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Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (Perennial Classics) Paperback – June 30, 2009
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THE INSPIRATION FOR THE MAJOR MOTION PICTURE THE EXPERIMENTER
“The classic account of the human tendency to follow orders, no matter who they hurt or what their consequences.” — Michael Dirda, Washington Post Book World
In the 1960s Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram famously carried out a series of experiments that forever changed our perceptions of morality and free will. The subjects—or “teachers”—were instructed to administer electroshocks to a human “learner,” with the shocks becoming progressively more powerful and painful. Controversial but now strongly vindicated by the scientific community, these experiments attempted to determine to what extent people will obey orders from authority figures regardless of consequences. “Milgram’s experiments on obedience have made us more aware of the dangers of uncritically accepting authority,” wrote Peter Singer in the New York Times Book Review. Featuring a new introduction from Dr. Philip Zimbardo, who conducted the famous Stanford Prison Experiment, Obedience to Authority is Milgram’s fascinating and troubling chronicle of his classic study and a vivid and persuasive explanation of his conclusions.
- Print length256 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarper Perennial Modern Classics
- Publication dateJune 30, 2009
- Dimensions5.31 x 0.58 x 8 inches
- ISBN-10006176521X
- ISBN-13978-0061765216
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Milgram’s experiments on obedience have made us more aware of the dangers of uncritically accepting authority.” — Peter Singer, New York Times Book Review
“Stanley Milgram’s experiments on obedience to malevolent authority seemed to me to be the most important social psychological research done in this generation….The quality of exposition in the book I s so high that it qualifies as literature as well as science.” — Roger Brown, Harvard University
“This well-designed and brilliantly executed research study, reported in an unusually fascinating and very readable style, reveals the elusive and sometimes shocking conditions under which men obey authority regardless of the morality involved.” — Library Journal
“A major contribution to our knowledge of man’s behavior. It establishes firmly in the front rank of social scientists in this generation.” — Jerome S. Brunner, Oxford University
“One of the most significant books I have read in more than two decades of reviewing.” — Robert Kirsch, Los Angeles Times
“The classic account of the human tendency to follow orders, no matter who they hurt or what their consequences.” — Michael Dirda, Washington Post Book World
“Milgrim’s experiment-based analysis is a model of systematic, sequential, patient pursuit of answers to a significant social problem. His investigations accomplish what we should expect of responsible social science: to inform the intellect without trivializing the phenomenon.” — Henry W. Reicken, Science
From the Back Cover
THE INSPIRATION FOR THE MAJOR MOTION PICTURE THE EXPERIMENTER
“The classic account of the human tendency to follow orders, no matter who they hurt or what their consequences.” — Michael Dirda, Washington Post Book World
In the 1960s Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram famously carried out a series of experiments that forever changed our perceptions of morality and free will. The subjects—or “teachers”—were instructed to administer electroshocks to a human “learner,” with the shocks becoming progressively more powerful and painful. Controversial but now strongly vindicated by the scientific community, these experiments attempted to determine to what extent people will obey orders from authority figures regardless of consequences. “Milgram’s experiments on obedience have made us more aware of the dangers of uncritically accepting authority,” wrote Peter Singer in the New York Times Book Review. Featuring a new introduction from Dr. Philip Zimbardo, who conducted the famous Stanford Prison Experiment, Obedience to Authority is Milgram’s fascinating and troubling chronicle of his classic study and a vivid and persuasive explanation of his conclusions.
About the Author
Stanley Milgram taught social psychology at Yale University and Harvard University before becoming a Distinguished Professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. His honors and awards include a Ford Foundation fellowship, an -American Association for the Advancement of Science sociopsychological prize, and a Guggenheim fellowship. He died in 1984 at the age of fifty-one.
Product details
- Publisher : Harper Perennial Modern Classics; Reprint edition (June 30, 2009)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 256 pages
- ISBN-10 : 006176521X
- ISBN-13 : 978-0061765216
- Item Weight : 6.7 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.31 x 0.58 x 8 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #107,064 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
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Milgram's studies were done between 1961 and 1962 while he was at Yale; they were all variations on a theme: a unknowing participant (the subject-teacher) was brought to believe that s/he was participating in a learning study. The other two main participants were a man who posed as the student (the learner) and one who posed as the principal investigator (the authority figure).
