The Russian Roots of Nazism: White ¿migr¿s and the Making of National Socialism, 1917-1945 (New Studies in European History) 1st Edition

by Michael Kellogg (Author)

9 ratings

ISBN-13: 978-0521070058

ISBN-10: 0521070058

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This book examines the overlooked topic of the influence of anti-Bolshevik, anti-Semitic Russian exiles on Nazism. White émigrés contributed politically, financially, militarily, and ideologically to National Socialism. This work refutes the notion that Nazism developed as a peculiarly German phenomenon: it arose primarily from the cooperation between völkisch (nationalist/racist) Germans and vengeful White émigrés. From 1920-1923, Adolf Hitler collaborated with a conspiratorial far right German-White émigré organization, Aufbau (Reconstruction). Aufbau allied with Nazis to overthrow the German government and Bolshevik rule through terrorism and military-paramilitary schemes. This organization's warnings of the monstrous 'Jewish Bolshevik' peril helped to inspire Hitler to launch an invasion of the Soviet Union and to initiate the mass murder of European Jews. This book uses extensive archival materials from Germany and Russia, including recently declassified documents, and will prove invaluable reading for anyone interested in the international roots of National Socialism.

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Editorial Reviews

Review

"Michael Kellogg's The Russian Roots of Nazism is a major contribution to the research on the origins of Nazism. In a domain where so much has been published and discussed, Kellogg's work succeeds in introducing a dimension never so thoroughly explored: the essential impact on early Nazi world-view of ideological elements and political themes, carried over to Germany by White-Russian emigres."
Professor Saul Friedlander, 1939 Club Chair in Holocaust Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles and Maxwell Cummings Chair of European History at Tel Aviv University

"Michael Kellogg ... destroys earlier myths regarding the development of Adolf Hitler's thought. Kellogg successfully refutes the long-held belief, asserted by Hitler himself, that Hitler became antisemitic and anti-Bolshevik during his stay in Vienna in the early twentieth century. Kellogg's work draws on a wealth of primary sources from German, Russian, French, and Polish archives.... This book should be required reading for anyone interested in the origins of National Socialism and its complex character."
German Studies Review

"Kellogg's analysis of Aufbau and its influence is persuasive."
-Matthew R. Schwonek, Air Command and Staff College The Russian Review

"The story and the conclusion are not new, but the monograph contains a wealth of new detail."
-Robert C. Williams, Bates College The Slavic Review

"superbly researched book...this work shoudl spark much debate and serves as an example of what research in both German and Russian sources can accomplish for critical topics in modern history."
- Michael David-Fox, University of Maryland, Journal of Modern History

"...fascinating, meticulously researched, and highly detailed new study...Kellog has not only made a valuable contribution to the early history of the Nazi Party, but also points the way to further research in newly accessible post-Soviet archives on the Nazi's Russian connections."
-Roderick Stackelberg, Gonzaga University,American Historical Review

Book Description

This book analyses the contributions of 'White émigrés', anti-Bolshevik Russian exiles, to Nazism.

Publisher : Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (July 31, 2008)
Language : English
Paperback : 344 pages
ISBN-10 : 0521070058
ISBN-13 : 978-0521070058
Item Weight : 1.12 pounds
Dimensions : 6 x 0.86 x 9 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #990,449 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #2,941 in European History (Books)
- #10,013 in Political Science (Books)

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Brad Rockwell

Must read book for anyone interested in the origins of Nazism and the Final Solution.

Reviewed in the United States on April 28, 2015

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The author has gone to great lengths to review original files, including files from the former Soviet Union, to show how much Hitler and the Nazi Party were a creation of the White Russians, the aristocratic refugees who were waging counter-revolution against the Bolsheviks. Absolutely convincing and frightening. Particularly interesting is documentation from Gestapo reports and other sources of the German activities of Boris Brasol -- a head of the White Russian monarchists, U.S. military intelligence agent, and representative of American oligarchs -- who had an instrumental role in promulgating the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in the U.S. and Europe.

9 people found this helpful

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Mimereader2

The Most Revealing Book On WW2 In Decades.

Reviewed in the United States on November 17, 2010

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Throughout my life I developed a number of questions while researching WW2, but none was ever as puzzling as why references to White Russian emigres pop up so often in the books of "experts" explaining the NSDAP's origins and the invasion of Russia in 1941.

