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The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789 Kindle Edition
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NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER
"An elegantly written account of leadership at the most pivotal moment in American history" (Philadelphia Inquirer): Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Edward J. Larson reveals how George Washington saved the United States by coming out of retirement to lead the Constitutional Convention and serve as our first president.
After leading the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War, George Washington shocked the world: he retired. In December 1783, General Washington, the most powerful man in the country, stepped down as Commander in Chief and returned to private life at Mount Vernon. Yet as Washington contentedly grew his estate, the fledgling American experiment floundered. Under the Articles of Confederation, the weak central government was unable to raise revenue to pay its debts or reach a consensus on national policy. The states bickered and grew apart. When a Constitutional Convention was established to address these problems, its chances of success were slim. Jefferson, Madison, and the other Founding Fathers realized that only one man could unite the fractious states: George Washington. Reluctant, but duty-bound, Washington rode to Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 to preside over the Convention.
Although Washington is often overlooked in most accounts of the period, this masterful new history from Pulitzer Prize-winner Edward J. Larson brilliantly uncovers Washington’s vital role in shaping the Convention—and shows how it was only with Washington’s support and his willingness to serve as President that the states were brought together and ratified the Constitution, thereby saving the country.
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherWilliam Morrow
- Publication dateOctober 7, 2014
- File size9230 KB
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Larson’s compulsively readable history shines new light on a little-discussed period of Washington’s life, illustrating his role as the indispensable American.” (Publishers Weekly)
“A fascinating account. ... This is an important book, elegantly written, which adds greatly to our understanding of the way in which one man’s personality and popularity helped create a strong new country out of the fragments of the old colonial system.” (Lawrence M. Friedman, Marion Rice Kirkwood Professor of Law at Stanford University and author of A History of American Law)
“A fresh and elegant portrait of the hero we thought we knew, but didn’t, quite. ... An indispensable book about America’s ‘indispensable man.’” (Akhil Reed Amar, Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science, Yale University, and author of America's Constitution: A Biography)
“One of the best illustrations of the ability of individuals to change the course of history.” (Andrew O'Shaughnessy, Professor of History, University of Virginia)
“Ed Larson - with his signature wit and light touch - delivers a living, breathing man, who is revealed to be a true visionary leader, but who also possesses the political savvy and ability to get things done. ... An important addition to the literature on the founding of the United States.” (Douglas Bradburn, PhD, Founding Director, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon)
“Highly readable. ... Clears away the naive myths that have so long obscured Washington’s ideas and role during the 1780s.” (Kenneth R. Bowling, Co-editor of Documentary History of the First Federal Congress and Adjunct Professor of History, George Washington University)
“Larson is a skilled storyteller combining scholarly research with a flair for relating historical events and personages to general readers. Recommended for those who enjoyed Ron Chernow’s Washington: A Life as well as biography hounds and history buffs.” (Library Journal)
“Fine and engrossing. … Larson engagingly argues that the stretch between 1783 and 1789 was as important to Washington-and to America-as all that preceded and followed it. … [A] splendid account.” (Wall Street Journal)
“Utterly fascinating. ... Very readable and highly recommended.” (Journal of the American Revolution)
“A detailed and elegantly written account of leadership at the most pivotal moment in our nation’s history.” (Philadelphia Inquirer)
“Larson is an exceptionally fine and engaging writer. ... He has taken up what might seem to be a niche in this great man’s life and career, and found there the core of his personality and his greatness.” (Dallas Morning News)
“Larson is a sure guide through the complexities of writing and ratifying the Constitution. ... Dramatic. … Restoring the politics to Washington’s rise adds motive and depth to the nationalist who rose north to the rescue.” (New York Times Book Review)
“Fantastic... The Washington who emerges in these pages is always human, flaws and all, and yet he still manages to be a figure worth revering for his unwavering sense of duty.” (Daily Beast)
“Eloquently written. ... Larson synthesizes a vast amount of primary source material with great aplomb. ... Serious scholarship presented in an engaging and concise manner.” (Washington Times)
“Astonishes with continual revelations of a Washington deeply engaged in national affairs and concerned for the floundering United States on the verge of collapse.” (Mental Floss) --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
About the Author
EDWARD J. LARSON received the Pulitzer Prize for History for Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. He is the co-author of Modern Library’s The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison and author of The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789,and A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800. He was an inaugural fellow at the National Library for the Study of George Washington. Larson is University Professor of History and holds the Hugh & Hazel Darling Chair in Law at Pepperdine University. He travels widely as a media commentator, visiting instructor, and guest speaker.
--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.From the Back Cover
After commanding the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War, General Washington stunned the world: He retired. Four years later, as he rode from Mount Vernon to lead the Constitutional Convention, he was the one American who could united the rapidly disintegrating country. This is the little-known story of the return of George Washington.
