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Soul Made Flesh: The Discovery of the Brain--and How it Changed the World Paperback – Illustrated, June 6, 2005
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Presiding over the rise of this new scientific paradigm was the founder of modern neurology, Thomas Willis, a fascinating, sympathetic, even heroic figure at the center of an extraordinary group of scientists and philosophers known as the Oxford circle. Chronicled here in vivid detail are their groundbreaking revelations and the often gory experiments that first enshrined the brain as the physical seat of intelligence -- and the seat of the human soul. Soul Made Flesh conveys a contagious appreciation for the brain, its structure, and its many marvelous functions, and the implications for human identity, mind, and morality.
- Print length384 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherAtria
- Publication dateJune 6, 2005
- Dimensions5.5 x 0.96 x 8.44 inches
- ISBN-100743272056
- ISBN-13978-0743272056
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Review
-- The New York Times Book Review
"Describes a kind of second Copernican revolution -- one inside the body. Thrilling."
-- Ross King, Los Angeles Times
"This page-turner is a tribute to the heretical thinkers who decoded nature by relying on direct observation rather than received opinion."
-- Wired
"A thumping good read."
-- Timothy Ferris, author of The Whole Shebang and Coming of Age in the Milky Way
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Atria; Illustrated edition (June 6, 2005)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 384 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0743272056
- ISBN-13 : 978-0743272056
- Item Weight : 1.1 pounds
- Dimensions : 5.5 x 0.96 x 8.44 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,187,169 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,317 in History of Medicine (Books)
- #1,557 in Anatomy (Books)
- #4,101 in History & Philosophy of Science (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Carl Zimmer is the author of fourteen books about science. His latest book is Life’s Edge: The Search for What It Means to Be Alive.
Zimmer’s column Matter appears each week in the New York Times. His writing has earned a number of awards, including the Stephen Jay Gould Prize, awarded by the Society for the Study of Evolution. His previous book, She Has Her Mother’s Laugh, won the 2019 National Academies Communication Award. The Guardian named it the best science book of 2018.
Zimmer is a familiar voice on radio programs such as Radiolab and is professor adjunct at Yale University. He is, to his knowledge, the only writer after whom both a species of tapeworm and an asteroid have been named.
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Zimmer begins in Greece with Aristotle and continues in Rome with Galen who while they did look at the human body, were too quick to come up with pet theories about biles and humors and present them as facts. For centuries their words ruled science.
Then comes Descartes with his mechanical view of the world, presenting a soul that ruled over the body. Descartes questioned the ancients and corrected some of their grosser factual mistakes but he made a few of his own and repeated their methodological error: he did not question his own pet theories enough.
The heroes of Zimmer's book are surgeons. Then, surgeons were simple menial workers with a gift for butchery and enough skill to allow their patients to survive their operations. The surgeons eventually gathered the courage to stand up to scholarly doctors and point out that Galen's descriptions were wrong. When challenged, they opened up cadavers and counterchallenged the doctors to show them Galen's fictional body systems.
The central hero is Thomas Willis, a country squire turned renowned doctor during the turbulent times of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, and Charles II. He had the luck to live near Oxford and displayed a keen interest in anatomy. Willis studied the brain and the nervous system with unprecedented precision. He was one of the founders of the Royal Society, meeting with the likes of Robert Hooke and Christopher Wren. Together, these men studied anatomy so that observations overruled theory whenever one did not agree with the other.
Willis's observations, descriptions, and case studies make him the first neurologist. Living in times of religious extremes, this devout man never swore off the primacy of a supernatural soul, but he saw the brain as a tool of the soul and his studies of this organ mechanized our model and led to today's materialistic explanations of consciousness.
Vincent Poirier, Tokyo
What struck me was the parallel between the paradigm shift back then in medicine from concepts based on philosophy and theology, to concepts based on observation and science; and the paradigm shift going on today in `religion' from concepts based on the supernatural, to concepts based on nature and science. If you have an interested in this latter paradigm shift, you might explore my book, "Concepts: A ProtoTheist Quest for Science-Minded Skeptics."










