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Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind Paperback – June 10, 2018
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From the Publisher
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| Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind | Sapiens: A Graphic History, Vol. 1 | Sapiens: A Graphic History, Vol. 2 | Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow | |
| Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind explores what it means to be 'human,' and the ways that biology and history have defined us. | Featuring 256 pages of full-color illustrations and easy-to-understand text covering the first part of the full-length original edition, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. | This second volume of Sapiens: A Graphic History focuses on the Agricultural Revolution—when humans fell into a trap we’ve yet to escape: working harder and harder with diminishing returns. | Harari turning his focus toward humanity’s future, and our quest to upgrade humans into gods. |
Editorial Reviews
Review
“Sapiens tackles the biggest questions of history and of the modern world, and it is written in unforgettably vivid language.” — Jared Diamond, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Guns, Germs, and Steel, Collapse, and The World until Yesterday
“Sapiens is learned, thought-provoking and crisply written…. Fascinating.” — Wall Street Journal
“In Sapiens, Harari delves deep into our history as a species to help us understand who we are and what made us this way. An engrossing read.” — Dan Ariely, New York Times Bestselling author of Predictably Irrational, The Upside of Irrationality, and The Honest Truth About Dishonesty
“Yuval Noah Harari’s celebrated Sapiens does for human evolution what Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time did for physics.… He does a superb job of outlining our slow emergence and eventual domination of the planet.” — Forbes
“Ambitious and illuminating …the wonderful and terrifying saga of the human species on earth.” — Christian Science Monitor
“[I]nteresting and provocative…It gives you a sense of perspective on how briefly we’ve been on this earth, how short things like agriculture and science have been around, and why it makes sense for us to not take them for granted.” — President Barack Obama
“I would recommend this book to anyone interested in a fun, engaging look at early human history…you’ll have a hard time putting it down.” — Bill Gates
“Thank God someone finally wrote [this] exact book.” — Sebastian Junger
“Yuval Noah Harari is an emerging rock-star lecturer at the nexus of history and science…. Sapiens takes readers on a sweeping tour of the history of our species…. Harari’s formidable intellect sheds light on the biggest breakthroughs in the human story…important reading for serious-minded, self-reflective sapiens.” — Washington Post
“It is one of the best accounts by a Homo sapiens of the unlikely story of our violent, accomplished species.…It is one hell of a story. And it has seldom been told better…. Compulsively readable and impossibly learned.” — Michael Gerson, Washington Post
“This was the most surprising and thought-provoking book I read this year.” — Atlantic.com
“Yuval Noah Harari’s full-throated review of our species may have been blurbed by Jared Diamond, but Harari’s conclusions are at once balder and less tendentious than that of his famous colleague.” — New York magazine
“This title is one of the exceptional works of nonfiction that is both highly intellectual and compulsively readable… a fascinating, hearty read.” — Library Journal (starred review)
“An encyclopedic approach from a well-versed scholar who is concise but eloquent, both skeptical and opinionated, and open enough to entertain competing points of view.…The great debates of history aired out with satisfying vigor.” — Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“Writing with wit and verve, Harari…attempts to explain how Homo sapiens came to be the dominant species on Earth as well as the sole representative of the human genus.… Provocative and entertaining.” — Publishers Weekly
“The most idea-packed work of non-fiction I’ve read in years.” — Dick Meyer, www.abcactionnews.com
“In this sweeping look at the history of humans, Harari offers readers the chance to reconsider, well, everything, from a look at why Homo sapiens endured to a compelling discussion of how society organizes itself through fictions.” — Booklist Best Books of the Year
“It’s not often that a book offers readers the possibility to reconsider, well, everything. But that’s what Harari does in this sweeping look at the history of humans.… Readers of every stripe should put this at the top of their reading lists. Thinking has never been so enjoyable.” — Booklist (starred review)
“The sort of book that sweeps the cobwebs out of your brain…. Harari…is an intellectual acrobat whose logical leaps will have you gasping with admiration.” — John Carey, Sunday Times (London)
“Harari’s account of how we conquered the Earth astonishes with its scope and imagination…. One of those rare books that lives up to the publisher’s blurb...brilliantly clear, witty and erudite.” — Ben Shepard, the Observer (London)
“An absorbing, provocative history of civilization…packed with heretical thinking and surprising facts. This riveting, myth-busting book cannot be summarised…you will simply have to read it.” — John Gray, Financial Times (London)
“Full of…high-perspective, shocking and wondrous stories, as well as strange theories and startling insights.” — Bryan Appleyard, Sunday Times
“Not only is Harari eloquent and humane, he is often wonderfully, mordantly funny” — The Independent (London)
“Engaging and informative…. Extremely interesting.” — Guardian (London)
“Harari can write…really, really write, with wit, clarity, elegance, and a wonderful eye for metaphor.” — The Times (Ireland)
From the Back Cover
One hundred thousand years ago, at least six human species inhabited the earth. Today there is just one. Us. Homo sapiens. How did our species succeed in the battle for dominance? Why did our foraging ancestors come together to create cities and kingdoms? How did we come to believe in gods, nations, and human rights; to trust money, books, and laws; and to be enslaved by bureaucracy, timetables, and consumerism? And what will our world be like in the millennia to come?
In Sapiens, Professor Yuval Noah Harari spans the whole of human history, from the very first humans to walk the earth to the radical—and sometimes devastating—breakthroughs of the cognitive, agricultural, and scientific revolutions. Drawing on insights from biology, anthropology, paleontology, and economics, and incorporating full-color illustrations throughout the text, Harari explores how the currents of history have shaped our human societies, the animals and plants around us, and even our personalities. Have we become happier as history has unfolded? Can we ever free our behavior from the legacy of our ancestors? And what, if anything, can we do to influence the course of the centuries to come?
Bold, wide-ranging, and provocative, Sapiens integrates history and science to challenge everything we thought we knew about being human: our thoughts, our actions, our heritage...and our future.
About the Author
Prof. Yuval Noah Harari is a historian, philosopher, and the bestselling author of Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, and Sapiens: A Graphic History Volume 1 and Volume 2. His books have sold over 35 million copies in 65 languages, and he is considered one of the world’s most influential public intellectuals today. The Guardian has credited Sapiens with revolutionizing the non-fiction market and popularizing “brainy books”.
In 2020 Harari joined forces with renowned comics artists David Vandermeulen and Daniel Casanave, to create Sapiens: A Graphic History: a radical adaptation of the original Sapiens into a graphic novel series. This illustrated collection casts Yuval Noah Harari in the role of guide, who takes the reader through the entire history of the human species, accompanied by a range of fictional characters and traveling through time, space and popular culture references.
