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The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present Hardcover – March 1, 2006
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Christopher Layne
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Print length304 pages
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LanguageEnglish
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PublisherCornell University Press
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Publication dateMarch 1, 2006
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ISBN-10080143713X
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ISBN-13978-0801437137
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"The Peace of Illusions is the clearest and most sophisticated argument for a radical alternative to the last sixty years of grand-strategy orthodoxy. It also signals a significant fluidity of ideological labels in the new debates on the direction of U.S. policy, itself a symptom of the widespread disorientation among American intellectuals on the world-political role of their state. In that sense, Layne's book can also be read as a product of the crisis in American realist thought, which its unorthodox conclusions may serve to deepen."―Peter Gowan, New Left Review, September/October 2006
"For over a decade, through a series of influential articles, Layne has been the leading advocate within the academy of an entirely new and much more detached foreign policy strategy he calls 'offshore balancing.' In The Peace of Illusions, he puts his argument in book form, addressing conceptual as well as historical and policy issues. . . . It combines deep historical reading with rigorous theory-building and bold policy prescriptions. It is undoubtedly the most serious scholarly argument in many years for a U.S. policy of strategic disengagement, and should be considered required reading for students of international relations."―Colin Dueck, Perspectives on Politics, March 2007
"The Peace of Illusions is an excellent analysis of U.S. grand strategy since World War II that demonstrates the continuity of President Bush's foreign policy with the past. It provides a critique of the U.S. quest for hegemony over the past 60 years and proposes a policy of offshore balancing to protect American interests."―David F. Schmitz, Journal of American History, June 2007
"In Layne's telling, confronting the war-weakened Soviet Union was almost an afterthought. Stalin, he claims, actually wanted to persue detente with the United States and was only dissuaded when the Marshall Plan revealed U.S. intentions to force open Eastern Europe and achieve hegemony on the continent. Layne unconvincingly asserts that Harry Truman could have struck a deal with Stalin to set up Germany as an independant state, thereby reestablishing a balence of power in Eurasia and allowing the United States to withdraw across the Atlantic."―Jack Snyder, Foreign Affairs
"As an historical study and theoretical analysis, The Peace of Illusions succeeds in demonstrating that America's extraregional hegemony is not driven by security considerations but by economic and political interests and by a powerful ideology. U.S. global military power provided the United States with the opportunity and means to seek hegemony in Western Europe and other parts of Eurasia. But the real motivations that animated the hegemonic grand strategy are found at the domestic level. . . . Layne's ideas are an intellectual breath of fresh air. . . . As an offshore balancer, the United States could maximize its relative power effortlessly by standing on the sidelines while other great powers enter into security competition with each other."―Leon Hadar, The American Conservative, June 5, 2006
"Anyone who believes U.S. foreign policy has been mainly defensive since World War II, or thinks that this policy became transformed after the 9/11 attacks, should read this superb analysis of the Bush administration's diplomacy, the central roots of which run back nearly a century to Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt. With a sure grasp of both the historical facts and the theories that have driven the U.S. quest for global hegemony, Christopher Layne has made a masterful contribution to the intensifying post-Iraq-invasion debate over the course Americans are taking in their foreign policies."―Walter LaFeber, Tisch University Professor, Cornell University
From the Back Cover
"As a historical study and theoretical analysis, The Peace of Illusions succeeds in demonstrating that America's extraregional hegemony is not driven by security considerations but by economic and political interests and by a powerful ideology. U.S. global military power provided the United States with the opportunity and means to seek hegemony in Western Europe and other parts of Eurasia. But the real motivations that animated the hegemonic grand strategy are found at the domestic level. . . . Layne's ideas are an intellectual breath of fresh air. . . . As an offshore balancer, the United States could maximize its relative power effortlessly by standing on the sidelines while other great powers enter into security competition with each other."--Leon Hadar, The American Conservative, June 5, 2006
"The Peace of Illusions is the clearest and most sophisticated argument for a radical alternative to the last sixty years of grand-strategy orthodoxy. It also signals a significant fluidity of ideological labels in the new debates on the direction of U.S. policy, itself a symptom of the widespread disorientation among American intellectuals on the world-political role of their state. In that sense, Layne's book can also be read as a product of the crisis in American realist thought, which its unorthodox conclusions may serve to deepen."--Peter Gowan, New Left Review, September/October 2006