In this groundbreaking new look at our first citizen, Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Edward J. Larson masterfully chronicles how George Washington saved the United States by coming out of retirement four years after the War of Independence to lead a country on the brink of dissolution and secure its future. Though the period between the Revolution and the Presidency has previously been neglected in studies of Washington's life, Larson's striking reassessment shows that Washington's greatness in fact rests on these years—1783 to 1789—and rightfully elevates our foremost Founding Father's "forgotten years" to a central place in the American story.
In December 1783, Washington, the most powerful and popular man in America, stepped down as commander in chief and returned to private life as a farmer and landowner. Yet as Washington found happiness in successfully growing his Virginia estate, the fledgling American experiment foundered under the Articles of Confederation. Sectional bickering paralyzed government; debts went unpaid; the economy stagnated; national security was neglected; the union of states was in peril.
When a Constitutional Convention was called to forge a new government, its chances of success were slim. Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and other leaders realized only one American—the retired hero George Washington—could unite the fractious states. After months of anguish, Washington answered the call and left his beloved Mount Vernon in the spring of 1787 to preside over the convention in Philadelphia. Although Washington is overlooked in most accounts, Larson brilliantly uncovers Washington's vital role in shaping the Constitution—and shows, as never before, how it was only with Washington's spirited behind-the-scenes influence that the delegates passed, and the states later ratified, the founding document that has guided our government to this day.
From the moment of General Washington's resignation to his victory in the first federal elections and his triumphant inauguration in New York as our first President, The Return of George Washington is a landmark work that will forever change our understanding and appreciation of America's great founder.
--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.Product details
- ASIN : B00I2PD9GW
- Publisher : William Morrow; Reprint edition (October 7, 2014)
- Publication date : October 7, 2014
- Language : English
- File size : 9230 KB
- Text-to-Speech : Enabled
- Screen Reader : Supported
- Enhanced typesetting : Enabled
- X-Ray : Enabled
- Word Wise : Enabled
- Sticky notes : On Kindle Scribe
- Print length : 378 pages
- Best Sellers Rank: #341,084 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)
- #51 in Constitutions (Kindle Store)
- #215 in US Revolution & Founding History (Kindle Store)
- #228 in Constitutions (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Edward J. Larson is the author of seven books and the recipient of the 1998 Pulitzer Prize in History for his book Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion. His other books include Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory; Evolution's Workshop; God and Science on the Galapagos Islands; and Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution. Larson has also written over one hundred articles, most of which address topics of law, science, or politics from an historical perspective, which have appeared in such varied journals as The Atlantic, Nature, Scientific American, The Nation, The Wilson Quarterly, and Virginia Law Review. He is a professor of history and law at Pepperdine University and lives in Georgia and California.
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After the end of the war, the government of the Articles of Confederation was a bust. A government that could not collect revenue, regulate trade among the states, negotiate treaties, raise armed forces for defense and establish a currency was a hollow shell, and the great potential of America hung in the balance hampered perhaps by too much democracy and the internecine conflicts of trade between the states created a nation without real power and doomed not only to failure, but to the influences and ambitions of other nations.
Enter Washington, again. While he had retired to Mount Vernon and the pleasures of his estate and farms, and speculation in western lands, Washington still read the newspapers, and entertained a stream of endless guests who visited Mount Vernon bringing news with them and the politics that faced the newborn and vulnerable nation.
After some internal struggles and debating within himself, Washington elected to come to the Constitution Convention and preside over it. From the outset it was thought to be a convention that would alter the Articles of Confederation in order to regulate trade but the astute and powerful politicians of the time knew that it was necessary to create a new government. With Washington's attendance the whole thing assumed credibility.
Throughout the book, you realize that Washington was the only man that could hold all this together, mold it, and bring forth a new government that would facilitate the needs of a new born nation. No other person could pull this off. No other person had the credentials of service to his country and while Franklin was much admired and active in the process, he was old and failing. Madison did not have the influence; Jefferson was in France as ambassador and enjoying a variety of things, and while there were many patriots of good standing, there was only one man that could do this. He was to America what Churchill was to England during the second World War. That is why I borrowed from the title of the recent book by Boris Johnson on Churchill.
And while many concede that Washington was the greatest president, he would likely be shocked to see the mountain of debt and the vast control of the Federal government today, but for that time and that place, he was rare in his total devotion to this nation. With that said, I hope the historian John Ferling will read this book. Ferling's character assassination of Washington some years ago was no attempt at revisionist history, but a disgraceful ambush of America's greatest president.
As if winning the war wasn't enough--GW was critical to maintaining the peace, convening the Constitutional Convention, influencing that document's unique and lasting substance, campaigning for ratification by the states and setting the executive model.