Born in Haifa, Israel, in 1976, Harari received his PhD from the University of Oxford in 2002, and is currently a lecturer at the Department of History, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He originally specialized in world history, medieval history and military history, and his current research focuses on macro-historical questions such as: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? What ethical questions do science and technology raise in the 21st century?
Product details
- ASIN : 0062316117
- Publisher : Harper Perennial; Reprint edition; Reprint edition (June 10, 2018)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 578 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9780062316110
- ISBN-13 : 978-0062316110
- Item Weight : 2.15 pounds
- Dimensions : 1.4 x 5.9 x 8.9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #787 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1 in Evolution (Books)
- #1 in Cultural Anthropology (Books)
- #1 in History of Civilization & Culture
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About the author

Prof. Yuval Noah Harari has a PhD in History from the University of Oxford and lectures at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specializing in world history. His books have been translated into 65 languages, with 45 million copies sold worldwide. 'Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind' (2014) looked deep into our past, 'Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow' (2016) considered far-future scenarios, and '21 Lessons for the 21st Century' (2018) zoomed in on the biggest questions of the present moment. 'Sapiens: A Graphic History' (launched in 2020) is a radical adaptation of 'Sapiens' into a four-part graphic novel series, which Harari created and co-wrote in collaboration with comics artists David Vandermeulen (co-writer) and Daniel Casanave (illustrator). 'Unstoppable Us' (launched in 2022) is Harari's first book series for children, telling the epic true story of humans and our superpower in four volumes, and featuring illustrations by Ricard Zaplana Ruiz.
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In addition to reading, I also listened to the audiobook narrated by Derek Perkins - also highly recommended.
The book focuses on "big" history, i.e., macroscopic historical patterns and principles, rather than individual or microscopic historical events and processes. Examples include the three major unification forces of human cultures (money, empires and religions) and the interactions between science, imperialism and capitalism that buttress Western empires' dominion since 1750. Each chapter is organized around these themes, rather than around individual historical regions, eras or institutions (eg, empires and religions) which seems to be the approach of most traditional history textbooks or even university curricula (as judged from for example the course offerings in the History Department of my university: https://classes.cornell.edu/browse/roster/FA15/subject/HIST).
[This paragraph contains some personally thoughts only marginally relevant to the book under review; feel free to skip it] Personally, I am utterly enthusiastic about the author’s approach while enormously frustrated about the traditional approach: the traditional approach is like stamp collecting, analogous to providing a long list of mechanical devices without teaching Newton's laws in the case of mechanics, or displaying a wonderful array of organismal diversity without mentioning the unifying principle of evolution in the case of biology, turns people into "scholars" rather than "thinkers" and defeats the overall purpose of our intellectual endeavors. IF there is some element of truth to my impression of history research and education as traditionally practiced having fallen to a lamentable state of stamp collecting, why so? As an outsider of the field I don’t know, and I am speculating that the major reason is we simply don’t know the principles with a level of certainty like that in mechanics or biology, and the minor reason is there is a culture of stamp collecting. In any case, I admire and support the author’s effort which helps to establish the “big history” approach.
Once in a while, the author jumped out of any historical context altogether and provided some sweeping accounts on some central questions of history whose relevance holds for history as a whole. Examples include justice in history (Chapter 8), the arrow of history (Chapter 9) and the secret of cultural success (Chapter 13). My personal favorite on this is the chapter on happiness (Chapter 19), which examines the following question: are we getting happier as history rolls along and our power accumulates? By the end of an informative and thought-provoking discussion, the author claimed that the subject has traditionally been shunned by historians despite its central importance and he was trying to fill the gap; I personally believe the claim and think it attests to the author’s courage and intellectual prowess.
Staying at the “big history” level, the book contains many thought-provoking ideas. Examples include the point of studying history is not to make predictions but to understand the vast possibilities of our future (in Chapter 13), and we Homo sapiens about to turn into superhumans (in Chapter 20). My personal favorite on this is Agricultural Revolution as history’s biggest fraud (Chapter 5) and the nature of human happiness and how to achieve it (Chapter 19). Connected, the two discussions tell me that humans’ choices and actions may sometimes be fundamentally antithetical and counterproductive to their long-term happiness, which holds profound philosophical and ethical implications to me.
The exposition of the book is lucid and the flow natural. To supplement and concretize the discussions on macroscopic principles, the author provided many detailed (microscopic) examples, and here he exhibited great skills in zooming in and out between the two levels and choosing most telling microscopic examples. Examples fall into several categories. In demonstrating that social orders are of an imagined nature, he carefully chose the CASES of the Code of Hammurabi and the Declaration of Independence, and the result is an informative and intriguing comparison (Chapter 6). In showing that in fact the conquered are usually part of the imperial legacies despite their sometimes great reluctance in admitting so, he drew the STORY of siege of Numantia by the Roman Empire (Chapter 11). In explaining the emergence of credit, he concocted a TALE of the fictional characters McDoughnut, Stone and Greedy (Chapter 16). Moreover, the book is scattered with examples down to the more vivid and explicit level, such as a mathematical equation of Relativity to exemplify our mathematical cognition (Chapter 7) and an ingredient list of a hand cream to illustrate the modern industrial sophistication (Chapter 17).
Occasionally for some difficult topics in the book it seems a clearer exposition would make it easier for me to understand the author’s argument (eg, on how language enabled us to enjoy competitive advantage over other Homo species and ultimately drive them to extinction (Chapter 2), and the sequence of events that got us trapped in agriculture (Chapter 5)), but having not thoroughly gone through those difficult parts a few times, I understand that it might actually be my understanding deficiency. Moreover, I am aware of some complaints over the potential handwaviness of some of the author’s arguments as exemplified by his overuse of the phrase “exceptions that prove the rule” (eg, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/sep/11/sapiens-brief-history-humankind-yuval-noah-harari-review). In this my thought is the following: I see an AUTHOR’s primary duty as to provoke readers’ own thinking rather than to produce bulletproof arguments (this secondary duty of an author would be the primary duty of a SCIENTIST); in other words, if the author is writing an academic paper, he might need to tighten up his arguments, and since he is now writing a general history book, I think he has succeeded in his primary duty superbly.
Lastly, I think it is hard to read through the book without noticing its literary appeal. This book is apparently an English translation that the author did himself from the original Hebrew version. The beautiful and idiomatic language adds much to the exhilarating reading experience.
