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Return of the God Hypothesis: Breakthroughs in Physics, Cosmology, and Biology Seeking Evidence for the Existence of God Kindle Edition
The New York Times bestselling author of Darwin’s Doubt, Stephen Meyer,presents groundbreaking scientific evidence of the existence of God, based on breakthroughs in physics, cosmology, and biology.
Beginning in the late 19th century, many intellectuals began to insist that scientific knowledge conflicts with traditional theistic belief—that science and belief in God are “at war.” Philosopher of science Stephen Meyer challenges this view by examining three scientific discoveries with decidedly theistic implications. Building on the case for the intelligent design of life that he developed in Signature in the Cell and Darwin’s Doubt, Meyer demonstrates how discoveries in cosmology and physics coupled with those in biology help to establish the identity of the designing intelligence behind life and the universe.
Meyer argues that theism—with its affirmation of a transcendent, intelligent and active creator—best explains the evidence we have concerning biological and cosmological origins. Previously Meyer refrained from attempting to answer questions about “who” might have designed life. Now he provides an evidence-based answer to perhaps the ultimate mystery of the universe. In so doing, he reveals a stunning conclusion: the data support not just the existence of an intelligent designer of some kind—but the existence of a personal God.
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarperOne
- Publication dateMarch 30, 2021
- File size31.7 MB
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Dr. Meyer does a superb job in accurately describing the physics and cosmology that show the universe had a beginning. He also convincingly shows that quantum mechanics will not eliminate a cosmological singularity."
-- "Dr. Frank Tipler, professor of physics, Tulane University""Meyer writes beautifully. He marshals complex information as well as any writer I've read."
-- "Dean Koontz, #1 New York Times bestselling author, on Darwin's Doubt""A marvelous compendium of indisputable scientific evidence in support of the existence of God."
-- "Dr. Marcos N. Eberlin, professor of chemistry, Mackenzie University, Thomson Medalist, Brazilian Academy of Sciences"About the Author
Dr. Stephen C. Meyer received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in the philosophy of science. A former geophysicist and college professor, he now directs the Center for Science and Culture at the Discovery Institute in Seattle. In 2004, Meyer ignited a firestorm of media and scientific controversy when a biology journal at the Smithsonian Institution published his peer-reviewed scientific article advancing intelligent design. Meyer has been featured on national television and radio programs, including The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, CBS' Sunday Morning, NBC's Nightly News, ABC's World News, Good Morning America, Nightline, FOX News Live, and the Tavis Smiley show on PBS. He has also been featured in two New York Times front-page stories and has garnered attention in other top national media.
Product details
- ASIN : B07G122JJN
- Publisher : HarperOne
- Accessibility : Learn more
- Publication date : March 30, 2021
- Language : English
- File size : 31.7 MB
- Screen Reader : Supported
- Enhanced typesetting : Enabled
- X-Ray : Enabled
- Word Wise : Enabled
- Print length : 892 pages
- ISBN-13 : 978-0062071521
- Page Flip : Enabled
- Best Sellers Rank: #15,393 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)
About the author

Dr. Stephen C. Meyer received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in the philosophy of science. A former geophysicist and college professor, he directs the Center for Science and Culture at the Discovery Institute in Seattle. In 2004, Meyer ignited a firestorm of media and scientific controversy when a biology journal at the Smithsonian Institution published his peer-reviewed scientific article advancing intelligent design. Meyer has been featured on a number of national television, radio, and podcast platforms, including The Joe Rogan Experience, Piers Morgan Uncensored, CBS's Sunday Morning, NBC News, ABC News, Good Morning America, Nightline, FOX News Live, and the Tavis Smiley show on PBS. He has also been featured in two New York Times front-page stories and has garnered attention in other top-national media. Dr. Meyer's most recent book is Return of the God Hypothesis: Three Scientific Discoveries That Reveal the Mind Behind the Universe. He is also author of the New York Times bestseller Darwin’s Doubt: The Explosive Origin of Animal Life and the Case for Intelligent Design and Signature in the Cell, a Times Literary Supplement Book of the Year. He co-authored the science textbook Explore Evolution: The Arguments For and Against Neo-Darwinism and co-edited Theistic Evolution: A Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Critique.