With access to extraordinary primary documents--nicely complemented by end-notes, and good illustrations--Larson reveals a powerful, intelligent man, universally loved, torn by duty. Washington wants to see his war's success carried to beneficial conclusion in the birth of a solid republic. He has, however, a substantial enterprise to run, other business ideas (perhaps a trade route west via the Potomac; collecting debts, evicting squatters, opening up commerce) and his heart squarely with his beloved Mt. Vernon and the pleasures of "retirement."
Arrayed against him are former allies like Patrick Henry, Clinton of New York, Gerry--patriots all, now opposed to the core principle espoused by Washington, Jay, Madison and others that a strong federal government with checks and balances is a necessary companion to states' rights.
The one thing this reader wishes had been treated: what and how did Martha Washington think--or GW think about her?
Regardless, at all times, the reader, thanks to Larson's splendid writing, feels as though at Washington's side, listening in; riding with him to the frontier; getting daily de-briefings at the convention; mulling things over fireside or while enjoying one of the "Christmas pyes." With due respect to Ellis, Chernow, Flexner et al., this is one of the most compelling and rewarding insights into what made this indispensable person tick.
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Der Zeitraum, der zwischen diesen beiden Lebensabschnitten liegt, wird dagegen oft nur stiefmütterlich behandelt. Dabei sind die Jahre, welche von 1783 bis 1789 reichen, alles andere als unwichtig. Washington wurde in dieser Zeit zum unverzichtbaren Katalysator für die Vereinigung der Vereinigten Staaten. Dies ist die zentrale Aussage des hier zu besprechenden Buches von Edward J. Larson.
Der Autor widerspricht damit der häufig vertretenen Ansicht, dass sich Washington nach dem Ende des Unabhängigkeitskrieges auf seinen Landsitz ins Privatleben zurückzog und beim Verfassungskonvent in Philadelphia lediglich eine repräsentative Funktion übernahm. Hierauf verweist auch Richard Snow in seiner Besprechung der Arbeit, die am 03.10.2014 im Wall Street Journal erschienen ist. Er schreibt:
„If never considered exactly wilderness years, the span between the end of the war and Washington’s presidency is often seen as a hiatus in which the Virginia planter put his estate in order and then shed legitimacy on the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia solely by his taciturn presence. But Mr. Larson, a history professor at Pepperdine University, engagingly argues that the stretch between 1783 and 1789 was as important to Washington — and to America — as all that preceded and followed it.“
Der Autor beginnt seine Ausführungen mit der Verabschiedung von General Washington in den Ruhestand. Der Schritt vom gefeierten Kriegshelden zum Privatmann wurde von vielen Zeitgenossen mit Erstaunen, Bewunderung oder Unglauben zur Kenntnis genommen. Washington sehnte sich nach seinem geliebten Landsitz „Mount Vernon“, wo er ungestört von öffentlichen Verpflichtungen leben und sterben konnte. Er hatte keine Ambitionen, ein neuer Caesar zu werden.
Allerdings gab es für ihn sowohl persönliche als auch politische Gründe, sich um den Zusammenhalt und das Wohlergehen der ehemaligen Kolonien Sorgen zu machen. Washington, der Grundeigentum sehr schätzte, hatte sich in den westlichen Territorien als Grundstücksspekulant betätigt. Damit sich diese Investitionen für ihn lohnten, war eine durch die Staatsgewalt abgesicherte Entwicklung dieser Landstriche von Nöten. Nur ein starker Nationalstaat, der über deutlich mehr Macht verfügte als eine lose Konföderation von einzelnen Staaten, war dazu in der Lage.
Unabhängig davon hatte sich Washington schon seit längerem für die Gründung eines amerikanischen Nationalstaates ausgesprochen. Um die Freiheit der Bürger gewährleisten zu können, müsste dieser Staat die interne Stabilität und Prosperität sichern, während er nach außen die Wahrung der nationalen Interessen verantworten würde.
Für Washington waren dies nicht nur reine Gedankenspiele. So engagierte er sich bei der Schiffbarmachung des Potomac, die er für die wirtschaftliche und politische Entwicklung des Landes für zwingend notwendig hielt. Außerdem führte er einen regen Meinungsaustausch mit gleichgesinnten Nationalisten, zu denen etwa Alexander Hamilton, James Madison und John Jay gehörten.
Washington und seine Mitstreiter waren felsenfest davon überzeugt, dass man die politische Ordnung radikal verändern müsse, um ein Abgleiten in anarchische Zustände zu verhindern. Aus diesem Grund entschloss er sich auch dazu, am Konvent in Philadelphia teilzunehmen. Er hoffte, dass seine überragende Reputation dazu beitragen könnte, die Schwächen des bestehenden Systems zu überwinden und etwas wirklich Neues zu schaffen, das den kommenden innen- und außenpolitischen Herausforderungen tatsächlich gewachsen wäre.