The book affects me nontrivially at a personal level. Aside from the philosophical and ethical implications from history on the relationship between our decisions and long-term happiness as mentioned above, the broad spectrum of social norms described in the book broadens my ethical outlook and makes me less dogmatic about whatever ideas I used to hold as absolute principles and cherish unwaveringly (a positive change I think), echoing the point of studying history which in the author’s opinion is to understand the myriad of possibilities (also mentioned above). I feel sincerely grateful to the author and the book in this. It is in part my wish of extending this positive impact of reading this book and understanding history in general to other people that prompted me to write this review.
I can think of some minor improvements for the book. Aside from the potential refinements on the exposition and argument mentioned above, I think the book can be supplemented with more data and plots of them, to inject a more quantitative sense to the matters under study. Lastly, I think the Table of Contents should also include sections of each chapter, which I think would help us grasp the overall structure of the discourse and I provide below for the convenience of other readers. For example, with a listing of the sections of Chapter 12 on religion, one can easily see that the discussions go from the transition from animism to god-based religions, polytheism, monotheism, dualism, Buddhism and Humanism.
Table of Sections
I. The Cognitive Revolution
1. An animal of no significance
a. Skeletons in the closest
b. The cost of thinking
c. A race of cooks
d. Our brothers’ keepers
2. The Tree of Knowledge
a. The legend of Peugeot
b. Bypassing the genome
c. History and Biology
3. A day in the life of Adam and Eve
a. The original affluent society
b. Talking ghosts
c. Peace or war?
d. The curtain of silence
4. The Flood
a. Guilty as charged
b. The end of sloth
c. Noah’s Ark
II. The Agricultural Revolution
5. History’s biggest fraud
a. The luxury trap
b. Divine intervention
c. Victims of the revolution
6. Building pyramids
a. The coming of the future
b. An imagined order
c. True believers
d. The prison walls
7. Memory overload
a. Signed, Kushim
b. The wonders of bureaucracy
c. The language of numbers
8. There is no justice in history
a. The vicious cycle
b. Purity in America
c. He and she
d. Sex and gender
e. What’s so good about men?
f. Muscle power
g. The scum of Society
h. Patriarchal genes
III. The unification of humankind
9. The arrow of history
a. The spy satellite
b. The global vision
10. The scent of money
a. How much is it?
b. Shells and cigarettes
c. How does money work?
d. The Gospel of gold
e. The price of money
11. Imperial Visions
a. What is an empire?
b. Evil empires
c. It’s for your own good
d. When they become us
e. Good guys and bad buys in history
f. The new global empire
12. The law of religion
a. Silencing the lamb
b. The benefits of idolatry
c. God is one
d. The battle of good and evil
e. The law of nature
f. The worship of man
g. Humanist religions – religions that worship humanity
13. The secret of success
a. The hindsight fallacy
b. The blind clio
IV. The Scientific Revolution
14. The discovery of ignorance
a. Ignoramus
b. The scientific dogma
c. Knowledge is power
d. The ideal of progress
e. The Gilgamesh Project
f. The sugar daddy of science
15. The marriage of science and empire
a. Why Europe?
b. The mentality of conquest
c. Empty maps
d. Invasion from outer space
e. Rare spiders and forgotten scripts
16. The Capitalist creed
a. A growing pie
b. Columbus searches for an investor
c. In the name of capital
d. The cult of the free market
e. The Capitalist hell
17. The wheels of industry
a. The secret in the kitchen
b. An ocean of energy
c. Life on the conveyor belt
d. The age of shopping
18. A permanent revolution
a. Modern time
b. The collapse of the family and the community
c. Imagined community
d. Perpetuum mobile
e. Peace in our time
f. Imperial retirement
g. Pax Atomica
19. And they lived happily ever after
a. Counting happiness
b. Chemical happiness
c. The meaning of life
d. Know Thyself
20. The end of Homo Sapiens
a. Of mice and men
b. The return of the Neanderthals
c. Bionic life
d. Another life
e. The singularity
f. The Frankenstein prophecy
The author lectures at the Hebrew University Jerusalem. This book has been translated into more than 50 languages. It has sold millions of copies.
The book starts with the birth of the earth, then gives us the agreed-upon years of important developments: 2.5 million years ago the earliest forms of man developed; 2 million years ago the earliest humans left Africa; 100,000 Homo Sapiens became dominant; 70,000 years ago early man began to develop cultures; 12,000 years ago began the Agricultural Revolution; 500 years ago began the Scientific Revolution.
Homo Sapiens conquered the world, primarily, because of increased brain power and the ability to develop language. In the Cognitive Revolution, about 70,000 years ago, man developed gods, myths and religions. Larger and larger community groups were formed. Trade between groups emerged. This involved, per the author, “The instinct to gorge on high-calorie food was hard-wired into our genes.” Incidents of warfare were reduced.
As early man became more and more settled, their ability to rule and control led to the extinction of many, many large animals. This occurred in all parts of the world. Per the author, this pattern continues today, with the loss of more and more plants and animals, including those in the seas and oceans. He calls us humans, “the deadliest species in the annals of biology.”
Agricultural staples, such as rice, corn, wheat and potatoes, were cultivated inventions in the years of the Agricultural Revolution. But per the author, an enlarged sum of food did not translate into an improved diet. Also, per the author, the Agricultural Revolution was a trap. “There was no going back.” It initiated the pursuit for an easier and easier life.
What this signals is one area that I found some problems with in the book. Near the end, the author tries to make the case that things actually might have been “better” many years ago. He talks about the quest for “happiness,” in a way that I found unconvincing. I thought it was a flaw in a very enjoyable book.
Also pointed out is that man was able to select those types of animals that could be domesticated for our needs, such as the more-timid sheep, or the strongest, but most gentle oxen. Today, there are approximately one billion sheep, one million pigs and cattle, and 25 billion chicken being raised for the convenience of man. But as another hit on mankind, the author says that our domesticated animals, due to the ways they are now raised, may be “among the most miserable creatures that have ever lived.” As an example, a modern calf on a modern meat farm may spend its entire life – of only about four months – inside a tiny cage. All this for our enjoyment of a soft, juicy steak.
The earth’s surface is about 200 million square miles. 3,500 years ago, man occupied less than three percent of the earth’s surface. For the vast majority of time, most humans were peasants. Progress required the emergence of numbers and writing. Cultures developed. Money, empires and universal religions spread. These three, per the author, “laid the foundation for the united world of today.”
Per the author, “Trust is the raw material from which all types of money are minted.” Minted coins became the money of choice because of the ease of storage and transportation. But their value was always based on trust.