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on July 27, 2021If there were an Almighty Creator--i.e. God--would we expect to find evidence for his creative activity in the natural world? That depends on what kind of God you might imagine. Theistic evolutionists expect to NOT find evidence of God in the natural world and argue to great extents to show why, on theological grounds, God would not stoop so low as to leave his fingerprints on anything. This fits nicely with the modern view of faith as a truly "blind leap" into the darkness. It also fits nicely with Richard Dawkins' caricature of faith as believing in something despite evidence to the contrary. All that is left is faith with no rational underpinnings.
In Return of the God Hypothesis, Stephen Meyer actually refutes this theological position starting from a scientific position. After more than a century of amazing discoveries in cosmology, biology and physics, the scientific evidence points to the necessity of a very powerful Intelligence for the explanation of the origin of the universe, of life itself and the great variety of life we find on planet earth.
This book has something to make everyone uncomfortable. Young-earth Creationists will feel uncomfortable with the talk about millions and billions of years of star formation and Cambrian Explosions. Theistic evolutionists will balk at the notion that the theory of evolution is in serious trouble because it lacks a naturalistic mechanism to generate information. Materialistic evolutionists will--if they don't have a heart attack first--feel highly perturbed by the book's thesis that an appeal to a supernatural power is the best choice for explaining our existence. Intelligent Design proponents and Old-Earth Creationists will be the least troubled by the book, for obvious reasons.
The important question is, does Stephen Meyer get it right? His science looks good, though I am limited to a background in microbiology. He has researched an expansive field of literature and he puts his book into the public eye for the most and least favorable kinds of scrutiny. If there are scientific, historical, or logical errors, this is open to peer-review.
Critics can easily caricature Creationists of all stripes, "Ha, look at these people, they think you can find e=mc2 in the book of Genesis. So they say the Bible is supernatural? How ridiculous!" Well...yeah. This clearly isn't Meyer's argument. He is saying that any objective observer of the universe, armed with the most current information, is left with only some very unsatisfactory materialistic explanations OR a plausible theological explanation. Because today in our digital world, more than ever in history, we recognize the impossibility of information arising without the purposefulness of an intelligent programmer, we can then reasonably posit a willful intelligence as the best explanation our universe and ourselves. Scientific observation alone doesn't reveal who this intelligence might be....but the next step is the question of God revealing himself in the history of the Jewish and Christian story.
Thank you Dr. Meyer for giving us this rich and useful resource in the subject of science and faith.
- Reviewed in the United States on May 5, 2021Dr Meyers has once again gone to extreme and sometimes tedious lengths to make the case for what should easily pass for obvious...everything from nothing? Then dust becomes dreams through time and chance? Why do such smart people say such silly things? Dr Seuss would have had so much fun with it.
“Nothing, More or Less”
We live in a universe
That appears to be
14 billion
Years old
And if we can believe
What we are told
It came from nothing
Nothing at all
And not just no thing
This claim un-includes
All sorts of anythings
That ever were used
All matter and energy
Just for a start
All forces and fields
And every last quark
Every boson and muon
And gluon and screwon
Every photon, electron
Every neutrino
Every dimension, pretension
Every casino
Every force and attraction
Every quantum fluctuation
Every sucking black hole
Every Hawking Radiation
Just keep making lists
Until physics is gone
Take away all of it
Music and song
Leave a bunch of nice concepts
All floating in space
Then take away space
And take away time
Take away every
Single mind
Leave nothing to chance
Leave no thing behind
Leave a bunch of laws
With nothing to rule
A bunch of ideas
With no one to fool
A bunch of theories
With nothing to test
Nothing to attract or repel
Or connect
Nothing to be
And nowhere to go
Leave no-thing and no-where
And start with zee-ro
When we dream about nothing
We all make mistakes
Our nothing is something
Since we're wide awake
We think about nothing
As if it were actual
When the fact is
A nothing like that isn't factual
A nothing that's something
We're trying to think
Is really a subtly
Devious prank
Our thinking is something
Instead of a blank
But if we’d believe
That all came from nothing
We first must grasp nothing
As a thing-less something
So here's a solution
To get us to zero
To help us grasp
How it all became
To give us a little
Conceptual grammar
To fill this fine Blank
That preceded the Bang
Nothing is less than
What we insist it is
Absolute absence;
Complete nonexistence
Without potential
Or possibility
A one-sided equation
Equal to infinity
It just can't even be
Thought of at all
It can't be considered
Imagined, conceived
It can't be denied
Or ignored or believed
Nothing is never
Minus nil minus naught
Nothing is complete and utter
Without
Nothing is exactly
"What rocks dream about"
From this, we are told
Without even a blink,
That all this that is
And all that we think,
Suddenly happened
Without any cause
That the universe
And all it's laws
Simply happened somehow
Without reason or rhyme;
Every iPhone, quad-copter
Chainsaw, and time
Just happened to happen
By chance or by shuffle
By no cause or effect
Without any kerfluffle
Our brightest physicists
Can't get nothing right
They all start with something
Since nothing's elusive
And end up with conclusions
Much less than conclusive
But try to have nothing
Before you can start
And nothing's a difficult thought
To impart.
