do implicitly involve mandates on businesses though, such as requiring that air conditioner manufacturers install a light that would tell the user when the filter needs replacement (which would save a good amount of energy). I am not opposed to this whatsoever, but it's important to acknowledge that it's still a government mandate, so it's not as libertarian as it first seems. However, it's still more libertarian than other conceivable alternative mandates that could be placed on the public to use less energy.

5) My take-away from the book: The authors spend a good amount of time describing ECONS and HUMANS, but not so much time describing why ECONS are so important for right-wing economists. This is also partly because authors' main objective, it seemed, was political. They describe their philosophy as "libertarian paternalism." They are libertarian in the sense that they (ostensibly) don't generally like the idea of the government "banning," "mandating," and "outlawing" economic choices, or making some economic choices extremely difficult for the consumer (for example if the government made all vehicles which get less than 20 MPG twice as expensive via taxes, and mandated that a consumer must wait 90 days before being able to register a low-MPG vehicle, whereas high-MPG vehicles could be registered immediately). However, the other part of their philosophy involves "paternalism"--a very dirty word to libertarians. The basic normative argument for paternalism is that the government has some role to play in guiding people toward better choices. In talking about "libertarian paternalism," they are saying that whatever the government does, it is going to have some effects upon the population, even if it is not explicitly trying to manipulate or persuade the public. So, instead, adopt smart policies (with predictable results) that guide the public toward a "good" direction, but allow individuals to opt-out if they wish. An interesting example they brought up involved organ donors. Turns out that there are some massive inter-country differences when it comes to the desire to donate organs. But is this because the people in each country have such massively different attitudes about it? No--the main variable is a simple one: Is the default option to donate, or not to donate? In the U.S., on our licenses, we have to check a box that confirms we want to be organ donors and, therefore, our default is that we are not donors. In other countries, the default option is that citizens are donors--but of course they are free to opt-out at any time.

Bringing it back to the ECONS vs. HUMANS debate is what makes a simple example like this so mind-blowing (for me, at least). The crucial key to understand is that, to the ECON, it makes no difference what the default is. The ECON always knows what s/he wants--if s/he wants to be a donor, and the default is "No," the ECON would instantly change it to "Yes," and vice versa. Simple as that. But HUMANS, on the other hand, don't do this. HUMANS have a massive, statistically proven bias toward the default option and, as a result, which route the government decides to go ends up making a massive difference. If the government decides that it's probably a "good" thing if most citizens are willing to donate vital organs, the authors argue, then it should keep the default at "Yes" and allow people to opt-out. (Notice that if the government simply mandated that everyone donate their organs, it would be paternalism outright, not libertarian paternalism.) The book is essentially a collection of examples like this, where the authors wish to enact policies that result in a better society/economy while staying true to the libertarian paternalist ethic. (One place where I think they slip a bit, though, is that they are more inclined to support "regulations" on businesses--but these regulations are of course mandates, however much they don't want to call them mandates. When they say they are against mandates, they seem to be more against regulating average citizens and consumers than regulating businesses.)

As I see it, the die-hard libertarian still has a valid argument to make. Basically, they can object to the nudge argument on purely political grounds, which would sound like this, "I don't give a crap if libertarian paternalism would result in a better economy or better society. The government has no right to--i.e., shouldn't--participate in manipulative policymaking." It's a fair political argument, but it doesn't cohere with the free-market argument, which states that free-market policies will actually result in a better economy. Nudge shows how free-market policies actually won't result in a better economy, in large part because the actors receiving, evaluating, and acting upon economic signals are HUMANS, not ECONS.

For those interested, I wrote an article about this type of stuff (and long before reading Nudge or much else in the way of behavioral economics) called "Unmasking the GOP's Faith-Based Economics" available @Truthout.org

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Gary Moreau, Author

Nudging the human econ - we do it now, let's do it right

Reviewed in the United States on October 26, 2017

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I admit to buying this book after Richard Thaler received the 2017 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work in “understanding the psychology of economics.” And to be fair, this book was published in 2008, so I’m sure Mr. Thaler and Mr. Sunstein both have a large body of work that post-dates it.

The book is well written and the authors are methodical in both laying out their case and pointing out its potential flaws. It doesn’t compromise the book in any way, but I did find it a bit odd that they refer to themselves throughout the book in the third person. When I first came across it I had to recheck the cover to make sure they weren’t referring to someone else, but it’s a minor point of style.

I was enthused by the idea of mixing sciences; in this case psychology and economics. As the authors note, economists have historically worked with a proxy of the average person that is fully informed, completely rational, and lives in a vacuum. That’s not where the people who actually make, spend, and invest money actually live and that gap between what the authors term Econs and Humans has historically compromised a lot of otherwise sound economic theory.