Per the author, “human order is imagined.” Empires, per the author, have been “the most common form of political organization for the last 2,500 years.” He says that they do not work, long-term, mainly because it is not possible to rule over large numbers of conquered people forever. At the same time, empires can be quite stable. In the present time, per the author, “nationalism is fast losing ground.” (Were that to be true. )
Religion came during the Agricultural Revolution. All kinds of gods emerged to try to explain what could not be explained. Religions with multiple gods can explain differences between good and evil. Religions with one god have problems doing that. Per the author, Capitalism is the most successful of the modern religions.
In a twist on the well-known tenant that the victors write history, the author says that “There is absolutely no proof that human well-being inevitably improves as history rolls along.” He discusses the history of Christianity. He seems to say that the past of history is, more or less, random or unpredictable.
The advances in science came with the willingness to admit ignorance. Its emphasis was on observations and experiments, not on praying to a god for an answer. Until the Scientific Revolution, cultures did not believe in progress. For example, hunger and poverty would be seen as an inevitable “part of this imperfect world.” Now, per the author, poverty is more and more considered a technical problem. As are our eventual deaths. But science can be expensive. To move forward, it needs to be in alliance with some religion or culture.
It was science that turned the world toward a dominance of the Western culture. In 1775, per the author, Asia had 80% of the world economy. Europe was an “economic dwarf.” But the Europeans were able to dominate the Asian powers by 1900. This was accomplished, primarily by the military-industrial-scientific complex and “technical wizardry.”
European imperialism was built on capitalism. The discovery of America by Columbus was a big part of this. It led to the European explore-and-conquer expeditions. For the Europeans, building empires was a scientific project, based on capitalism.
The author gives a great description of how banking works under capitalism, citing that, in some ways, it is a giant fraud, that a bank can lend money it really does not have. But, says the author, if it is a fraud, then the entire modern, world-wide economy is a fraud. In fact, it is all based on trust. And it is credit that “enables us to build the present at the expense of the future.”
It was credit that allowed Spain to finance Columbus, not the income from taxes. All this was based on the belief that the total amount of wealth in the world is not limited. Progress gives people faith and trust in the future. But for capitalism to work well, there must be reinvestment, not just hoarding of wealth. But, per the author, in our modern world, there also may be a limit to the continuation of “printing money.” And, on the bad side, per the author, “Capitalism has killed millions out of cold indifference, coupled with greed.”
The Industrial Revolution resulted in “an explosion in human productivity.” It did not, however, result in any equality of wealth. And at best, per the author, the modern economy is dependent on the masses to “give free rein to their cravings and passions to buy more and more.”
Per the author, the modern era has witnessed the collapse of the family. He views the liberation of the individual as coming with a possible cost. He talks about “imagined communities,” as opposed to real ones. And, we become more and more dependent on international trade. True, violence is down, worldwide, in the past 70 years, in most parts of the world. But, says the author, “History has still not decided where we will end up….”
This is where, I think, the author begins to veer off course a bit. Near the end of the book, he begins a discussion about whether we are “happier” or not. He actually suggests that the thrill of a wild, successful mammoth hunt would surpass the enjoyment of just about anything in the modern world. Huh? Then he says that “Every new invention puts us farther away from the Garden of Eden.” Huh? He says that modern industrial agriculture may be our “greatest crime.” And that “Perhaps it is also wrong to only consider the happiness of humans.”
He suggests that we need to “re-engineer our biochemical system.” He talks about the benefits of Buddhism in distinguishing what is real and what it not.
The future, he says, is unknown, and most people don’t want to think about it. He admits putting the brakes on progress is unlikely. He says that progress will continue to be justified as a search to make things “better.” Near the end, he says that “the Sapiens regime on earth has so far produced little that we can be proud of.” Per the author, we have not reduced the overall suffering in the world. And, we are accountable to no one.
He ends with, “Is there anything more dangerous than dissatisfied and irresponsible gods who don’t know what they want.”
I would have preferred something like, “You’ve come a long way, baby.” But that is not what you get from reading this book, which is full of great information on the history of humankind.
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Page 247 towards the bottom of the page the author talks about dualistic belief of good e.g. God and bad e.g. Satan/Devil - then the author uses one of his many assumptions (sometimes witty sometimes incorrect) - "How can a monotheist adhere to such a dualistic belief (which by the way, is nowhere to be found in the Old Testament)?". This is incorrect and he should review the story of Job - wherein God (acting in a very haughty and not considerate way) allows Satan/Devil to prove that if Job didn't have such blessings (wealth) he wouldn't be as devote or devote at all to God. So God allows Satan to test Job with only one proviso that he cannot kill him. Satan tests Job by not only taking his wealth, but also killing off his wife, children, servants, slaves, and finally giving him leprosy - the good God allowed this as it didn't violate the rule and he got to prove his point as Job didn't renounce God and in return God gave him another lot of wealth, a new wife and kids (not a nice of story about God and his ego).
Page 299 "In 17th Century England, 150 out of every 1000 newborns died during their first year." This can only ever be a pure guess - many church registers don't survive for this time and those that do rarely give the age of the person being buried - many entries just give the name and nothing else - and what only serious genealogists and maybe some university professors know is that many Vicars simply didn't bother entering burial names for infants or did some in a haphazard fashion.
The above points just illustrate we shouldn't believe everything we read! However saying all of the above I was greatly impressed that the author managed to take on this huge theme and put it into one volume that almost everyone can read and understand. I particularly liked him asking unusually questions such as: why did God punished all the animals, birds etc by drowning them in a flood just because mankind had sinned? Why do many of us when trying to imagine what others thought or felt in the past superimpose ourselves in the other person's shoes. Are we as individual's really what we feel e.g. angry or sad or happy? So yes - the book is a great read! excellent! as many reviewers have said in their very succinct way - however, the author does include some incorrect facts and sometimes falls into the same trap that he criticises others of - namely theorising and making assumptions (which everyone does of course). I would definitely recommend it to anyone who wants to know a general liberal view of mankind's history - although I doubt if many readers will be able to remember many points of the hundreds that he uses if any at all (within a week or two of reading the book). As this is a Brief History of a vast topic - he doesn't cover anything in-depth - so this will probably suite many of those people from the Pancake Generation (who like their knowledge base to increase in as many subjects as possible but certainly not to any depth thank you very much). I would give the book 8.5 out of 10.
It's quite rarely when you came across a person or a book which just amazes you and a part of it just housed into your mind and brain. By the way , What do know about Humans(us) ? I was taught,like many others, in school that Homo Sapiens is the scientific name for Humans. Homo Sapiens -the species Sapiens(Wise ) of the genus (Homo) and is the only living human species on earth but none of them debriefed us anything about the conditions in which we actually arose . Were there exist only Homo Sapiens or there exist other human species too ? 100,000 years ago,at least, six human species inhabited the earth. Today, there's just one. Us.