"For over a decade, through a series of influential articles, Layne has been the leading advocate within the academy of an entirely new and much more detached foreign policy strategy he calls 'offshore balancing.' In The Peace of Illusions, he puts his argument in book form, addressing conceptual as well as historical and policy issues. . . . It combines deep historical reading with rigorous theory-building and bold policy prescriptions. It is undoubtedly the most serious scholarly argument in many years for a U.S. policy of strategic disengagement, and should be considered required reading for students of international relations."--Colin Dueck, Perspectives on Politics, March 2007
"The Peace of Illusions is an excellent analysis of U.S. grand strategy since World War II that demonstrates the continuity of President Bush's foreign policy with the past. It provides a critique of the U.S. quest for hegemony over the past 60 years and proposes a policy of offshore balancing to protect American interests." -David F. Schmitz, Journal of American History, June 2007
"In Layne's telling, confronting the war-weakened Soviet Union was almost an afterthought. Stalin, he claims, actually wanted to persue detente with the United States and was only dissuaded when the Marshall Plan revealed U.S. intentions to force open Eastern Europe and achieve hegemony on the continent. Layne unconvincingly asserts that Harry Truman could have struck a deal with Stalin to set up Germany as an independant state, thereby reestablishing a balence of power in Eurasia and allowing the United States to withdraw across the Atlantic."--Jack Snyder, Foreign Affairs
"Anyone who believes U.S. foreign policy has been mainly defensive since World War II, or thinks that this policy became transformed after the 9/11 attacks, should read this superb analysis of the Bush administration's diplomacy, the central roots of which run back nearly a century to Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt. With a sure grasp of both the historical facts and the theories that have driven the U.S. quest for global hegemony, Christopher Layne has made a masterful contribution to the intensifying post-Iraq-invasion debate over the course Americans are taking in their foreign policies."--Walter LaFeber, Tisch University Professor, Cornell University
About the Author
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Product details
- Publisher : Cornell University Press; 1st edition (March 1, 2006)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 304 pages
- ISBN-10 : 080143713X
- ISBN-13 : 978-0801437137
- Item Weight : 1.32 pounds
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Top reviews from the United States
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In his historical analysis, Layne argues that the United States has consistently pursued global dominance since the early days of World War II. Probably the most controversial thesis in the Peace of Illusions is the argument that Washington would have embraced such a strategy during the Cold War era even if the Soviet Union had not existed. Layne attributes much of the U.S. drive for global hegemony to the goal of maintaining a liberal world economic order--the "open door." In advancing that thesis, he builds on the work of a number of "revisionist" historians and economists, most notably William Appleman Williams. Critics may contend, with some justification, that Layne overstates the open door thesis and does not give sufficient weight to other factors, including the impact of crusading idealism on U.S. policymakers. Nevertheless, it is hard to rebut his case that the United States, instead of adopting a more sober and restrained foreign policy following the demise of the USSR, has expanded both the definition of its interests and the aggressivness of its pursuit of those interests. Washington's conduct since 1989 tracks perfectly with a strategy of global hegemony.
Layne does an even better job of demonstrating how Washington's current security strategy is needlessly costly in blood and treasure. His analysis of the Iraq debacle is especially devastating, but he shows that Iraq is not an aberration. The current imperial overstretch is now, and promises to be in the future, a bipartisan folly. Layne builds a compelling case that a hegemonic strategy has invariably led to the demise of previous great powers, and that a similar fate awaits the United States unless there is a change in course.
And Layne has an appealing alternative security strategy--America as offshore balancer. Other scholars have used different terms, such as strategic independence and balancer of last resort, to describe such a strategy, but the principles remain the same. Instead of trying to be the global policeman (or even worse, the global armed social worker), the United States needs to adopt a more selective and restrained foreign policy. Contrary to proponents of the current policy, this alternative is not "isolationism"--a vacuous slur designed to stifle intelligent debate. It is, however, a policy that focuses on defending America's vital interests instead of trying to remake the entire planet in America's image at the point of bayonets or cruise missiles. Layne does an extremely good job of building the case for an alternative grand strategy.
The Peace of Illusions is one of those rare books that anyone who is interested in America's future in the international system needs to read. It is a book that should spark a badly overdue debate on the direction of U.S. foreign policy.
neoconservative crusade are practical, resulting from the sort of
mistakes to be expected from a gaggle of arrogant incompetents.
Iraq, of course, is the most obvious example, but by no means the
only one.
Also fundamentally flawed, however, are the principles
behind the Bush program. At these the redoubtable Chris Layne
takes aim.