5.0 out of 5 starsDr Meyers has once again gone to extreme and sometimes tedious lengths to make the case for what should easily pass for obvious...everything from nothing? Then dust becomes dreams through time and chance? Why do such smart people say such silly things? Dr Seuss would have had so much fun with it.Significant, Obvious, Inspiring.
Reviewed in the United States on May 5, 2021
“Nothing, More or Less”
We live in a universe
That appears to be
14 billion
Years old
And if we can believe
What we are told
It came from nothing
Nothing at all
And not just no thing
This claim un-includes
All sorts of anythings
That ever were used
All matter and energy
Just for a start
All forces and fields
And every last quark
Every boson and muon
And gluon and screwon
Every photon, electron
Every neutrino
Every dimension, pretension
Every casino
Every force and attraction
Every quantum fluctuation
Every sucking black hole
Every Hawking Radiation
Just keep making lists
Until physics is gone
Take away all of it
Music and song
Leave a bunch of nice concepts
All floating in space
Then take away space
And take away time
Take away every
Single mind
Leave nothing to chance
Leave no thing behind
Leave a bunch of laws
With nothing to rule
A bunch of ideas
With no one to fool
A bunch of theories
With nothing to test
Nothing to attract or repel
Or connect
Nothing to be
And nowhere to go
Leave no-thing and no-where
And start with zee-ro
When we dream about nothing
We all make mistakes
Our nothing is something
Since we're wide awake
We think about nothing
As if it were actual
When the fact is
A nothing like that isn't factual
A nothing that's something
We're trying to think
Is really a subtly
Devious prank
Our thinking is something
Instead of a blank
But if we’d believe
That all came from nothing
We first must grasp nothing
As a thing-less something
So here's a solution
To get us to zero
To help us grasp
How it all became
To give us a little
Conceptual grammar
To fill this fine Blank
That preceded the Bang
Nothing is less than
What we insist it is
Absolute absence;
Complete nonexistence
Without potential
Or possibility
A one-sided equation
Equal to infinity
It just can't even be
Thought of at all
It can't be considered
Imagined, conceived
It can't be denied
Or ignored or believed
Nothing is never
Minus nil minus naught
Nothing is complete and utter
Without
Nothing is exactly
"What rocks dream about"
From this, we are told
Without even a blink,
That all this that is
And all that we think,
Suddenly happened
Without any cause
That the universe
And all it's laws
Simply happened somehow
Without reason or rhyme;
Every iPhone, quad-copter
Chainsaw, and time
Just happened to happen
By chance or by shuffle
By no cause or effect
Without any kerfluffle
Our brightest physicists
Can't get nothing right
They all start with something
Since nothing's elusive
And end up with conclusions
Much less than conclusive
But try to have nothing
Before you can start
And nothing's a difficult thought
To impart.
Images in this review
Top reviews from other countries
Carmel Paul Attard BScReviewed in Canada on July 22, 20235.0 out of 5 stars A Clear, Deep, Scientific and Impeccably Logical Book
Most modern scientists bend over backwards separating God from science, so I was glad to see Meyer desisting from his noncommittal stance (in previous books) regarding the ‘Designer.’ He shows how, historically, science shifted from ‘God-driven’ to ‘God-excluding.’ Yet, in his book ‘The God Delusion’ (p.82), self-declared atheist Richard Dawkins writes, “The presence or absence of a creative super-intelligence is unequivocally a scientific question, even if it is not in practice … a decided one.” I agree with Dawkins here, and we should accept his challenge—as this book does admirably. “Attack is the best form of defence.” In this book’s prologue, Meyer laments, “All this high-profile science-based skepticism about God has percolated into the popular consciousness.” (p.10 of 892) He ends up dwarfing both Stephen Hawking and Dawkins. He shows Hawking often confused theory with reality (p.651), and he makes Dawkins eat his own words (that the universe exhibits no design) because throughout this book, he shows, over and over, that there is intelligent design both in the universe and life.