And What injected in the minds of kids at a very young age , including me, is that it's the climate which causes the extinction of many animal species . But is it a complete truth ? Few tried to find . Honestly, I didn't but this book answered so many answers to the questions which were not even budded in our brain .
Magnum Opus this book is a wide-ranging and bold work of non-fiction which challenges everything we thought we knew about being human from our thoughts to our actions and even our future . Sapiens tabled the answers of intricate questions raised from curiosity while studying the history of our own species. Book is divided into four major parts- The Cognitive Revolution, The Agriculture Revolution, The Unification of Humankind & The Scientific Revolution . Every Part is further divided into subparts & gives ample description on the mentioned topics. In the first section, The Cognitive Revolution , Author talks about the existence of other human species that exist before Homo Sapiens and how Homo Sapiens turned out to be the environment serial killer which had annihilated many species including his own siblings and many other animals.This section also reveals the way of living of our ancestors and the little myths they create to bind the humankind.
Next comes , The Agriculture Revolution, which explains that how our ancestors who were foragers and had the only aim to hunt and live renounced their practice of living a nomadic life and settled to sow and grow . How this decision of settling at a place for farming turned out to be the most decisive moment in the history of humankind which changed the aberrated the history and most importantly how Agriculture turned out to be the biggest fraud of history . our ancestors who usually stay in a band of 15-20 eventually start living in a group of 100s when the agriculture flourished ,
And after the agricultural revolution, human societies grew ever larger and more complex .Myths and fictions accustomed people, nearly from the moment of their birth, to think in a certain way and to observe certain rules. They thereby created artificial instincts that enabled millions to strangers to cooperate effectively and this network of artificial instincts is called 'Culture'. The Unification of Humankind holds the contents which were put into action many years ago to unite the mankind either with the help of 'Culture' or 'Religion' or 'Nations'. This section also enlightens about the crucial role played by different religions sprouted in the different part of the world to add more and more strangers in a community. Harari in this section depicts how Mythology helped in maintaining law & order while money gave us something we can really trust.
And the last section , The Scientific Revolution, which stretched for about 2nd half of the book gave us a clear glimpse of the beginning of the scientific revolution which introduced humans to their actual capabilities of being the wisest species on earth. Samen which lands us on the moon to manufacturing weapons of mass destruction.
So Sapiens is a must read , thrilling and breathtaking account of our extraordinary history - from insignificant apes to the rulers of the world.
It's quite rarely when you came across a person or a book which just amazes you and a part of it just housed into your mind and brain. By the way , What do know about Humans(us) ? I was taught,like many others, in school that Homo Sapiens is the scientific name for Humans. Homo Sapiens -the species Sapiens(Wise ) of the genus (Homo) and is the only living human species on earth but none of them debriefed us anything about the conditions in which we actually arose . Were there exist only Homo Sapiens or there exist other human species too ? 100,000 years ago,at least, six human species inhabited the earth. Today, there's just one. Us.
And What injected in the minds of kids at a very young age , including me, is that it's the climate which causes the extinction of many animal species . But is it a complete truth ? Few tried to find . Honestly, I didn't but this book answered so many answers to the questions which were not even budded in our brain .
Magnum Opus this book is a wide-ranging and bold work of non-fiction which challenges everything we thought we knew about being human from our thoughts to our actions and even our future . Sapiens tabled the answers of intricate questions raised from curiosity while studying the history of our own species. Book is divided into four major parts- The Cognitive Revolution, The Agriculture Revolution, The Unification of Humankind & The Scientific Revolution . Every Part is further divided into subparts & gives ample description on the mentioned topics. In the first section, The Cognitive Revolution , Author talks about the existence of other human species that exist before Homo Sapiens and how Homo Sapiens turned out to be the environment serial killer which had annihilated many species including his own siblings and many other animals.This section also reveals the way of living of our ancestors and the little myths they create to bind the humankind.
Next comes , The Agriculture Revolution, which explains that how our ancestors who were foragers and had the only aim to hunt and live renounced their practice of living a nomadic life and settled to sow and grow . How this decision of settling at a place for farming turned out to be the most decisive moment in the history of humankind which changed the aberrated the history and most importantly how Agriculture turned out to be the biggest fraud of history . our ancestors who usually stay in a band of 15-20 eventually start living in a group of 100s when the agriculture flourished ,
And after the agricultural revolution, human societies grew ever larger and more complex .Myths and fictions accustomed people, nearly from the moment of their birth, to think in a certain way and to observe certain rules. They thereby created artificial instincts that enabled millions to strangers to cooperate effectively and this network of artificial instincts is called 'Culture'. The Unification of Humankind holds the contents which were put into action many years ago to unite the mankind either with the help of 'Culture' or 'Religion' or 'Nations'. This section also enlightens about the crucial role played by different religions sprouted in the different part of the world to add more and more strangers in a community. Harari in this section depicts how Mythology helped in maintaining law & order while money gave us something we can really trust.
And the last section , The Scientific Revolution, which stretched for about 2nd half of the book gave us a clear glimpse of the beginning of the scientific revolution which introduced humans to their actual capabilities of being the wisest species on earth. Samen which lands us on the moon to manufacturing weapons of mass destruction.
So Sapiens is a must read , thrilling and breathtaking account of our extraordinary history - from insignificant apes to the rulers of the world.
Yuval Noah Harari, the author, is a professor of History and an intellectual polymath in the tradition of Bronowski, Issac Asimov and Carl Sagan. He has written several path-breaking books during the past ten years.
This book is a sweeping dissertation on the history of mankind. On the very first page, we are told about the conceptual sequence of physics, chemistry, biology and history. Next, the author lists the three revolutions which have shaped the course of history: The Cognitive Revolution, the Agricultural Revolution and the Scientific Revolution. The book is divided into four sections, one for each of the three Revolutions and one serving as a bridge between the Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions. Let us examine these sections one by one.
The section on the Cognitive Revolution begins with a “disturbing secret” – for a long time, Homo Sapiens was not the only human species. In the author’s own words, “The earth of a hundred millennia ago was walked by at least six different species of man.” The author says that more than one human species had learnt the use of fire. Homo Sapiens originated in East Africa and entered Eurasia through the Arabian Peninsula about 70,000 years ago. There are two conflicting theories about the interaction between Sapiens and the other species, known as the Interbreeding Theory and the Replacement Theory. The author speculates that the truth lies in between these two theories, although there is a strong likelihood that violence and genocide had occurred, as “Tolerance is not a Sapiens trademark.”
