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Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815–1917 Hardcover – Illustrated, January 2, 2017
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The U.S. Army has always regarded preparing for war as its peacetime role, but how it fulfilled that duty has changed dramatically over time. J. P. Clark traces the evolution of the Army between the War of 1812 and World War I, showing how differing personal experiences of war and peace among successive generations of professional soldiers left their mark upon the Army and its ways.
Nineteenth-century officers believed that generalship and battlefield command were more a matter of innate ability than anything institutions could teach. They saw no benefit in conceptual preparation beyond mastering technical skills like engineering and gunnery. Thus, preparations for war were largely confined to maintaining equipment and fortifications and instilling discipline in the enlisted ranks through parade ground drill. By World War I, however, Progressive Era concepts of professionalism had infiltrated the Army. Younger officers took for granted that war’s complexity required them to be trained to think and act alike―a notion that would have offended earlier generations. Preparing for War concludes by demonstrating how these new notions set the conditions for many of the successes―and some of the failures―of General Pershing’s American Expeditionary Forces.
- Print length352 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarvard University Press
- Publication dateJanuary 2, 2017
- Dimensions6 x 1.4 x 9.3 inches
- ISBN-109780674545731
- ISBN-13978-0674545731
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“The alternating and overlapping tumult of innovation and inertia, centralization and dispersion is the fascinating story of Clark’s volume, one that documents the century-long shift from the concept of the innate warrior to that of the trained careerist. Clark is acutely aware of the very real difference between practical and theoretical skills in conflict, and that soldiers with expertise in one domain are often incompetent in the other…Conflict, of course, is the only final exam that matters. In the meantime, military organization and preparation remain intrinsically difficult, put to the test only on wildly disparate, sporadic occasions. It’s a problem the Army grappled with well into its formative years, one whose origins Clark cogently illuminates.”―Anthony Paletta, HistoryNet
“Clark adds to our understanding by focusing specifically on the evolving debates over how the Army should prepare for war…Clark delivers a solidly researched, carefully argued, and strongly written study that weaves a masterful synthesis of a hundred years of institutional and intellectual history…This is an important book, one filled with insights valuable for our own day.”―Mike Morris, The Strategy Bridge
“Preparing for War is a subtle, sophisticated, and immensely insightful contribution to U.S. military history. Combining intimate understanding with admirable critical distance, J. P. Clark's study stands alone in describing the intellectual evolution of the army officer corps. His story may end with World War I, but its implications echo down to the present day.”―Andrew J. Bacevich, author of America's War for the Greater Middle East: A Military History
“A unique and masterful combination of institutional, social, and intellectual history, and group biography, Preparing for War deserves a wide readership. How the army of the nineteenth century prepared for armed conflict sheds light and deep understanding on military readiness today and in the future.”―Lieutenant General (U.S. Army) H. R. McMaster, author of Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, The Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam
“Clark provides an excellent introduction to the political context within which America's army grew from a frontier constabulary force to one of the most powerful instruments in the world. His book will prove enlightening not only for students of the past but for those interested in how our army functions within the American political system today.”―Michael S. Neiberg, author of Potsdam: The End of World War II and the Remaking of Europe
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Product details
- ASIN : 0674545737
- Publisher : Harvard University Press; Illustrated edition (January 2, 2017)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 352 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9780674545731
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674545731
- Item Weight : 1.45 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 1.4 x 9.3 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,738,644 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #19,134 in American Military History
- #65,633 in World History (Books)
- #85,072 in United States History (Books)
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Clark describes the Army that Scott entered into in 1808, and it was not a pretty picture. Characterized by poor leadership at the highest levels, Scott himself described the Army using words such as “ignoramuses,” “sloth,” “intemperate drinking,” and “positively bad.” Using thoroughly documented research punctuated with vivid storytelling, Clark aptly describes how the Army we know today emerged out of this raw and primordial state, stumbling not-so-gracefully toward the professionalism and high standards that we often take for granted today.
Although some scholars argue that politicians, generals, and events typically drive military change, Clark has identified a factor in this period that arguably made a bigger difference; ideas. He goes on to describe how institutions, experience, and culture can change large complex organizations, helping to manifest ideas in reality. He also directly challenges the ideas of Huntington, arguing that it was precisely the connection to American society that helped the U.S. Army transition into the 20th Century.
In the pages of this book, there are some very valuable lessons that contemporary strategic thinkers can glean. First and foremost, changing a large military organization in a democracy is very, very hard and probably always will be. Second, as a microcosm of the society it defends, the Army changes as society changes around it. Putting this in a different way, the American Army grew up and became professional period because the societal context demanded it. Finally, this book highlights that it is precisely in the creating, sharing, debating, and adopting/discarding of ideas that organizations change. Overall, Preparing for War, is a brilliant account of the often rocky road that the Army has travelled as an organization, and, like all well-written history, is a harbinger of challenges yet to come.
'Clark, a U.S. Army lieutenant colonel and former West Point history instructor, offers an excellent overview of the evolution of military planning by the U.S. Army from the War of
1812 through World War I. In this period, the Army changed from a decentralized collection of units, lacking doctrinal coherence or a clear chain of command, each functioning directly under the Secretary of War, into a professional force under the centralized control of a chief-of staff who reported to the Secretary. It was also a period in which the Army – not without errors – won three major wars – in 1846-1848, 18611865, and 1898 – while carrying out a protracted series of small wars with Native Americans, in the Philippines and on the Mexican Border. These operations shaped its evolution. Clark touches on the work of many men who played a role in shaping the army, for better or worse. Some famous, such as Winfield Scott, Nelson A. Miles, Emory Upton, and even the treacherous James Wilkinson, and some little known, such as J. Franklin Bell, Arthur L. Wagner and Eben Swift. This can be read with profit by anyone interested in the development of the U.S. Army. '
For the full review, see StrategyPage.