Main Theme
Meyer backs his ‘return of the God hypothesis’ with “(1) evidence from cosmology suggesting the material universe had a beginning; (2) evidence from physics showing that from the beginning the universe has been ‘finely tuned’ to allow for the possibility of life; and (3) evidence from biology establishing that since the beginning large amounts of new functional genetic information have arisen in our biosphere to make new forms of life possible.” (p.13)
Causes versus Laws
With impeccable logic, Meyer (a philosopher of science) clarifies, “Causes and scientific laws are not the same thing. Causes are typically particular events … that precede other events and meet specific logical and contextual criteria. Laws, by contrast describe general relationships between different types of events or variables.” (p.564) For example, the ‘law of momentum conservation’ describes how a ball behaves after it’s hit by another. But the law doesn’t create the balls nor cause their initial motion: both must exist beforehand. Great scientists like Lawrence Krauss and Hawking confuse these two concepts.
Methodology
Meyer doesn’t try to prove God’s existence logically through ‘deductive arguments’ (p.372), he uses ‘abductive methods’: “inferring past conditions or causes from present clues” (p.284). In his book ‘On the Origin of Species,’ Charles Darwin used similar logic to propose his ‘theory of evolution.’ He considered how ‘breeding’ could improve certain characteristics of domestic animals and concluded that, given much more time (extrapolating), ‘natural selection’ could produce new species. Indeed, “Philosopher of physics Robin Collins … argues … we should prefer hypotheses ‘that are natural extrapolations of what we already know about the causal powers of various kinds of entities.’” (p.514)
Moreover, quoting Dawkins’s ‘River out of Eden’ (p.133), “The universe we observe has precisely the properties we should expect if there is at bottom no design, no purpose … nothing but blind, pitiless indifference,” Meyer agrees, in principle, that our observations of nature should reflect what to expect its ‘source’ to be like (p.345).
Considering the universe’s fine-tuning and the large amount of information in living organisms, Meyer points out, “We have observed intelligent agents (and only intelligent agents) producing highly improbable systems … that exemplify a set of functional requirements, whether finely tuned Swiss watches, digital computers, engines, recipes, [books,] or coded messages.” (p.634) Consequently, Meyer posits an ‘intelligent agent’ as the universe’s and life’s ‘only’ possible cause.
Universe’s Origin
(1) Steady State: Matter and energy were thought to be eternal; so scientists didn’t need to postulate a ‘creator’ (p.82).
(2) Big-Bang Theory: This implies the universe had a beginning; so something ‘external’ must have started it: it couldn’t have created itself (p.21).
(3) Oscillating Universe: Only an oscillating universe could be both eternal and have a ‘beginning.’ But by the ‘second law of thermodynamics,’ the ‘entropy’ of an isolated system must always increase. This precludes an ‘eternally’ oscillating universe since the previous cycles would be more efficient and therefore of shorter and shorter duration: again implying a beginning (p.163).
Universe’s Fine-Tuning
Many scientists confirm the universe is balanced on a knife edge (p.771 n.33). In his article ‘The Universe: Past and Present Reflections,’ astrophysicist Fred Hoyle (a former atheist) wrote, “A common-sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a super-intellect has monkeyed with physics as well as with chemistry and biology.” (pp.216-17) Not only is our universe fine-tuned for life, it’s also “a universe designed for discovery” (p.767 n.11).
(1) Anthropic Principle: This is a circular argument, unworthy of an intelligent person: unless one assumes the existence of a ‘multiverse’ (see below).