Political veterans even from that era usually thought I was pointing out mere coincidences, and that any suspicion that there was a great untold story - perhaps intentionally suppressed - about the White Russians & the NSDAP was probably an illusion.

Michael Kellogg is one of the few historians who could ever have found the heart of the matter, as it required a linguist to locate and appreciate documents that were deliberately buried in archives throughout the world.

14 people found this helpful

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KingdomByTheSea

Groundbreaking and Highly Recommended

Reviewed in the United States on August 8, 2020

This book cannot be highly recommended enough, despite its silly and sensationalistic title. It's about the alliance of Baltic Germans and Germanophile Russians that existed from the Russian Civil War until the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923. During that episode, Lieutenant Max von Scheubner-Richter, the leader of this clandestine clique, known as Aufbau, was killed. That's when Hitler, who did not share his mentor's admiration for Slavs, became more than just a spokesman for the NSDAP. The rest, as they say, is history. This is not a biography of any single personality associated with this group, although Scheubner-Richter often takes center stage. It's an overview of what all of them did in early Weimar Germany. It's also an important work of Ludendorff scholarship, showing what the general's career was like from the end of WWI to the Beer Hall Putsch. There are basically only two slight problems with this book. First, Ludendorff was never a "von," as this book describes him. He had noble lineage, but never a title of nobility. Secondly, while the author does a good job of debunking the "Tsarist Secret Police" canard about the origin of the Protocols of Zion, the book does not go far back enough on that subject. For the Moldavian roots of the Protocols, see "Pogrom" (2018) by Steven Zipperstein. That book contains much biographical information on the text's original publisher and probable author, a Russia-assimilated Moldavian named Pavel Krushevan. "The Russian Roots of Nazism," however, only deals with the publication history of the Protocols after it reached Ukraine. Also, for more biographical information about an important precursor to Aufbau and mentor of its members, see the essay "Vladimir M. Purishkevich, Godfather of the Black Hundred" from my (Amory Stern's) 2020 book "The Sword of Michael." There is only one other caveat with this book; it doesn't get enough into Scheubner-Richter's background of humanitarian journalism in WWI, when he had been stationed on the Ottoman front and outspokenly critical of what is now known as the Armenian Genocide.

2 people found this helpful

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Andreas Umland

Well-researched study

Reviewed in the United States on November 5, 2006

The various interconnections between Germany and Russia in contemporary history have become a recurring subject of research after the end of the Cold War. For instance, there has been a new wave of books and articles on the comparison between Nazism and Stalinism as well as on the Nazi-Soviet co-operation of 1939-1940. Another example would be the recent talk about `Weimar Russia' when interpreting post-Soviet developments.

With "The Russian Roots of Nazism", an extremely dense and well-researched text, Kellog provides an important new study on a still insufficiently explored aspect of the history of contemporary German-Russian relations. His book focuses on the years 1918-1923, and details at length the connections that a number of prominent émigrés from the former Tsarist empire had with the early Nazi elite, in general, and Adolf Hitler, in particular. The central theme of the study is the rise and fall of the short-lived, yet important émigré association Aufbau: "Wirtschaftspolitische Vereinigung für den Osten" (Reconstruction: Economic-Political Organisation for the East). With such an intriguing subject, Kellog will find many readers among historians and the interested public of both Russia and Germany as well as other countries.

Kellog's analysis suffers, however, from an overemphasis of the pro-Slavic tendencies in the German extreme right and an insufficient consideration of the deep roots of the Nazis' rabid anti-Slavism. More generally, Kellog could have considered in more detail rival influences on Nazism such as `scientific racism' or occultism in order to make a better case for his thesis about the `Russian roots' of Nazism. While he, at one point, puts his position on the nature of Nazism close to Ernst Nolte's (p. 199), he, in fact, succeeds in providing arguments against Nolte's assertion that fascism is essentially anti-Marxism. Kellog's many quotes show that the `bolshevik' part in the Nazis' talk about `Jewish Bolshevism' was secondary and that the Nazis instead thought that the bolsheviks were guided by `Jewish finance capitalism' (e.g. p. 226) - thus, oddly, making the Nazi interpretation of communism somewhat similar to the communist interpretation of Nazism.

7 people found this helpful

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