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The Sphinx: Franklin Roosevelt, the Isolationists, and the Road to World War II Hardcover – November 10, 2014
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Before Pearl Harbor, before the Nazi invasion of Poland, America teetered between the desire for isolation and the threat of world war.
May 1938. Franklin Delano Roosevelt―recently reelected to a second term as president―sat in the Oval Office and contemplated two possibilities: the rule of fascism overseas, and a third term.
With Hitler's reach extending into Austria, and with the atrocities of World War I still fresh in the American memory, Roosevelt faced the question that would prove one of the most defining in American history: whether to once again go to war in Europe.
In The Sphinx, Nicholas Wapshott recounts how an ambitious and resilient Roosevelt―nicknamed "the Sphinx" for his cunning, cryptic rapport with the press―devised and doggedly pursued a strategy to sway the American people to abandon isolationism and take up the mantle of the world's most powerful nation.
Chief among Roosevelt’s antagonists was his friend Joseph P. Kennedy, a stock market magnate and the patriarch of what was to become one of the nation's most storied dynasties. Kennedy's financial, political, and personal interests aligned him with a war-weary American public, and he counted among his isolationist allies no less than Walt Disney, William Randolph Hearst, and Henry Ford―prominent businessmen who believed America had no business in conflicts across the Atlantic.
The ensuing battle―waged with fiery rhetoric, agile diplomacy, media sabotage, and petty political antics―would land US troops in Europe within three years, secure Roosevelt's legacy, and set a standard for American military strategy for years to come.
With millions of lives―and a future paradigm of foreign intervention―hanging in the balance, The Sphinx captures a political giant at the height of his powers and an American identity crisis that continues to this day.
- Print length464 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherW. W. Norton & Company
- Publication dateNovember 10, 2014
- Dimensions6.5 x 1.5 x 9.6 inches
- ISBN-109780393088885
- ISBN-13978-0393088885
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Editorial Reviews
Review
― Andrew Roberts, author of The Storm of War and Masters and Commanders
"The Sphinx is a brilliant, rigorous, and gripping account of one of the greatest policy and political dramas of American history. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s leadership of the isolationist United States into war must rank with the genius of Washington, Franklin, and Jefferson during the Revolution, and with the containment strategy in the Cold War, as among the greatest foreign relations triumphs of any modern nation, and Nicholas Wapshott tells the tale with the elegance and thoroughness it deserves."
― Conrad Black, author of Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
"Wapshott successfully unravels the complex sequence of negotiations, hints, half-promises, and cunning that brought Roosevelt the Democratic nomination, re-election to the Presidency, a massive rearmament program, and support for an embattled Britain."
― Publishers Weekly
"In this elegantly written account, Newsweek international editor Wapshott…depicts Roosevelt sowing confusion by encouraging no-hope candidates while remaining coy about his own future."
― Kirkus Reviews
"Wapshott sees Roosevelt as a master politician, dissembling when necessary, shrewdly disarming opponents with both tough rhetoric and humor, and slowly leading a reluctant public in the desired direction. This is an informative and timely revisiting of the era in light of our current intervention in the Middle East."
― Jay Freeman, Booklist
About the Author
Product details
- ASIN : 039308888X
- Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company; 1st edition (November 10, 2014)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 464 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9780393088885
- ISBN-13 : 978-0393088885
- Item Weight : 1.84 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.5 x 1.5 x 9.6 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #2,174,247 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,716 in International Diplomacy (Books)
- #2,913 in United States Executive Government
- #3,896 in US Presidents
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Nicholas Wapshott is an author, journalist and biographer who is both British and American. Having worked on The Scotsman, The Times, The Observer and The Sunday Telegraph, he was the national and foreign editor of the New York Sun, was part of the launch team for The Daily Beast, was editorial director of Oprah Winfrey's website oprah.com and is now the International Editor of Newsweek.
Alongside his journalism he has always written biographies which display his dual interest in both the cinema and political economy. His first was a hugely entertaining and funny life of the rapscallion Peter O'Toole. His second was of another actor: Margaret Thatcher, whose rise, premiership and fall he reported at close quarters for The Times and The Observer.
His third life was of one of the masters of British cinema, Carol Reed, and it remains the definitive biography of the director of The Third Man. He was helped by, among others, Graham Greene, who wrote three screenplays for Reed, and an actor who worked with Reed before and after World War II, Rex Harrison, who became the subject of Wapshott's fourth biography.
There was a short withdrawal from writing books when he became first the editor of The Times's Saturday magazine, then overall editor of the Saturday edition. He moved to live in New York City just before the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001, eventually left The Times and joined the Sunday Telegraph as a business feature writer and news reporter.
At this time he wrote a joint lift of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, using his extensive background knowledge of Thatcher and revealing in detail for the first time, with the help of 20 years of recently opened public archives, the extent of their political and personal friendship. Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: A Political Marriage, for Sentinel (Penguin), remains the key inside account of this fascinating and formidable political alliance.
