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In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s Paperback – April 3, 1995
| Clayborne Carson (Author) Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author |
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With its radical ideology and effective tactics, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the cutting edge of the civil rights movement during the 1960s. This sympathetic yet evenhanded book records for the first time the complete story of SNCC’s evolution, of its successes and its difficulties in the ongoing struggle to end white oppression.
At its birth, SNCC was composed of black college students who shared an ideology of moral radicalism. This ideology, with its emphasis on nonviolence, challenged Southern segregation. SNCC students were the earliest civil rights fighters of the Second Reconstruction. They conducted sit-ins at lunch counters, spearheaded the freedom rides, and organized voter registration, which shook white complacency and awakened black political consciousness. In the process, Clayborne Carson shows, SNCC changed from a group that endorsed white middle-class values to one that questioned the basic assumptions of liberal ideology and raised the fist for black power. Indeed, SNCC’s radical and penetrating analysis of the American power structure reached beyond the black community to help spark wider social protests of the 1960s, such as the anti–Vietnam War movement.
Carson’s history of SNCC goes behind the scene to determine why the group’s ideological evolution was accompanied by bitter power struggles within the organization. Using interviews, transcripts of meetings, unpublished position papers, and recently released FBI documents, he reveals how a radical group is subject to enormous, often divisive pressures as it fights the difficult battle for social change.
- Print length384 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarvard University Press
- Publication dateApril 3, 1995
- Dimensions6.14 x 0.79 x 9.21 inches
- ISBN-109780674447271
- ISBN-13978-0674447271
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“To anyone who would understand SNCC, this is an essential book.”―James Polk, Newsday
“This splendid history of SNCC has successfully captured the dynamic interplay of two parallel but contradictory elements… This is a well-researched, balanced, and analytical assessment of the history of a primarily black student activist group that, with all its failings, made its special contribution to the political awakening of American blacks and to the changing of American institutions and practices.”―Abraham Holtzman, American Political Science Review
“In Clayborne Carson SNCC has at last found a scholar capable of probing its radical and fractious nature in a manner both sympathetic and prudently critical… Students of social protest will be deeply in the author’s debt for years to come.”―Francis M. Wilnoit, American Historical Review
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Product details
- ASIN : 0674447271
- Publisher : Harvard University Press; Second Printing edition (April 3, 1995)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 384 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9780674447271
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674447271
- Item Weight : 1.11 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.14 x 0.79 x 9.21 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #221,385 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #71 in Regional Geography
- #83 in Demography Studies
- #572 in African History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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About the author

I am a historian who teaches at Stanford University, where I also serve as founding director of the Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. My latest book -- Martin's Dream: My Journey and the Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. -- is a memoir of my experiences during the half century since I attended the 1963 March on Washington.
The late Mrs. Coretta Scott King selected me in 1985 to edit and publish the papers of her late husband and, since then, I have devoted most of my professional life to the study of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the movements King inspired. Under my direction, the King Papers Project, a component of the King Institute, has produced six volumes of a definitive, comprehensive edition of speeches, sermons, correspondence, publications, and unpublished writings. I have also edited numerous other books based on King's papers.
A member of Stanford's department of history since receiving my doctorate from UCLA in 1975, I have also served as visiting professor or visiting fellow at American University, the University of California, Berkeley, Duke University, Emory University, Harvard University, the Center for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, the L'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris, and at Morehouse College in Atlanta, where during 2009 I was Martin Luther King, Jr. Distinguished Professor and Executive Director of that institution's King Collection.
My writings reflect not only my research about King but also my undergraduate civil rights and antiwar activism, which led me to appreciate the importance of grassroots political activity as well as visionary leadership in the African-American freedom struggle. My first book, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s, published in 1981, is a study of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the most dynamic and innovative civil rights organization. In Struggle won the Organization of American Historians' Frederick Jackson Turner Award. My other publications include Malcolm X: The FBI File (1991). I also co-authored African American Lives: The Struggle for Freedom (2005), a comprehensive survey of African-American history.
In addition to The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., my other works based on the papers include The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1998), compiled from the King's autobiographical writings, A Knock at Midnight: Inspiration from the Great Sermons of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (1998), and A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (2001).
My writings also include a play, "Passages of Martin Luther King," which was initially produced by Stanford's Drama Department in 1993, and subsequently performed at Dartmouth College, Willamette University, the Claremont Colleges, the University of Washington, Tacoma, St. Petersburg, and other places. On June 21, 2007, the National Theatre of China performed the international premiere of "Passages" at the Beijing Oriental Pioneer Theatre, and full houses viewed the four subsequent performances of the first drama to bring together Chinese actors and African-American gospel singers. During March and April 2011, the Palestinian National Theater "Al Hakawati" presented the first Arabic production of "Passages" in East Jerusalem, with additional performances in the West Bank communities of Jenin, Nablus, Bethlehem, Hebron, Tulkarem, and Ramallah.
In addition to my books and scholarly writings publications, I have tried to bring my research and King's ideas to broader public attention. I was a senior historical advisor for a fourteen-part, award-winning, public television series on the civil rights movement entitled "Eyes on the Prize" and co-edited the Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader (1991). In addition, I served as historical advisor for "Freedom on My Mind," which was nominated for an Oscar in 1995, as well as for "Chicano!" (1996), "Blacks and Jews" (1997), "Citizen King" (2004), "Negroes with Guns: Rob Williams and Black Power" (2005), and "Have You Heard from Johannesburg?" (2010) a multipart documentary about the international campaign against apartheid in South Africa.
I collaborated with the Roma Design Group of San Francisco to create the winning proposal in an international competition to design the King National Memorial in Washington, D. C., and I have served as an advisor to the King National Memorial Foundation.
In my various roles, I travel throughout the world. In addition to many European nations, I have been to China (three times), India (twice), Israel and the West Bank (four times), Kenya, Zanzibar, Tanzania, South Africa, Senegal, Morocco, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Canada, and a number of Caribbean islands.
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I grew up during the late 50's, and didn't really appreciate the prime focus of SNCC.
This book gives me a comprehensive look at how this group was started, and how it grew to such a well known organization.
Very satisfied with this book.
M. Sims
So I'm glad I read this book even though I had to do it for an assignment. It's a good read, and I suggest it to those who like to study about the young black militancy spirit of the 1960's.
Only such was not to be the case. As a mugging changes a liberal into a reactionary, so too does a cop’s baton change color-blind pacifist into racial militant. This, and the frustration with America’s pious promises but practical indifference, alongside the political games of the Establishment, split the movement between those committed to universalism and inclusion and “Black Power” separatism. Once it took a radical course the movement had more to worry about than racist Sheriffs and county lockups. J. Edgar’s FBI and the CIA entered the picture; a natural extension of the system dropping its mask, militants would say.
Thus there was more to the civil rights era than M. L. King and his marches and speeches, though one would never know this as other actors have been airbrushed out of official historiography. Such is the fate of those who upset the apple cart without taking the fruit. While SNCC never took the masses with them, as Carson recounts, they did leave a lasting legacy to the chagrin of elites and liberals. First the Black Panthers, then the Nation of Islam, absorbed their spinout leadership. These groups have left a more lasting memory of the radical era, but they were the beneficiaries of SNCC and would not have grown otherwise.
A story of confrontations, “death moments,” great courage, and self-destructive rage, this is a vital portrait of an age. Fortunately there were enough survivors at the time of writing who could still vividly recollect its spirit and their own. Like Reconstruction, the residual anger left many leery of renewing its path. But what comes around once usually recurs. There will be new SNCCs as oligarchy and power continue their heavy tread upon freedom and human rights.