Layne is a professor at Texas A&M University. He has long
been writing trenchant articles and studies attacking the
imperialist temptation, and especially the idea that the end of
the Cold War allows--no, mandates--that Washington manage the
rest of the globe down to the most insignificant civil war and
local disturbance.
The culmination of Layne's work is The Peace of Illusions,
which focuses on matters of American grand strategy. The book is
a serious read, but a necessary one if you want to understand why
current policy would still have been a disaster even if Bush &
Company hadn't been guided by fantasies when attempting to
implement their vision. It is the imperialist vision itself that
is flawed.
Layne's analysis is thoroughly substantive, a sharp contrast
especially with so much of the junk pouring forth from alleged
"conservative thinkers." And the work is historical, recognizing
that what happened yesterday still matters today. Layne explores
the relationship between current controversies, past events,
current players, and past strategies.
It is a modern cliche to term books a "must read," but The
Peace of Illusions surely is a must read for anyone who wants to
understand and especially to change U.S. foreign policy.
Top reviews from other countries
Ganz ähnlich wie sein bekannter Kollege John Mearsheimer vertritt Layne hierbei die Ansicht, dass sich die USA in der Weltpolitik deutlich zurückhalten sollten, um nicht in bedrohliche Konflikte oder Kriege verwickelt zu werden. Zu seinem offenen Bedauern muss Layne aber feststellen, dass sich sein Heimatland seit Präsident Wilson gerade entgegengesetzt verhält. Die Vereinigten Staaten sind in der internationalen Politik expansiv aufgetreten, um sich eine globale Hegemonie zu sichern.
Layne analysiert in seinem Buch diesen Prozess anhand vieler historischer Beispiele. Die Vereinigten Staaten waren demnach stets darum bemüht, ihren Einflussbereich auszudehnen, ungeachtet der enormen Kosten, die mit einer solchen Strategie verbunden waren und sind. Anstatt sich auf ihren sicheren Kontinent zurückzuziehen, haben sich die USA in Europa und in Asien unnötigerweise in gefährliche Situationen gebracht, die ihrer nationalen Sicherheit mehr schadeten als nutzten.
Gelegenheiten, sich aus Europa oder Asien abzusetzen, wurden von der amerikanischen Politik ignoriert. So wäre z. B. die Gründung der NATO ein schwerer Fehler gewesen, weil sich die USA in dieser Institution viel zu sehr an Westeuropa angebunden hätten, wie Layne in Anlehnung an George Kennan argumentiert. Für die Aufrechterhaltung eines Gleichgewichts mit der Sowjetunion sei die NATO jedenfalls überflüssig gewesen.
Als Hauptursache für das Streben der Vereinigten Staaten nach Hegemonie macht Layne den liberalen Internationalismus aus, der bei ihm als eine Ideologie der weltweiten Ausbreitung von Demokratie und Freiheit verstanden wird. Mit der Demokratisierung der Welt, so meinen dessen Verfechter, werde den Sicherheitsinteressen der USA am besten gedient, da sich Demokratien friedlich und kooperativ verhielten. Die These des "Demokratischen Friedens“, die Layne schon in seiner Arbeit "Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace“ (International Security, Volume 19, Issue 2) entschieden zurückgewiesen hat, verkennt aus seiner Sicht die realistischen Gegebenheiten der internationalen Politik, die durch Macht und Interessen definiert werden. Der Internationalismus bringt damit die amerikanische Aussenpolitik in arge Bedrängnis. Selbstüberschätzung und Gegenmachtbildung sind die unausweichlichen Folgen einer derart verfehlten Strategie.
Die Analyse von Christopher Layne enthält eine ganze Reihe von bedenkenswerten Überlegungen. Seine Perspektive ist für Europäer ungewohnt und zum Teil erschreckend. Ob ein Rückzug der USA aus Europa nach 1945 tatsächlich wünschenswert gewesen wäre, bleibt angesichts der starken sowjetischen Bedrohung eher fraglich. Allerdings muss man Layne zugutehalten, dass sich die europäischen Staaten aufgrund des amerikanischen Schutzes zu wenig um die eigene Sicherheit gekümmert haben. Solch eine unangenehme Aufgabe überließen sie nur zu gerne "Uncle Sam“. An diesem mehr als unerfreulichen Zustand hat sich bis heute nichts Wesentliches geändert.
Jürgen Rupp
現実は厳しい。
国際政治は、戦国時代とおんなじですね。
どうすれば、自分に有利になるのか。
相手にも有利になると思わせておいて、一番有利なのは自分という
方向にもっていくその考え方。
とても参考になります。