(2) Starry Universe: According to mathematical physicist Roger Penrose, the odds against a ‘starry’ universe, as opposed to a ‘black-hole’ universe, are 1010123 or 10^(10^123) to 1 (p.235). This number is unimaginably large: it’s 1 followed by 10123 (or 10^123) zeros; there aren’t enough elementary particles in the universe (1080=10^80) to represent just the zeros of this number. Stars (like the sun) are absolutely necessary for life to survive or even exist: life’s very chemicals (like carbon & oxygen) are formed on stars.
(3) Cosmological Constant: This “represents the energy density of space that contributes to the outward expansion”; it’s fine-tuned to about 1 part in 10120 (10^120) or 1 followed by 120 zeros (pp.237-38).
(4) Inflation: Meyer annotates, “Physicists first proposed inflationary cosmology to explain several puzzling features of the universe … [like] its relative homogeneity especially in the temperature of the cosmic background radiation [and] the flatness of the universe.” (p.498) It turned out to be more of a headache: he observes, “The universe-generating mechanism in inflationary cosmology … requires more fine-tuning than it was proposed to explain.” (p.518) We have no evidence of an ‘inflation field,’ but it supported the ‘multiverse.’
Life’s Origin
In his book ‘Signature in the Cell,’ Meyer shows, “The presence of roughly 500 or more bits of specified information reliably indicates intelligent design in a prebiotic context.” (p.776 n.50)
(1) Proteins: There, he also shows, “The probability of producing even a single functional protein of modest length (150 amino acids) by chance alone in a prebiotic environment … [is] 1 chance in 10164 [(10^164) or 1 followed by 164 zeros]. … Even if every event in the entire history of the universe … were devoted to producing combinations of amino acids of a given length … the number of combinations thus produced would still represent … less than one out of a trillion trillion [1024=10^24]—of the total number of possible amino-acid combinations corresponding to a functional protein … of that given length.” (pp.271-72)
(2) DNA: “In DNA,” Meyer states, “No chemical bonds link bases … in the message-bearing axis of the molecule. … The same kind of chemical bonds link the different nucleotide bases to the sugar-phosphate backbone of the molecule. … These two features of the molecule ensure that any nucleotide base can attach to the backbone at any site with equal ease.” (p.276) Meyer rules out chemical/physical affinity: “Chemistry and physics alone could not produce information any more than ink and paper could produce information in a book.” (p.284)
(3) RNA: Most evolutionary biologists propose life’s starting from RNA ‘replicators’ that eventually evolved to eukaryotic cells. There’s a lot of hype concerning this ‘RNA-world hypothesis.’ “However,” Meyer writes, “Attempts to enhance the limited catalytic properties of RNA molecules in ‘ribozyme-engineering’ experiments have inevitably required extensive investigator manipulation, thus simulating, if anything, the need for intelligent design.” (p.281)
Chemists John Sutherland, Matthew Powner, and Béatrice Gerland successfully synthesized a pyrimidine ribonucleotide starting with several simple chemical compounds. Meyer comments, “Not only did this study fail to address the problem of getting nucleotide bases into functionally specified sequences, but to the extent it succeeded in producing biologically relevant constituents of RNA, the study illustrated the indispensable role of intelligence in generating such chemistry.” (p.471)
Biochemists Tracy Lincoln and Gerald Joyce claim to have created a self-replicating RNA molecule. Meyer comments, “Their version of ‘self-replication,’ … amounted to nothing more than joining two sequence-specific premade halves together. More significantly … [they] intelligently arranged the base sequences in these RNA chains.” (pp.471-72) It’s amazing how biologists look at their pathetic achievements through a magnifying glass and clutch at straws.
Moreover, “RNA-world advocates offer no possible explanation how primitive RNA replicators might have evolved into modern cells.” (p.281)
Evolution
Meyer reminds us, “Darwin’s theory of biological evolution did not explain, or attempt to explain, how the first life … might have arisen.” (p.264)
Biologists noticed, “Microevolutionary changes … merely use or express existing genetic information, while the macroevolutionary change necessary to assemble new organs or whole body plans requires the production of new genetic information.” (p.303) This “challenged a key tenet of neo-Darwinian synthesis, namely, the idea that small-scale microevolutionary changes can be extrapolated to explain large-scale macroevolutionary innovations.” (p.303) “Major … variations … inevitably produce dysfunction, deformities, or even death. Only minor variations would be viable and therefore heritable.” (p.296)
(1) Cambrian Explosion: Meyer states, “Although the Cambrian explosion of animals … is especially striking, it is far from the only ‘explosion’ of new living forms. … Many other groups appear abruptly in the fossil record.” (p.295) A recent study on the genetic diversity of animal phyla, confirmed, “internal genomic changes were as important as external factors in the emergence of [the Cambrian explosion] animals” (p.808 n.36) It’s not just a rewiring of the developmental gene regulatory networks (dGRNs); besides, any minor tweaking of dGRNs proved catastrophic.
