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A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World Hardcover – April 11, 2008
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William J. Bernstein
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Print length477 pages
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LanguageEnglish
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PublisherAtlantic Monthly Press
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Publication dateApril 11, 2008
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Dimensions6.25 x 1.5 x 9.25 inches
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ISBN-100871139790
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ISBN-13978-0871139795
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Excellent . . . Bernstein is equally at home plumbing the romantic dawn of trade or untwisting the mind-wracking complexity of modern international commerce." -- Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
"Superb . . . [A] significant contribution . . . A Splendid Exchange is a work of which Adam Smith and Max Weber would have approved." -- Paul Kennedy, Foreign Affairs
"Timely and informative . . . Fascinating and surprisingly exciting . . . A saga of epic proportions." -- Booklist
From the Inside Flap
--Richard Sylla, Henry Kaufman Professor of the History of Financial Institutions and Markets, and Professor of Economics, NYU Stern School of Business
"In A Splendid Exchange, Bill Bernstein has further burnished his credentials as both an economic historian and a felicitous writer. He has given us an eye-opening, brilliantly researched, anecdote-laced, and exciting-to-read history of global trade. Readers of this compelling saga will be intellectually rewarded, enticed, and amused--and more sensitively attuned to the challenges of today's version of the globalization that has driven so much of civilization's economic growth and social progress."
--John C. Bogle, founder, the Vanguard Group
"A Splendid Exchange is filled with adroit observations on the evolution of trade from the ancient world to today. Bernstein draws upon a vast historical context to show how trade's development is part of society's natural progression toward prosperity, and he makes a convincing case that trade and trade policy have been the catalyst for the development of ambitious nations. He correctly asserts that we must be aware of how it has shaped the past because it will continue to have a pivotal role--for better and for worse--as we move into the future. Politicians take heed!"
--Arthur Laffer, founder and chairman, Laffer Associates
"Bernstein illuminates modern debates in a sweeping history of international trade, weaving skillfully between rollicking adventures and scholarship. His history of trade from the ancients to the present is a story of our irrepressible urge to exchange goods, which in turn fostered exchanges of art, science, and ideas. The story of trade is the story of humankind; all in all, a happy story indeed."
--Pietra Rivoli, author of The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy
"Think contentious debate over globalization is something new? Think again. With a staggering understanding of the role of trade in history and a storyteller's touch for illuminating its human impact, William Bernstein takes us back to the days of `ghost ships' and perilous land journeys to explain how age-old debates over trade's winners and losers shape today's bitter divisions over free trade and protectionism. Along the way, Bernstein uncovers the roots of Sino-American trade tensions and explains how century-old backlashes over free trade continue to reverberate as the world's nations become ever more connected to each other through commerce. Bernstein has given us a master's insights into the past to help us understand an issue of deep divisions in the present age."
--Sara Bongiorni, author of A Year without "Made in China"
"Bernstein's powerful book demonstrates that trade is a fascinating, pervasive, and often dominant factor in human history. But Bernstein also provides us with memorable stories about nations around the world and through the centuries. Economics, sociology, military strategy, and even health care are here, as well as a striking group of vivid personalities. The book is not just essential reading; it is fun all the way."
--Peter L. Bernstein, author of Against the Gods
"Bill Bernstein is a funny, lively storyteller who engages us with rich stories that tell how international trade and economic history have evolved together from the Stone Age on. This book is a wonderful way to learn history, geography and economics. As I read it, I felt like a kid reading about Uncle Scrooge's adventures among old civilizations in strange lands, all the while harvesting ideas for my classes."
--Ed Tower, Professor of Economics, Duke University
From the Back Cover
--Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
"A Splendid Exchange is really much more than a history of trade. In William Bernstein's deft treatment, it becomes pretty much a history of the world. The age-old urge to profit by buying low and selling high led to empires, wars, trade restrictions, and--more recently--violent protests against economic and financial globalization. Bernstein's vast knowledge of trade's past is great preparation for dealing effectively with today's controversies about its future."
--Richard Sylla, Henry Kaufman Professor of the History of Financial Institutions and Markets, and Professor of Economics, NYU Stern School of Business
"In A Splendid Exchange, Bill Bernstein has further burnished his credentials as both an economic historian and a felicitous writer. He has given us an eye-opening, brilliantly researched, anecdote-laced, and exciting-to-read history of global trade. Readers of this compelling saga will be intellectually rewarded, enticed, and amused--and more sensitively attuned to the challenges of today's version of the globalization that has driven so much of civilization's economic growth and social progress."
--John C. Bogle, founder, the Vanguard Group
"A Splendid Exchange is filled with adroit observations on the evolution of trade from the ancient world to today. Bernstein draws upon a vast historical context to show how trade's development is part of society's natural progression toward prosperity, and he makes a convincing case that trade and trade policy have been the catalyst for the development of ambitious nations. He correctly asserts that we must be aware of how it has shaped the past because it will continue to have a pivotal role--for better and for worse--as we move into the future. Politicians take heed!"