The Cognitive Revolution comprises new ways of thinking and communicating, which arose between 70,000 and 30,000 years ago. Sapiens bonded with “gossip” and formed bands with upto 150 members. Beyond this limit, says the author, human cooperation becomes possible only through common myths, or imagined reality, leading to trade and cultural evolution.
Further, “The wandering bands of storytelling Sapiens were the most important and most destructive force the animal kingdom had ever produced… The settlers of Australia, or more accurately, its conquerors, didn’t just adapt, they transformed the Australian ecosystem beyond recognition.” The combination of climate change and human hunting changed not only Australia, but also Siberia, North America and South America.
Coming to the next Revolution, agriculture began around 9500 – 8500 BC in south eastern Turkey, and simultaneously in other parts of the globe as well. The author surprisingly describes Agriculture as “history’s biggest fraud” and justifies it by saying that “the extra food did not translate into a better diet or more leisure. Rather, it translated into population explosions and pampered elites. The average farmer worked harder than the average forager, and got a worse diet in return.” As the population increased and animals were domesticated, the possibility of returning to a foraging lifestyle diminished. Rearing of animals involved (and still involves) extreme cruelty. Eventually, as trade began and data arose, some rudimentary forms of writing began. Next, hierarchies came up based on imagined orders. Simultaneously, gender discrimination arose in various societies.
The third section of the book is titled “Unification of Mankind,” which covers human culture. The author identifies three universal orders: economic, or the monetary order; political, or the imperial order; and finally, religious order exemplified by religions such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. There are detailed chapters on each of these.
The fourth and last section of the book covers the Scientific Revolution. Beginning with the philosophical aspects of ignorance and the scientific temperament, the author presents another striking line of thought: “The feedback loop between science, empire and capital has arguably been history’s chief engine for the past 500 years.” The next few chapters are devoted to these topics. Subsequently, the author discusses the Industrial Revolution, along with energy, mass production and the social impact of technology. This is followed by a chapter focusing on the relationship between prosperity and happiness, followed by some speculations about the future.
There can be no doubt that this book is a tour de force, which compels the reader to think. However, various criticisms can be levelled against Dr Harari. The foremost of these is that many speculations, theories and opinions of the author are presented as established facts. The other major potential for criticism lies in the selection of material and the relative emphasis on various topics. This reviewer, for example, feels that most of the chapters in the third and fourth sections of the book are too long and verbose.
I cannot end this review without comparing this book with the author’s subsequent work “Homo Deus,” which I happened to read first. There is considerable overlap between the topics covered in the two books. The speculations about the past in this book are mirrored by speculations about the future in the other book. But there is an important difference: while this book leaves the reader with a sense of shame for belonging to Homo Sapiens, the other one gives hope that someday there will be a sense of pride arising out of being human. Finally, if one had to choose to read only one of these two books, I would unequivocally recommend “Homo Deus.”
Y. Harari ist dagegen Historiker und bringt so ziemlich alles zusammen, auch evolutionsbiologische Aspekte, was passiert ist, seitdem wir vom Baum gestiegen sind und zu dem geführt hat, was wir heute sind. Zeitlich betrachtet stehen allerdings eher die letzten 30.000 Jahre im Fokus, in denen sich auch kulturgeschichtliche Entwicklungen abgespielt haben.
Mein Fazit an dieser Stelle:
Das Buch ist wirklich spannend geschrieben und dürfte für jeden Leser viele interessante Aspekte beinhalten, die vor allem in dem großen Bogen, den der Autor mit diesem Buch spannt, neue Perspektiven und Zusammenhänge erkennen lässt, die bisher vielleicht noch im Dickicht von kleinräumigeren Fachbüchern und Denkweisen unbemerkt blieben. Ob diese Zusammenhänge dann wiederum relevant sind oder eher aus dem Storytelling heraus entstehen, ist eine andere Frage. Der Autor sieht sich auch nicht als Experte auf sämtlichen Gebieten, die er in seinem Buch anschneidet, sondern als Generalist, der die Herausforderung annimmt, die gesamte Entstehungsgeschichte der Menschheit zu beschreiben und auch zu analysieren. Bei den analytischen Passagen bringt er dann aber doch bewusst oder unbewusst auch seine Meinung ein, die teilweise zu Bewertungen führt, die sich so objektiv nicht bewahrheiten lassen. Zum Beispiel die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft als größter Betrug der Menschheit (ab S. 87, dazu unten mehr) oder die Spekulationen über den Mensch der Zukunft, ab S. 445, die dann die Ausgangslage für sein zweites ebenfalls lesenswertes Buch „Homo Deus“ liefern. Die Quellen außerhalb des Fachgebietes des Autors sind oftmals Sekundärliteratur, wiederum teilweise bekannter Sachbuchautoren wie Jared Diamond, Daniel Kahneman und anderen oder Pressebeiträge. Das Problem dabei ist, dass der Autor sich darauf verlassen muss, dass diese hochangesehenen und auch aus der Wissenschaft stammenden Persönlichkeiten ebenfalls sauber recherchiert haben. Das haben diese bestimmt getan, allerdings sollte sich ein Wissenschaftler, wie Y. Harari selber einer ist, dennoch die relevanten Originalpublikationen ansehen, die er für die Untermauerung seiner Hypothesen heranzieht, so viele sind es nämlich auch nicht, dass er sich nicht die Mühe machen könnte, siehe unten. Denn auch die beispielhaft genannten Bestseller-Autoren Kahnemann und Diamond sind in ihren populärwissenschaftlichen Büchern nicht frei von persönlicher Meinung. Auch werden immer wieder vage Zeiträume in der frühgeschichtlichen Entwicklung der Menschheit erwähnt, wo der Mensch so oder so gelebt haben soll und deshalb ist dann später alles so gekommen, wie es nun einmal gekommen ist. Der Hindsight-Bias lässt grüßen. Wer Daniel E. Lieberman liest, wird schnell sehen, dass diese Begründungen keiner wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung standhalten, da das Wissen über die tatsächliche Lebensweise der Menschen vor mehr als 100.000 bis 700.000 Jahren gar nicht in dem Detail erforscht ist, um davon allumfassend Ursachen für unser heutiges Leben abzuleiten. Natürlich ist Spekulieren erlaubt, aber dann eher im Fiction-Buch-Bereich. Nicht nur die Art der Quellenverweise, sondern auch die Dichte der Quellen (130 Quellen auf 466 Seiten macht 0,3 Zitierungen pro Seite) lässt erkennen, dass sich sehr viel (aber auch sehr gut gelungenes) Storytelling beigemischt hat. Das ist aber auch der einzige Kritikpunkt. Das Buch ist definitiv ein Augenöffner.
