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Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights against Progressive Reform Reprint Edition
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In this timely reevaluation of an infamous Supreme Court decision, David E. Bernstein provides a compelling survey of the history and background of Lochner v. New York. This 1905 decision invalidated state laws limiting work hours and became the leading case contending that novel economic regulations were unconstitutional. Sure to be controversial, Rehabilitating Lochner argues that the decision was well grounded in precedent—and that modern constitutional jurisprudence owes at least as much to the limited-government ideas of Lochner proponents as to the more expansive vision of its Progressive opponents.
Tracing the influence of this decision through subsequent battles over segregation laws, sex discrimination, civil liberties, and more, Rehabilitating Lochner argues not only that the court acted reasonably in Lochner, but that Lochner and like-minded cases have been widely misunderstood and unfairly maligned ever since.
- ISBN-10022600404X
- ISBN-13978-0226004044
- EditionReprint
- PublisherUniversity of Chicago Press
- Publication dateNovember 13, 2012
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions0.8 x 6 x 9 inches
- Print length208 pages
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Intellectual history in its highest form. . . . Bernstein has done nothing less than explode the myth of Lochner, a decision that any pro-liberty student of American constitutional law should embrace. This is a book that will transform the way constitutional law is understood for years to come."
-- Scott Douglas Gerber ― EH.net Published On: 2011-06-27"As every law student know, Lochner was a case in which a court packed with business sympathizers stuck it to the little guy in a shameless display of judicial activism. But, like a surprisingly large number of things everyone knows, this conventional wisdom is almost entirely wrong, and David E. Bernstein's new book, Rehabilitating Lochner, makes clear just how wrong it is—and how and why the Lochner narrative became established in the legal academy. . . . The false narrative of Lochner has controlled the past for decades but Bernstein's clear and incisive work may wrest that control away and move us back to the truth."—Glenn Reynolds, Commentary
-- Glenn Reynolds ― Commentary Published On: 2011-06-01“An exhilarating book full of interesting new perspectives. Rehabilitating Lochner will change the way people think about the transition from the late nineteenth century to the modern New Deal and Civil Rights regime. It does what good revisionist history should do: see what is familiar in new ways.”—Jack M. Balkin, Yale Law School
“David E. Bernstein attempts the grand task of 'correcting decades of erroneous accounts' and succeeds with aplomb and notable timeliness. The story of how Joseph Lochner fought legislators and unions to bake his goods in freedom goes especially well with tea.”
― National Review Published On: 2011-07-04“David Bernstein drives home powerfully and convincingly the fact that the supporters of Lochner were the biggest proponents of protecting the personal rights of African Americans, Roman Catholics, and other minorities. Rehabilitating Lochner will have a profound impact on constitutional law scholarship.”
-- William E. Nelson ― New York University“A terrific work of historical revisionism, Rehabilitating Lochner brings out some attractive resonances in libertarian themes associated with the widely disparaged constitutional jurisprudence of the period from 1905 to 1937, and some discordant undertones to the Progressive themes sounded during that period. It should induce some changes in the way many students and scholars read the cases from that period.”—Mark Tushnet, Harvard Law School
-- Mark Tushnet ― Harvard Law School"Rehabilitating Lochner is about a US Supreme Court decision that generations of lawyers and law students have been taught to scorn as the imposition of obsolete economic dogma disguised as constitutional principle. Comes now David E. Bernstein to set the record straight. . . . Not all will find unchallengeable every point the author makes. Yet all will broaden their understanding of our national charter and what the Supreme Court has done with it over the past century or so."—Walther Barthold, New York Law Journal
-- Walter Barthold ― New York Law Journal Published On: 2011-11-03“David E. Bernstein takes issue with conventional wisdom and argues that if one understands the larger context and broader stream of historical development, Lochner was a ‘good law’ at the time and, despite the fact that it was overruled, its core principles remain good constitutional law today. This is a delightful and informative book that deserves a broad audience.” ― Choice Published On: 2012-01-01
"Rehabilitating Lochner does what it sets out to do very well, placing Lochner in its historical context, telling us where it came from, what it actually did, who attacked it, and what those people believed. . . . I highly recommend it to anyone interested in the topic."—Independent Review
― Independent Review Published On: 2012-12-15"A sharp and iconoclastic work of scholarship, one that challenges the deepest beliefs of those who defend almost omnipotent government."—Carolina Journal
-- George Leef ― Carolina Journal Published On: 2012-02-01"In this thought-provoking volume, David E. Bernstein attempts to “rehabilitate” the Lochner decision and place it in its proper historical context. . . .The book is a valuable corrective. . . . Bernstein approaches the material with a fresh perspective and a cogent analysis that questions both the received wisdom about Lochner and the categories that legal scholars have established to create distance between that era and our own, between judicial defense of civil rights and the judicial defense of economic liberties.”
-- Mark Koyama ― H-SOUTH Published On: 2012-02-08“This well-written book is destined to be influential and controversial. . . . It is concise, lively, and one of the best examples of libertarian thinking about the Supreme Court’s role in limiting economic regulation.” -- Paul Kens ― H-LAW Published On: 2013-06-11
About the Author
David E. Bernstein is Foundation Professor at the George Mason University School of Law and the author of several books, including, most recently, You Can’t Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Laws.