--Arthur Laffer, founder and chairman, Laffer Associates
"Bernstein illuminates modern debates in a sweeping history of international trade, weaving skillfully between rollicking adventures and scholarship. His history of trade from the ancients to the present is a story of our irrepressible urge to exchange goods, which in turn fostered exchanges of art, science, and ideas. The story of trade is the story of humankind; all in all, a happy story indeed."
--Pietra Rivoli, author of The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy
"Think contentious debate over globalization is something new? Think again. With a staggering understanding of the role of trade in history and a storyteller's touch for illuminating its human impact, William Bernstein takes us back to days of `ghost ships' and perilous land journeys to explain how age-old debates over trade's winners and losers shape today's bitter divisions over free trade and protectionism. Along the way, Bernstein uncovers the roots of Sino-American trade tensions and explains how century-old backlashes over free trade continue to reverberate as the world's nations become ever more connected to each other through commerce. Bernstein has given us a master's insights into the past to help us understand an issue of deep divisions in the present age."
--Sara Bongiorni, author of A Year Without "Made in China"
"Bernstein's powerful book demonstrates that trade is a fascinating, pervasive, and often dominant factor in human history. But Bernstein also provides us with memorable stories about nations around the world and through the centuries. Economics, sociology, military strategy, and even health care are here, as well as a striking group of vivid personalities. The book is not just essential reading; it is fun all the way."
--Peter L. Bernstein, author of Against the Gods
"Bill Bernstein is a funny, lively storyteller who engages us with rich stories that tell how international trade and economic history have evolved together from the Stone Age on. This book is a wonderful way to learn history, geography and economics. As I read it, I felt like a kid reading about Uncle Scrooge's adventures among old civilizations in strange lands, all the while harvesting ideas for my classes."
--Ed Tower, professor of economics, Duke University
About the Author
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Product details
- Publisher : Atlantic Monthly Press; 1st edition (April 11, 2008)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 477 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0871139790
- ISBN-13 : 978-0871139795
- Item Weight : 1.74 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.25 x 1.5 x 9.25 inches
-
Best Sellers Rank:
#1,173,282 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #296 in Political Trades and Tariffs
- #3,007 in Economic History (Books)
- #45,713 in World History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
Customer reviews
Top reviews from the United States
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As Adam Smith had it in "Wealth of Nations," trade is an activity in which both parties benefit. Given that England is particularly adapted to raising sheep, the Baltics to growing wheat, and Portugal to making wine, and that people in all three places want to enjoy all three products, it only makes sense that they should trade.
Bernstein describes the routes, the vehicles and the products that have been traded throughout history. Overland traders have gone by foot, used every imaginable kind of pack animal, and more recently used a variety of ox- and horse-drawn conveyances, then trains and today airplanes. Maritime traders throughout history have continued to advance sailing techniques.
Along the way improvements and trade have had a vast impact on world history. Ukraine, where I live, entered the history books in Greek times. Attica was unable to feed itself, and Ukraine's grain was a valuable import. Troy, which dates back more than one millennium BC, was important because it stood at the entrance to the Sea of Marmara en route to the Black Sea and Ukraine's granaries. Ukraine and Poland were major trade routes during the first millennium A.D. The high technology of the time was Viking long boats which were very efficient in traveling up the Dnieper and Dniester rivers and then down the Vistula to the Baltic Sea. Kyiv and Lviv are situated along these routes.
However, the clever Italians, Spanish and Portuguese improved ocean navigation. Portuguese caravels were more efficient at long-distance trade – they involved no overland portage - and Western Europe grew faster than Eastern largely as a result of their ability to take advantage of local specializations. Italy excelled in glassmaking, Belgium was expert at making cloth, England at growing wool for that cloth.
The age of discovery ushered in by the Portuguese radically remade the world. Western ships were able to bring spices from Indonesia and gold from Peru back home. Fortunes were made on world trade, and the fortunes of nations shifted. Human institutions were modified to meet the changing conditions. Joint stock companies such as the Dutch East Indies Company, the British East India Company and the Hudson's Bay Company formed to take advantage of the opportunities. The corporate structure allowed them to spread risk, which made it possible to amass the capital needed to exploit these tremendous opportunities. Insurance came into existence, with Lloyd's of London as a clearinghouse for ensuring merchant trade.
There are a large number of anecdotes that will stick in your mind. The phenomena and it describes is a foundation of Western civilization, as many other authors such as Jared Diamond have found. Sociobiologists such as Cochran and Harpending, in The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution , contend that it has affected our very evolution. To be effective in trade requires the ability to read and write, to handle numbers, and to learn foreign languages. These skills are highly associated with intelligence – and the groups that excelled in world trade such as the Parsis of India and the Jews appear to have more intelligent over the course of history as successful traders thrived and the less capable ones fell by the wayside.