(2) Fossil Record: Meyer continues, “The fossil record … documents the origin of major innovation in biological form and function. These episodes … often occur abruptly or discontinuously.” (p.295) Then they disappear just as suddenly: indeed, ‘geological time’ refers to the presence of certain fossils in various eras. In his book ‘On the Origin of Species’ (pp 396–97), Darwin admits, “To the question why we do not find records of these vast primordial periods, I can give no satisfactory answer.” (p.776 n.3)
Multiverse
This is fantasy, not science; ‘theoretically,’ we can never access these universes: it’s a hypothesis that cannot be tested. What kind of science is that? It’s blind faith! This concept was invented to make sense of the ‘Anthropic Principle.’
String Theory
This is much-ado-about-nothing—a bankrupt hypothesis. In his book ‘The Trouble with Physics’ (p.270), theoretical physicist Lee Smolin (who originally believed in it) writes, “String theorists … have no idea what it really is.” String theory tried to reconciling general relativity with quantum mechanics (p.811 n.11). It proposes 101000 (10^1000 or 1 followed by 1,000 zeros) solutions to its equations: thus giving some support to the ‘multiverse’ (p.505).
Conclusion
This book is extremely well researched, delving deep into science and philosophy: some sections might be too technical for the average reader. It’s excellent at integrating science and religion: an ideal textbook for advanced religion classes. Two concepts, I found, most interesting:
(1) A ‘deistic’ proposal for the universe’s and life’s origin doesn’t cut it ‘scientifically’: only a ‘theistic’ explanation does. So God was (probably still is) personally involved in directing our existence (p.447): he’s not just an absentee landlord. Meyer argues, “If biological information arose well after the beginning of the universe and did so by intelligent design … that would seem to suggest a designing intelligence acting well after the beginning of time.” (p.433)
(2) ‘Intelligent design’ is not just a lazy cop-out for yet-unexplained phenomena—a ‘god-of-the-gaps.’ It’s scientifically and philosophically the best explanation—to the ‘hands-down’ exclusion of all other materialistic explanations—probably including any future materialistic explanations. The scientific ‘gaps’ stem from a ‘dogmatic’ assumption that only materialistic explanations count. Since Dawkins opines that whether God exists is a scientific question, if, after considering the universe’s ‘total probabilistic resources’, the odds against something happening naturally or by chance are astronomically high, one must consider divine intervention.
Finally, Meyer’s candid wish against theism (p. 671), gives more credence to his hypothesis.
ToméReviewed in Brazil on April 26, 20215.0 out of 5 stars A 'tour de force' of contemporary scientific and philosofical writing
This book is not only a good case for Theism, but also a compendium of good philosophy. Congratulations to Dr. Meyer.
JohnAReviewed in Australia on March 10, 20245.0 out of 5 stars Thorough and complete demolition of the collective of un-intelligent design hypotheses.
A most necessary tour-de-force, replete with references, diagrams and explanations which stretched me beyond my secondary school science, which was a long time ago.
Well done. That man!
Brian D.Reviewed in the United Kingdom on March 17, 20255.0 out of 5 stars Incredible communicator
The clarity and understanding of the science and philosophy was portrayed so I could not only understand but was also drawn on like an Agatha Christie novel to discover who was behind it all..
Brilliantly laid out.. Would highly recommend especially to ALL university students as an introduction to critical thinking.. As Bamber would say 'your starter for ten' Who created it all?
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Javier AlgaraReviewed in Mexico on February 18, 20255.0 out of 5 stars Es una visión integral y minuciosa del estado del debate diseño inteligente vs puro azar
Para quien está interesado en el debate entre creacionismo y puro azar evolucionista, pero no conoce la historia del mismo y su situación actual, este libro es perfecto.