The ideas in the book are built around what the authors call libertarian paternalism. Over-simplified, it’s paternalism with choice, in which the paternalism is achieved by nudging the choices in ways that are effective, but otherwise cheap in cost, modest in sacrifice, and easy to avoid. It’s a kind of win-win solution in which one win is slightly favored by human decency or universal standards of justice.

We are constantly nudged without always being conscious of the nudging. When you stand in front of a retail display deciding which shampoo to buy you may have no idea how deliberately that display has been constructed by the retailer and the manufacturers. Tremendous amounts of thought and research are behind it. It’s established fact that positioning drives sales, often more than the variations in products and prices themselves.

Most of the nudges that Professors Thaler and Sunstein introduce are less invasive and more transparent than the commercial nudges we are already subject to. How to get people to save more for retirement? How to get more organ donors? How to combat obesity and encourage people to live healthier life styles?

In all cases, there is ample evidence that this is what people themselves want. They are impeded in their efforts, however, by the realities of human psychology. Things like the “status quo bias”, “pluralistic ignorance”, and “loss aversion” are all existing nudges common to the human psyche. Fitting in, going along with the crowd, and irrational optimism are as natural as the sunrise.

Thaler and Sunstein just want to use these commonplace and natural biases to nudge people toward decisions that they probably want to make but frequently don’t, for reasons having little to do with the value of the intention. The idea makes a lot of sense and I found myself in general agreement most of the way.

I admit to having some difficulties with the context at times, however. For example, in their discussion relating to retirement savings, one chapter is titled, “Naïve Investing”, and the authors suggest ways in which savers could be enticed into more astute strategies by way of theoretically painless nudges. There is, however, an inevitable bias underlying the nudge itself. In this case it is the conventional wisdom that equities outperform fixed income investments over a long period of time. This is true in the aggregate and over a long period of time, of course, but not universally true when considering the investment needs and horizon of a single investor.

My point is not to argue that bias, however, which they, in fact, acknowledge. My point is merely that the nudge itself introduces its own contextual bias, creating, in effect, a multi-level bias that the “choice architects,” in the vernacular of nudging, must be cognizant of if the nudging is to realize the original objective of positive paternalistic influence.

The authors don’t ignore this incremental bias, mind you. On a related note, they cite the example of an Enron employee who lost his entire life savings in company stock, making a sound and appropriate argument in favor of further limiting 401k and defined benefit plan investments in company stock. They’re right, of course, although in this case I think an outright ban is ethically warranted.

The “nudge” is, more or less, an aggressive form of default planning that recognizes the weaknesses in human behavior, particularly our seemingly instinctive inability to understand probability theory. (As Peter Hollins points out, in a sample of 23 people the chances of two of them sharing a birthday is 50-50.)

In the closing chapters of the book the authors acknowledge the potential criticisms that will be leveled at libertarian paternalism from both the right and left extremes of the political spectrum. Their defense is a strong one but there is an implicit admission that said defense relies on the duality of paternalism and libertarianism. I agree with their assessment that the combined term is not an oxymoron, but one without the other will render the concept less defensible. And that’s where the execution, as they fully acknowledge, could compromise the intent. Or as the old adage goes, the only difference between theory and practice is the practice.

When all is said and done I think that what the authors are really advocating is simpler than it reads—moderation, compromise, and common sense. “With respect to government, we hope that the general approach might serve as a viable middle ground in our unnecessarily polarized society.” Nudge on.

37 people found this helpful

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Leonardolee

Classic and good as depicted

Reviewed in the United States on October 4, 2023

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A very good condition book and the package is satisfying. The only problem is that the content of the book, the organization is a bit chaotic and the paragraphs are verbose imo (Economics student).

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Giulia

Divertente, illuminante ed adatto a chiunque.

Reviewed in Italy on December 18, 2017

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Comprato per un corso universitario in Public Management. Scritto in modo assolutamente scorrevole ed a tratti anche divertente (i due autori, di cui l'ultimo premio Nobel per l' economia, si alternano, richiamano e prendono a volte in giro tra un aneddoto e l'altro).
Per chi non ha mai sentito parlare dell'argomento "nudge", questo libro ne è una sorta di pietra miliare (anche all'università, corso in Public Policies, ci è stato suggerito da 3 professori diversi per 3 corsi diversi).
Per chi invece già sa di cosa stiamo parlando, potrebbe risultare un po' ridondante e carente di una conclusione particolarmente illuminante rispetto alla letteratura già in circolazione.
Ad ogni modo il mio consiglio per chi sente l'argomento Nudge per la prima volta, per gli entusiasti di approcci innovativi e creativi (lateral thinking) e per i curiosi in generale è "Compratelo!". Assolutamente consigliato in quanto un ottimo investimento per il vostro tempo libero (o meno, nel mio caso).
E' quel tipo di lettura piacevole, su un argomento veramente interessante (ultimamente quasi di moda) capace di lasciarti un valore aggiunto.
N.B. Per chi parla la lingua, consigliata la versione originale rispetto alla traduzione. Per chi non se la sente o non parla inglese, quella in Italiano è comunque un ottimo acquisto!
Se siete al primo approccio e volete saperne di più, o toccare con mano. Vi consiglio di andare a curiosare su YouTube! Troverete una VALANGA di esempi di nudging in tutto il mondo.