The subject-teacher was told that the learning would occur in this way: the student would be hooked up to an electric shock generator while the teacher would read a set of word pairs, which the student would repeat back. When the student missed one of the word pairs, he would be shocked by the "teacher" in increasingly higher shocks (the shocks increased in 15 volt increments), up to 450 volts (which was marked, along with the 435 volt mark, with XXX).
The basic goal of the study was to find out how far the "teachers" would go despite the cries, pounding and eventual silence on the part of the students. The frightening finding was that more often than not, the vast majority of teachers followed through with the command to continue the experiment, which was given by the man acting as the principal investigator every time one of the "teachers" wanted to quit. [It should be noted, however, that the experiment was designed such that the "student" was never shocked, as the student was an actor, typically in a connected room and could only be heard via microphone.]
One of the things that makes reading Milgram's studies so chilling is the scientific exactness of Milgram's own writing style as he describes the studies. The moral and ethical issues raised in these studies, although addressed by Milgram in his narrating the book, are also expressed in this same mathematically cold style. It's almost like a bad science fiction movie where our whole human story is narrated - moral failures and all - with robotic precision. It's unsettling.
Of course, it *should* be: any experiment that deals with human interaction on such a violent and perversely authoritarian level ought to get us a bit uncomfortable. Of course, Milgram also notes that when the subjects were confronted with their own complicitness, they often blamed others or excused themselves in some way. It really does give a tremendous insight into the psychology of human beings: when faced with our own evil, we try to excuse it rather than deal with it.
If, at the end of reading Milgram's book, we aren't questioning ourselves and our ability to be violent and to promote the spread of violence by being passive, we have missed the entire point of the book. Milgram's goal is to not simply report the collection and analysis of data, but to engage the reader on a fundamentally moral level. He cites Hannah Arendt's work Eichman in Jerusalem and notes that evil is not necessarily expressed in a pro-active way; indeed, it can be far more subtle but no less dangerous.
Milgram's book is one well worth the effort. It reveals an element of human being that is so easy to forget, especially given that our culture is so bent on *denying* any element of - or at least any potential for - evil within ourselves. Of course, such blindness to the reality of evil and tragedy is what makes *letting it happen* so easy.
I do not know if we could ever find out the answers to the questions he was researching had the research not been conducted in the manner he did.
We "rigged" the game of trouble and Candyland to get more real parenting when we did videotaped interviews. Did we mislead the parents in our research when they inferred we were looking at the children when we really were looking at the parental behaviors? By getting the kids to be frustrated, we saw "real" parenting, not socially acceptable behavior in front of a camera.
So, I have mixed feelings about Milgram, in spite of the critics. We learned that Obedience to Authority is to easy and people need to be aware of just how easy it is for the vast majority of people to become sheep ready to be slaughtered.
The basic conclusion that Milgram derives from this study is that once individuals accept an authority, they will do anything and everything at the behest of that authority that is out of character and not part of their normal environment.
It explains how average and ordinary folks can easily become sadistic murderers.
MOBBING is not restricted to the work place and has in fact become a world wide phenomenon. It takes place in High Schools, Colleges, and Universities (note the Virginia Tech mass killings). It takes place in public and non-profit organizations as well private companies. And it takes place in communities where it is called "community based harassment." Some people call it "organized stalking." Whatever the name given it has to do with the "psychological harassment" of "targeted individuals."
People who have written on work place MOBBING usually describe the targeting as having been caused by a "trigger event." Although they all agree that the mobbing that culminates from the event is unjustifiable.
Although this may be true, what is not commonly known is that many individuals are targeted for no reason, and in fact some are life-long targets. There is in fact an organization in place with a world wide network that is responsible for the mobbing. Who leads it and for what purpose I don't know.
Many support groups which are on the web infer that the government is behind this criminal activity. That is untrue and intended to mislead and even incriminate the targets. That is not to say however, that government resources may not be fraudenently used in these crimes.
Nevertheless, it is impossible to understand this criminal phenomenon without the help of the conclusions drawn by the Milgram experiment.
An essential must read.