Product details
- Publisher : University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition (November 13, 2012)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 208 pages
- ISBN-10 : 022600404X
- ISBN-13 : 978-0226004044
- Item Weight : 10.4 ounces
- Dimensions : 0.8 x 6 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #900,462 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #204 in Business Contracts Law
- #289 in Civil Rights Law (Books)
- #810 in General Constitutional Law
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

David E. Bernstein holds a University Professorship chair at George Mason University's Antonin Scalia Law School, where he has been teaching constitutional law and other classes since 1995.
Bernstein is the author of five books, including the Amazon Top 50 bestseller, "You Can't Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Law," and coauthor of two more.
Professor Bernstein’s book Rehabilitating Lochner was praised across the political spectrum as “intellectual history in its highest form,” a “fresh perspective and a cogent analysis,” “delightful and informative,” “sharp and iconoclastic,” and “a terrific work of historical revisionism.”
Columnist George Will wrote that Bernstein’s most recent book, Classified, The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America, may be “the most consequential American book of 2022.”
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In Lochner v. New York, the Supreme Court famously invalidated a state law that limited the number of hours a day a baker could work. Perhaps unfairly, it is seen as the flagship case for the now much-reviled idea there is a liberty of contract right implicit in the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment. However, as Prof. Bernstein shows, Lochner was neither extraordinary nor unprecedented. He also paints a very different picture of the context surrounding the case than that typically given today. It was not a showdown between big business and workers. The large bakeries by and large supported the law because it hurt their small competitors more than them (the law was also heavily union-supported). I also found it interesting that this was an early example of a "test" case--small bakery owner Lochner, seen as a sympathetic plaintiff, coordinated his indictment for violating the law with an employee.
Prof. Bernstein organizes his book into eight plainly named chapters: The Rise of Liberty of Contract, The Lochner Case, Progressive Sociological Jurisprudence, Sex Discrimination and Liberty of Contract, Liberty of Contract and Segregation Laws, The Decline of Liberty of Contract, and the Rise of "Civil Liberties", Lochner in Modern Times, and Conclusion.
Prof. Bernstein buttresses his direct discussion of Lochner in the early chapters with ample context. The concept of economic rights was not an anomalous legal doctrine. It was rooted in orginalist interpretation of the Constitution (albeit a proto-originalism). Statutes were challenged under two different legal theories, both rooted in the 14th Amendment. One was under a liberty of contract theory based out of the Due Process clause (an early version of substantive due process). The other was under a theory of class legislation based out of the Equal Protection Clause. The liberty of contract theory proved to be more fruitful in attacking statutes. Unlike the current attacks on the healthcare bill, which all argue it does not fall under any of Congress's enumerated powers, the theories Prof. Bernstein covers applied to state as well as federal statutes.
Prof. Bernstein takes pains to show the modern left is not the pure philosophical successor to 19th century Progressives. Progressives were generally, with a significant exception for Free Speech, hostile to individual rights across the board. Notably, this included equal protection for African-Americans. Prof. Bernstein makes a strong case that Buchanan v. Warley, by preventing the elimination of the property rights of African-Americans and facilitating African-American migration from oppressive southern states to the northeast and Midwest, dramatically limited the pernicious effects of Jim Crow segregation. Modern constitutional scholars are not so kind. Professor Akil Reed Amar only finds room to devote a single paragraph to Buchanan in his 1,856 page tome of a casebook. Similarly, it was Progressive hero Oliver Wendell Holmes who wrote the opinion in Buck v. Bell upholding a eugenics statute. Prof. Amar doesn't think much of the import of Buck either--it is relegated to a footnote in his casebook.
Lochner and its ilk were reversed and distinguished into nothingness during the New Deal era, but it was only later that they gained their current infamy. All of the justices in the Griswold case establishing a right to privacy relied on the Meyer and Pierce cases, both of which used a "Lochner-like understanding of the Due Process clause." The Warren Court was frequently accused of Lochner-ian judicial activism. In Roe v. Wade, the court firmly ignored both 9th Amendment and "penumbras and emanations" arguments, rooting the right to privacy in the 14th Amendment. With the rebirth of substantive due process as a protector of non-economic rights, the Lochner line of cases suddenly became very dangerous to legal scholars and jurists very supportive of the right to privacy but very hostile to economic rights. Laurence Tribe's incredibly influential treatise led the charge in the re-defining the Lochner cases.
Prof. Bernstein writes with clear prose and provides plentiful historical background, context, and anecdotes. I also must say that Rehabilitating Lochner has the best cover I have ever seen on an academic book.
Prof. Bernstein is a legal historian and a consequentialist, so he does not spend much time examining the philosophical implications of the Lochner-era, its denouement, and its later revision. But that is all to the better, as it allows the reader to draw his or her own conclusions. I think the twin conclusions to be drawn are that economic rights played a positive role in late 19th century jurisprudence (and law students should be taught as much) and that there must be some place for economic rights in modern substantive due process. I think this book must also be extremely important to any classic liberal legal scholar.