Dem Konvent stand er dann als Präsident vor. Nicht nur durch seine Präsenz, sondern auch durch sein Auftreten und sein Verhalten unterstützte er jene Kräfte, die sich für die Überwindung der Kleinstaaterei einsetzten. An Widersachern mangelte es ihnen dabei nicht. Vor allem die Vertreter der kleineren Staaten hegten die Befürchtung, dass ihre Rechte und ihr politisches Gewicht in einer allzu engen Union verloren gehen könnten. Umstritten waren Fragen der Sklaverei, der Gerichtsbarkeit, der Steuerhoheit, der Legislative und nicht zuletzt der konkreten Ausgestaltung der Exekutivbefugnisse.
Hierbei wurde der Streit um das Amt des Präsidenten, welches ein echtes Novum darstellte, erst nach langen Diskussionen entschieden. Ohne die herausragende Persönlichkeit von Washington, der von allen Anwesenden als der natürliche Anwärter auf das höchste Staatsamt angesehen wurde, wäre eine Einigung des Konvents kaum möglich gewesen. Befürchtungen, man würde durch das Amt des Präsidenten einen neuen König oder sogar einen potentiellen Tyrannen in die Welt setzen, konnten dank dem Vorbild Washingtons entkräftet werden.
Die vom Konvent entworfene Verfassung musste schließlich noch von den einzelnen Staaten angenommen werden, bevor sie in Kraft treten konnte. Deren Befürworter und Gegner, die unter den Bezeichnungen „Federalists“ bzw. „Antifederalists“ in die Geschichte eingingen, lieferten sich dabei einen politischen Kampf, der an Härte und Schärfe kaum zu überbieten war.
Zum Glück für die „Federalists“ hatten sie mit George Washington noch ein Ass im Ärmel. Er hielt sich in der Öffentlichkeit zwar zurück und vermied es, sich für die eine oder andere Seite offen auszusprechen, aber den politisch interessierten Bürgern war doch klar, dass der pensionierte General eindeutig ein „Federalist“ war. Im Stillen unternahm er auch alles, um der Verfassung zum Erfolg zu verhelfen. Gerade in seinem Heimatstaat Virginia war dies auch bitter nötig, weil die Gegner der neuen Verfassung hier stark vertreten waren.
Nachdem die Verfassung von einer Mehrzahl der Staaten angenommen worden war, musste die Formierung des politischen Systems noch durch Wahlen legitimiert werden. Washington, dessen Wahl zum Präsidenten von niemanden bezweifelt wurde, tat sein Möglichstes, um die „Federalists“ zu fördern und die „Antifederalists“ zu schwächen. Er wollte auf jeden Fall verhindern, dass die Kritiker der neuen Ordnung in politische Ämter gelangten, von wo aus sie einen destruktiven Einfluss hätten ausüben können.
Larson kritisiert nun seinerseits Washington dafür, dass er gegenüber den „Antifederalists“ eine derart harte Haltung einnahm. Deren Argumentation war nicht einfach von der Hand zu weisen und sie richtete sich auch nicht direkt gegen Washington, der sich dennoch persönlich angegriffen fühlte. Zudem waren die „Federalists“ kein homogenes Lager. Wie schon die Wahl von John Adams zum Vizepräsidenten offenbarte, gab es bei ihnen beachtliche Spannungen und Rivalitäten, die keinesfalls harmlos verliefen.
In einem Epilog geht der Autor noch kurz auf die Präsidentschaft von George Washington ein. Der Erste von allen Präsidenten definierte das Amt in einer Weise, die für seine Nachfolger zum idealisierten Vorbild wurde. Dies bedeutete aber nicht, dass es keine gravierenden Differenzen zwischen den Gründungsvätern der Vereinigten Staaten gab. Vor allem was die Machtfülle des Präsidenten und die Reichweite des Nationalstaates anbelangte, vertrat Washington eine expansive Perspektive, während sich Thomas Jefferson für eine begrenzende Sichtweise einsetzte. Dieser grundlegende Konflikt wird ausführlich in der Abhandlung von Thomas Fleming analysiert, die 2015 unter dem Titel „The Great Divide“ veröffentlicht wurde.
Insgesamt gesehen ist es Edward J. Larson sehr schön gelungen, die ausschlaggebende Rolle von George Washington aufzuzeigen, die dieser in den Jahren von 1783 bis 1789 spielte. Sein Buch ist außerdem elegant geschrieben und gut dokumentiert. Dementsprechend stellt Claude R. Marx in seiner Rezension der Arbeit, die am 16.02.2015 in der Washington Times erschienen ist, zutreffend fest: „This combination of serious scholarship presented in an engaging and concise manner makes “The Return of George Washington” worth reading. Even those who have read a great deal about the subject and feel they know a lot about him will gain new insights from this book.“
Dem ist nichts hinzuzufügen.
Jürgen Rupp