Hier noch eine Ergänzung zur oben erwähnten Theorie des Autors, dass die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft der größte Betrug der Menschheitsgeschichte ist. Der gesamte zweite Teil des Buches dreht sich um die landwirtschaftliche Revolution, die vor 10.000 Jahren begonnen hat und wohl bis heute andauert.
Der Autor, und interessanterweise auch der Evolutionsbiologe Lieberman in seinem erwähnten Buch, sehen den Beginn der Landwirtschaft als das einschneidendste Ereignis in der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Liebermann als einer der führenden Evolutionsbiologen findet in den Quellen von Y. Harari jedoch kein einziges Mal Erwähnung. Stattdessen aber ein anderer Evolutionsbiologe: Jared Diamond. Letzterer betrachtet in seinen populärwissenschaftlichen Werken vor allem geografische Räume und wie die gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen inklusive des Konsumverhaltens bisweilen auch zur Auslöschung von Populationen geführt haben. Er ist letztlich die Quelle für die Kernaussage und den Titel des ersten Unterkapitels von Teil 2, dass die Landwirtschaft der größte Betrug der Menschheitsgeschichte ist. Weiter auf S. 89 behauptet der Autor, dass KEINE Evidenz dafür besteht, dass die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft ein großer Sprung für die Entwicklung der Menschheit war. Auch die Jäger und Sammler hätten bereits ausreichend große Gehirne besessen, um die Natur zu verstehen und zu nutzen. Wer sich evolutionsbiologisch genauer damit befasst hat, weiß, dass diese Aussage schlicht falsch ist. Die Größe des Gehirns sagt nichts über die kognitiven und sozialen Fähigkeiten eines Lebewesens aus. Der Neandertaler hatte bekanntlich ein größeres Gehirn und ist ausgestorben. Vermutlich Mangels der Fähigkeiten in der Form zu kommunizieren wie der Frühmensch und längere Strecken für die Nahrungsbeschaffung bewältigen zu können, weil er nicht so gut schwitzen konnte. Der Autor behauptet, die Menschheit wäre damit einen Handel zu eigenen Ungunsten eingegangen und begründet dies mit der Zeit, die Jäger und Sammler zur Nahrungsbeschaffung aufwenden mussten, die deutlich geringer war als die der in der Landwirtschaft schuftenden Frühfarmer. Die Tatsache ist zwar korrekt, aber irrelevant, denn heute arbeiten gerade mal 2% der Menschen in der Landwirtschaft und die Arbeit wird weitgehend von Maschinen erledigt. Weiterhin werden ernährungsbezogene Zivilisationserkrankungen als Beleg für den Selbstbetrug der Menschen durch die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft herangeführt. Wie der Name es schon sagt, existieren diese Erkrankungen seit Beginn der Zivilisation, vor 10.000 Jahren dürften sie die Ausnahme gewesen sein. Generell hat das Mehr an Nahrung, an besser planbarer Nahrung, zu mehr Bevölkerungswachstum durch geringere Kindersterblichkeit und eine höhere Lebenserwartung geführt. Mit der industriellen Landwirtschaft, wie sie gerade erst seit etwa knapp 100 Jahren entstanden ist, haben sich andere Problematiken ergeben: neben Überernährung auch ökologische Auswirkungen und ethische Fragen der Tierhaltung. Genauso wie durch das Bevölkerungswachstum, wobei Hunger auf der Welt maßgeblich durch politische Instabilität hervorgerufen wird und nicht durch faktischen Mangel an Nahrungsmitteln. Dennoch wären viele Entwicklungsschritte der Menschheit ohne die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft niemals möglich gewesen. Denn wie der Sozialtheoretiker Abraham Maslow beschrieben hat (vor der industriellen Landwirtschaft, wie wir sie kenne), dient sie der Befriedigung eines essentiellen Grundbedürfnisses, der Ernährung, bevor wir uns um Fragen der Selbstverwirklichung und gesellschaftlichen sowie technologischen Herausforderungen widmen können. Wer nichts zu essen hat, kümmert sich als erstes darum, etwas zu essen zu bekommen.
Warum geht der Autor also derart einseitig auf das Thema ein? Ein Interview mit dem SPIEGEL, Ausgabe 12/17, gibt Aufschluss. Er ist Veganer. Das an sich ist nichts besonderes, allerdings ist nicht auszuschließen, dass der Autor einer durch seine Ideologie beeinflussten Verzerrung unterliegt, die besonders im zweiten Teil des Buches hervortritt, und daher gegenteilige Erkenntnisse einfach unterschlägt.
Reviewed in Germany on June 28, 2018
Y. Harari ist dagegen Historiker und bringt so ziemlich alles zusammen, auch evolutionsbiologische Aspekte, was passiert ist, seitdem wir vom Baum gestiegen sind und zu dem geführt hat, was wir heute sind. Zeitlich betrachtet stehen allerdings eher die letzten 30.000 Jahre im Fokus, in denen sich auch kulturgeschichtliche Entwicklungen abgespielt haben.