Wapshott's next book, for W.W.Norton, considerably changed his reputation. Keynes Hayek: the clash that defined modern economics, became an instant classic, an essential requirement for budding students of economics and political economy as well as politicians taking part in the great debate over whether, in light of the Crash of 2008 and the Great Recession, governments should intervene in an attempt to restore growth or whether it was best to leave the market to cure the Slump. The account tells for the first time the personal and intellectual duel between the two standard bearers of Keynesian economics and the rearguard action of market economists which continues to rage among politicians and economists to this day.
November 2014 saw publication of The Sphinx: Franklin Roosevelt, the Isolationists and the Road to World War II, which again used an historical story to address a current political movement: the war weariness of Americans and a return to isolationism that emerged ten years after the US fought wars simultaneously in Afghanistan and Iraq. The book tells for the first time how FDR used all his political wiles to turn around public opinion in favor of helping Britain against the dictators against fierce opposition from some of the most influential Americans of the time: William Randolph Hearst, Charles Lindbergh, Joseph Kennedy Sr., Henry Ford and Walt Disney.
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Top reviews from the United States
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-- Andrew Alpern
First a word about the errors, they are legion. Alice Roosevelt Longworth was Teddy Roosevelt's daughter, not his niece. George Washington, not Thomas Jefferson coined the expression "entangling alliances" (in his Farewell Address). Winston Churchill was the grandson of a duke, not the son of a duke. FDR did not run against Burton K. Wheeler for Vice President in 1924 (FDR ran in 1920, Wheeler ran in 1924). I mention these obvious facts to illustrate the lack of care that went into the editing of this book.
Another problem is the focus. This book examines the isolationist movement from the perspective largely of two individuals, Joseph Kennedy and Charles Lindburgh. There are already numerous books on both, the best being David Nasaw and A. Scott Berg's respectively. He might have examined the role of isolationists Burton K. Wheeler, Gerald Nye, Robert Taft, or William Borah, but lacking the wealth of secondary sources which form the background of this book, the author probably was unable to focus in these equally important foes of Roosevelt.
Finally there is the lack of insight offered on the subjects covered in this book. Wapshott really does not understand the political dynamics of the 1940s in American and his confused narrative underscores this failing. There are better books in the period and subject matter covered in this book. No Ordinary Time by Doris Kerns Goodwin, Nigel Hamilton's masterful Mantle of Command, Lynn Olsen's wonderful Those Angry Days, Five Days in London by John Lukacs.
Then there is Wapshott's portrayal of some of the people in the book. Churchill is sometimes portrayed as boorish, Roosevelt as downright parsimonious in his dealings with Britain before the war. He does not seem able to understand that anti-imperialism, particularly directed towards the British Empire was a cornerstone of US foreign policy since the reaction to the Jay Treaty of 1794. The "special relationship" came about due to World War II and was pursued far more cautiously than Wapshott credits.
Finally there is one irritating though trivial aspect to this book. Americans in the period would habitually refer to Great Britain as "England." This occurrs at all levels of society. John Kennedy's book on appeasement is entitled "Why England Slept" after all. Perhaps he might have published sequels on Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales? Every time Wapshottvquotes an American using "England" for Great Britain, he feels compelled to follow it with a pedantic "(sic)." This gets annoying after a while. Had the book not committed some absolute howlers, I might be inclined not to be so judgemental, but given the problems with this work, the author is in no position to hurl stones.
Top reviews from other countries
Andrew Roberts, the author of the excellent book "Masters and Commanders", writes in his back-cover blurb for "The Sphinx" that Wapshott is a "distinguished historian". I would have accepted the description "distinguished journalist" for Wapshott but I am not aware that he has any experience or qualifications as a historian.
A historian provides a structure for his narrative and may provide an analysis of the events... but Wapshott does not provide either. For example, the reader has to wait until p. 297 before he provides a breakdown of the opinion of the US population (by percentages holding each type of opinion), into: those who sympathised with the Axis powers, those who didn't sympathise with the Axis but nevertheless wanted the US to stay out of he war, those who strongly supported FDR, etc. (and, even then, Wapshott is simply repeating Harry Hopkins' analysis of public opinion at that time.)
Joseph Kennedy was US ambassador to London at that time but in Roy Jenkins' 950-page biography of Churchill, Roy devotes no more than a few sentences to Kennedy and strongly implies that the only reason he had been given the job was that he had made large financial contributions to Roosevelt's election campaigns. (Please note that, in making this comment about Joseph Kennedy and the comment I made already in the second paragraph, I am not attempting to detract from, or in any way cast a shadow on, the achievements of his son, the late John F. Kennedy, or JFK’s brother Bobby).
Charles Lindbergh was a hero in the US because he had taken the US far into the lead in aviation by making the first single-handed transatlantic crossing. Because of that, it seems that his political views were listened to by the public, no matter how extreme or illogical they were, even if they were dangerous to national security. However, Wapshott does not even attempt to analyse whether the public actually took any heed of what they heard from Lindbergh.
In summary, I believe that the book would have been more balanced and more interesting if Wapshott had said a lot less about Kennedy and Lindbergh and a lot more about other famous isolationists, such as Walt Disney, Henry Ford, Andrew Mellon and William Randolph Hearst.