This book is entertaining and well written. It should be part of any student's knowledge of world history.
Despite this limited viewpoint, I would recommend this book to other students or people interested in history. It is interesting to see how much of an impact trade has on the world. For example, Bernstein describes the effects of trade on social systems, disease, political power, and technology. In addition, his purpose is fully completed. Bernstein's goal in writing this book was to explain how commerce shaped the world. He does this very effectively, especially through his writing style. He writes about an instance in which trade affected the world, and then takes it a step further to explain how that effect can still be seen today.
In the end, the book becomes more than a history of economy. It is a history of the world, simply relayed through an economic stance. The comparisons in it, such as free trade to mercantilism, are interesting and detailed, and add to the credibility of the author. All of the information in the book, not just the major things, is also very detailed. For example, the author does not only describe trading, he describes its impact and its products' impact. A key example of this is the section on Opium Wars, which shows this political and economic conflict through the lens of trade. The well-researched, historically accurate book is definitely a good review of world history. Aside from its limited point of view, it is a wonderful, eye-opening description of trade and its impact, which are still things that dominate the global economy.
Top reviews from other countries
Bernstein whisks us from the dawn of trade to the modern day via the ancient trades in silk and spices between East and West, and highlights the dramatic cultural shifts brought about as an indirect result of the opening up of new trade routes, enabling the spread of new religions, empires and diseases.
Bernstein's ultimate purpose is to highlight and debate the constant seesaw between free trade and protectionism. He looks unflinchingly at both sides of the argument: this is no polemic for unthinking globalisation. His ultimate conclusion is that free trade is the best system available to us (although there will indeed be winners and losers). In discussing the pitfalls and perils of the various forms of protectionism that have existed throughout history, Bernstein hopes to help us to steer a more effective course in the future. A noble aim. A great book.
This book starts with the Stone Age, what people wanted and what they had to offer.
History is explained as a competition for goods, some of which people really needed and others such as spices, coffee and tea, that they just thought they needed.
Bernstein explains all the myths and fallacies in history and tells us what really happened, where cloves and nutmeg really came from - also coffee is a surprize. And we certainly never suspected what the Europeans were trading for all the shiploads of spices, silk, porcellan, coffee and tea they were bringing back to Europe!
An added bonus is Bernsteins style. The text flows so easlily punctuated with wonderful succinct remarks that sum up so much and which just stay in your memory for ever,
History suddenly becomes logical and absolutely fascinating.
This book is a MUST for any student of history.
- The deprivation in the medieval world that made setting out on a disease-ridden ship more appealing than starving at home.
- The general brutality of the medieval world, and the moral ambiguity of trade. We now live in comfortable times with well-established national and international laws and norms, so we can sit back and say, “That's wrong.” But the medieval world didn't have that luxury.
- The importance of sophisticated and stable capital markets with low interest rates, and how it gave the Dutch an advantage over the English. A Dutch merchant could sell futures contracts before going on a voyage, confident that it will be sold at a certain price. The Dutch paid 4% interest as compared to 10% in England, so they could afford two and a half times as many ships as the English, for the same interest.
- How organised trade across continents has been going on for centuries between the Middle East, India, China and Malaysia, and how well-established it was before steamships. I thought of international trade as a result of fossil fuel-powered transport, and I was wrong.
- The importance of winds and monsoons to medieval trade.
- How great centres of trade such as Malacca were cosmopolitan centres where you could hear a couple of dozen languages, and governed by the rule of law, which had communities of traders from many different cities living there, and how they declined in importance in the present world. We think of New York and London and Singapore as being major cosmopolitan cities of the world, but the medieval had their share of cities, too, many of which we don't know because of their decline.
- How Islam was a religion of trade, and how it made economic sense for many traders to convert to Islam.
- How some communities were more enterprising than others. For example, in India, the Gujaratis are admired as being enterprising and excellent businesspeople. Only after I read the book did I realise that for centuries, they were traveling to the Middle East and Malacca and even residing there. Impressive.
- How white people moved around the world, took up residence in some countries (such as USA, Australia and New Zealand) and exterminated the native population, and came to dominance in those countries, and why they couldn't do so in India or China, say.
- The medieval world seems exotic due to the unfamiliar names of places, the different political borders of kingdoms as opposed to present-day countries, and the different moral codes of that era.
- How international trade makes each country better off, by letting its workers focus on what they do best, essentially outsourcing the others.
The one flaw in this book is the excessive detail — there are too many names, too many places, names of too many people and ships and so on, most of which are defined once and then used repeatedly for hundreds of pages, so if you forgot what Aceh was, for example, you'll find it hard to understand some of what follows in the book. There are too many such details you have to keep in mind as you read the book, to understand it, which makes the book hard to read.