[ARGOMENTO, per chi fosse curioso di avere qualche impressione in più rispetto alla trama ufficiale: Il libro introduce al tema della "spinta gentile" (come è stata tradotta in Italia) - sarebbe quella spintarella per farti coraggio o l'incentivo per prendere una decisione.
Il senso è trovare il modo tramite cui indurre le persone ad adottare comportamenti "raccomandabili" in maniera del tutto spontanea, scorrevole (che portino quindi ad un valore aggiunto per loro stessi e per la società in generale). E' ovviamente un approccio "democratico" in quanto lascia sempre libero arbitrio a chiunque ma, cambiando il modo in cui tutte le alternative sono proposte e presentate, aumenta la probabilità che la scelta propenda verso l'alternativa desiderata da "l'ideatore" o dal "public manager" (il concetto sarebbe, come già anticipato, non farlo per fini personali) .
Parte da esempi quotidiani ripresi da tutto il modo (a partire dai risultati ottenuti mettendo una mosca finta dentro molti bagni pubblici maschili) per poi approcciare gradualmente a tematiche più manageriali, quali incentivi nel sistema assicurativo, per i sistemi pensionistici e così via.]
Buona lettura!
Giulia

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Humberto M.

Bien

Reviewed in Mexico on May 20, 2022

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Si pudieran los autores utilizar menos la palabra nudge, seria un mejor libro.

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Bruno Santos Cunha

Nudge!

Reviewed in Brazil on June 17, 2020

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Apesar de relativamente novo (2008), "Nudge" já pode ser considerado um clássico da economia comportamental (behavioral economics), da teoria dos incentivos e da ciência das escolhas. De fato, a simples "presença" de Cass Sunstein (ganhador do Holberg Prize) e Richard Thaler (ganhador do Nobel Prize) como autores já diferencia o livro e, por si, torna a leitura recomendável.

Partindo da ideia de um "paternalismo libertário", Sunstein e Thaler desvendam uma verdadeira arquitetura das escolhas públicas e privadas, de forma a demonstrar como seria possível, a um só tempo, preservar a liberdade de escolha dos indivíduos (caractere libertário) e influenciar a direção das atitudes individuais em um sentido economicamente ótimo (caractere paternalista).

A fim de demonstrar que a suposta incongruência entre libertarianismo e paternalismo pode ser muito menor na prática cotidiana do que na teoria, os autores dissecam exemplos de arquitetura de escolhas nas mais diversas áreas de atuação humana: do incentivo à poupança e aos investimentos a questões saúde pública; do casamento a questões de sustentabilidade ambiental; de previdência à educação pública e privada.

Recheado de exemplos de como pequenos incentivos podem alterar substancialmente as escolhas individuais em direção a níveis ótimos, "Nudge" foge de estereótipos ideológicos pra mostrar uma realidade passível de mudança a partir de critérios racionais facilmente realizáveis. Enfim, um livro muito bom.

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Abayomi Mandela Silva Félix

A good book to read with good content and interesting ideas

Reviewed in Brazil on January 29, 2022

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I liked the idea of libertarian paternalism. It was the first time I was introduced to this idea and I think it has some potential to be explored

Goldomark

It gave lots of evidence that people do not always make the best decision for themselves and their loved ones

Reviewed in Canada on November 3, 2014

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I bought this book based on reviews and my interests in government management. The first part was very insightful. It gave lots of evidence that people do not always make the best decision for themselves and their loved ones, and why they make these bad choices. Often people just lack knowledge, practice or familiarity with a subject (who practiced their retirement before retiring or shopped around their hospital for their future heart attack?).

The second part is about improving choices in very specific situations. Most of the examples given concern the USA. I'm from Québec and I felt it only highlited systemic problems in the USA that we do not face here. It didn't give me lots of good ideas on how to help people make better choices, but it did point out why the USA has so many problems. Too many people try to make money off other people. Limiting this predatory environment instead of trying to help people make better choices seems like a better way to help people.

Still, the first part was worth it. Lots of studies explaining why people make bad choices. It gives ammunition against libertarians and proponants of laissez faire capitalism.

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Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness [Expanded Edition] Audible Audiobook – Unabridged

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