Mein Fazit an dieser Stelle:
Das Buch ist wirklich spannend geschrieben und dürfte für jeden Leser viele interessante Aspekte beinhalten, die vor allem in dem großen Bogen, den der Autor mit diesem Buch spannt, neue Perspektiven und Zusammenhänge erkennen lässt, die bisher vielleicht noch im Dickicht von kleinräumigeren Fachbüchern und Denkweisen unbemerkt blieben. Ob diese Zusammenhänge dann wiederum relevant sind oder eher aus dem Storytelling heraus entstehen, ist eine andere Frage. Der Autor sieht sich auch nicht als Experte auf sämtlichen Gebieten, die er in seinem Buch anschneidet, sondern als Generalist, der die Herausforderung annimmt, die gesamte Entstehungsgeschichte der Menschheit zu beschreiben und auch zu analysieren. Bei den analytischen Passagen bringt er dann aber doch bewusst oder unbewusst auch seine Meinung ein, die teilweise zu Bewertungen führt, die sich so objektiv nicht bewahrheiten lassen. Zum Beispiel die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft als größter Betrug der Menschheit (ab S. 87, dazu unten mehr) oder die Spekulationen über den Mensch der Zukunft, ab S. 445, die dann die Ausgangslage für sein zweites ebenfalls lesenswertes Buch „Homo Deus“ liefern. Die Quellen außerhalb des Fachgebietes des Autors sind oftmals Sekundärliteratur, wiederum teilweise bekannter Sachbuchautoren wie Jared Diamond, Daniel Kahneman und anderen oder Pressebeiträge. Das Problem dabei ist, dass der Autor sich darauf verlassen muss, dass diese hochangesehenen und auch aus der Wissenschaft stammenden Persönlichkeiten ebenfalls sauber recherchiert haben. Das haben diese bestimmt getan, allerdings sollte sich ein Wissenschaftler, wie Y. Harari selber einer ist, dennoch die relevanten Originalpublikationen ansehen, die er für die Untermauerung seiner Hypothesen heranzieht, so viele sind es nämlich auch nicht, dass er sich nicht die Mühe machen könnte, siehe unten. Denn auch die beispielhaft genannten Bestseller-Autoren Kahnemann und Diamond sind in ihren populärwissenschaftlichen Büchern nicht frei von persönlicher Meinung. Auch werden immer wieder vage Zeiträume in der frühgeschichtlichen Entwicklung der Menschheit erwähnt, wo der Mensch so oder so gelebt haben soll und deshalb ist dann später alles so gekommen, wie es nun einmal gekommen ist. Der Hindsight-Bias lässt grüßen. Wer Daniel E. Lieberman liest, wird schnell sehen, dass diese Begründungen keiner wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung standhalten, da das Wissen über die tatsächliche Lebensweise der Menschen vor mehr als 100.000 bis 700.000 Jahren gar nicht in dem Detail erforscht ist, um davon allumfassend Ursachen für unser heutiges Leben abzuleiten. Natürlich ist Spekulieren erlaubt, aber dann eher im Fiction-Buch-Bereich. Nicht nur die Art der Quellenverweise, sondern auch die Dichte der Quellen (130 Quellen auf 466 Seiten macht 0,3 Zitierungen pro Seite) lässt erkennen, dass sich sehr viel (aber auch sehr gut gelungenes) Storytelling beigemischt hat. Das ist aber auch der einzige Kritikpunkt. Das Buch ist definitiv ein Augenöffner.
Hier noch eine Ergänzung zur oben erwähnten Theorie des Autors, dass die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft der größte Betrug der Menschheitsgeschichte ist. Der gesamte zweite Teil des Buches dreht sich um die landwirtschaftliche Revolution, die vor 10.000 Jahren begonnen hat und wohl bis heute andauert.
Der Autor, und interessanterweise auch der Evolutionsbiologe Lieberman in seinem erwähnten Buch, sehen den Beginn der Landwirtschaft als das einschneidendste Ereignis in der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Liebermann als einer der führenden Evolutionsbiologen findet in den Quellen von Y. Harari jedoch kein einziges Mal Erwähnung. Stattdessen aber ein anderer Evolutionsbiologe: Jared Diamond. Letzterer betrachtet in seinen populärwissenschaftlichen Werken vor allem geografische Räume und wie die gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen inklusive des Konsumverhaltens bisweilen auch zur Auslöschung von Populationen geführt haben. Er ist letztlich die Quelle für die Kernaussage und den Titel des ersten Unterkapitels von Teil 2, dass die Landwirtschaft der größte Betrug der Menschheitsgeschichte ist. Weiter auf S. 89 behauptet der Autor, dass KEINE Evidenz dafür besteht, dass die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft ein großer Sprung für die Entwicklung der Menschheit war. Auch die Jäger und Sammler hätten bereits ausreichend große Gehirne besessen, um die Natur zu verstehen und zu nutzen. Wer sich evolutionsbiologisch genauer damit befasst hat, weiß, dass diese Aussage schlicht falsch ist. Die Größe des Gehirns sagt nichts über die kognitiven und sozialen Fähigkeiten eines Lebewesens aus. Der Neandertaler hatte bekanntlich ein größeres Gehirn und ist ausgestorben. Vermutlich Mangels der Fähigkeiten in der Form zu kommunizieren wie der Frühmensch und längere Strecken für die Nahrungsbeschaffung bewältigen zu können, weil er nicht so gut schwitzen konnte. Der Autor behauptet, die Menschheit wäre damit einen Handel zu eigenen Ungunsten eingegangen und begründet dies mit der Zeit, die Jäger und Sammler zur Nahrungsbeschaffung aufwenden mussten, die deutlich geringer war als die der in der Landwirtschaft schuftenden Frühfarmer. Die Tatsache ist zwar korrekt, aber irrelevant, denn heute arbeiten gerade mal 2% der Menschen in der Landwirtschaft und die Arbeit wird weitgehend von Maschinen erledigt. Weiterhin werden ernährungsbezogene Zivilisationserkrankungen als Beleg für den Selbstbetrug der Menschen durch die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft herangeführt. Wie der Name es schon sagt, existieren diese Erkrankungen seit Beginn der Zivilisation, vor 10.000 Jahren dürften sie die Ausnahme gewesen sein. Generell hat das Mehr an Nahrung, an besser planbarer Nahrung, zu mehr Bevölkerungswachstum durch geringere Kindersterblichkeit und eine höhere Lebenserwartung geführt. Mit der industriellen Landwirtschaft, wie sie gerade erst seit etwa knapp 100 Jahren entstanden ist, haben sich andere Problematiken ergeben: neben Überernährung auch ökologische Auswirkungen und ethische Fragen der Tierhaltung. Genauso wie durch das Bevölkerungswachstum, wobei Hunger auf der Welt maßgeblich durch politische Instabilität hervorgerufen wird und nicht durch faktischen Mangel an Nahrungsmitteln. Dennoch wären viele Entwicklungsschritte der Menschheit ohne die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft niemals möglich gewesen. Denn wie der Sozialtheoretiker Abraham Maslow beschrieben hat (vor der industriellen Landwirtschaft, wie wir sie kenne), dient sie der Befriedigung eines essentiellen Grundbedürfnisses, der Ernährung, bevor wir uns um Fragen der Selbstverwirklichung und gesellschaftlichen sowie technologischen Herausforderungen widmen können. Wer nichts zu essen hat, kümmert sich als erstes darum, etwas zu essen zu bekommen.
Warum geht der Autor also derart einseitig auf das Thema ein? Ein Interview mit dem SPIEGEL, Ausgabe 12/17, gibt Aufschluss. Er ist Veganer. Das an sich ist nichts besonderes, allerdings ist nicht auszuschließen, dass der Autor einer durch seine Ideologie beeinflussten Verzerrung unterliegt, die besonders im zweiten Teil des Buches hervortritt, und daher gegenteilige Erkenntnisse einfach unterschlägt.








































