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The Subprime Solution: How Today's Global Financial Crisis Happened, and What to Do about It Hardcover – August 24, 2008
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An essential account of the historic subprime mortgage crisis, from the Nobel Prize–winning economist and bestselling author of Irrational Exuberance
The subprime mortgage crisis has already wreaked havoc on the lives of millions of people and now it threatens to derail the U.S. economy and economies around the world. In this trenchant book, best-selling economist Robert Shiller reveals the origins of this crisis and puts forward bold measures to solve it. He calls for an aggressive response―a restructuring of the institutional foundations of the financial system that will not only allow people once again to buy and sell homes with confidence, but will create the conditions for greater prosperity in America and throughout the deeply interconnected world economy.
Shiller blames the subprime crisis on the irrational exuberance that drove the economy's two most recent bubbles―in stocks in the 1990s and in housing between 2000 and 2007. He shows how these bubbles led to the dangerous overextension of credit now resulting in foreclosures, bankruptcies, and write-offs, as well as a global credit crunch. To restore confidence in the markets, Shiller argues, bailouts are needed in the short run. But he insists that these bailouts must be targeted at low-income victims of subprime deals. In the longer term, the subprime solution will require leaders to revamp the financial framework by deploying an ambitious package of initiatives to inhibit the formation of bubbles and limit risks, including better financial information; simplified legal contracts and regulations; expanded markets for managing risks; home equity insurance policies; income-linked home loans; and new measures to protect consumers against hidden inflationary effects.
This powerful book is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand how we got into the subprime mess―and how we can get out.
Review
"Winner of the 2009 Bronze Medal in Finance/Investment/Economics, Independent Publisher Book Awards"
"Honorable Mention for the 2008 PROSE Award in Business, Finance, and Management, Association of American Publishers"
"One man who does have some ideas is the Yale economist Robert Shiller, who would merit attention if only for the fact that he predicting the bursting of the Internet bubble, in 2000, with his book Irrational Exuberance, then discussed at length the dangers of systematic risk in his next, The New Financial Order. Now, in The Subprime Solution―published in August, after the start of the meltdown, but before the full scale of the disaster had become manifest―he comes up with a set of startlingly counterintuitive suggestions about what to do next."---John Lanchester, The New Yorker
"With The Subprime Solution, Robert J. Shiller offers his formula to protect us from repeating such disasters: more financial engineering. It would be easy to sneer at this idea, but Mr. Shiller, an economics professor at Yale University, always deserves a hearing. . . . In what he describes as a 'brief manifesto,' Mr. Shiller argues that bailouts of distressed borrowers are inevitable to avoid wrecking our economy and shredding our social fabric―even though bailouts may punish the prudent (say, through higher taxes) while comforting those who gambled on real estate and lost."---James R. Hagerty, Wall Street Journal
"Irrational exuberance, or the 'social contagion of boom thinking,' is . . . the subject of Shiller's new book, The Subprime Solution, a slim but valuable addition to the growing literature on the ongoing collapse of the housing market."---Max Fraser, The Nation
"[The Subprime Solution is] a lucid primer on how we slipped into this money pit and what it might take to clamber out of it. . . . Shiller is sometimes called a Cassandra, and his prophesies about the dot-com and housing bubbles did come true. Yet in these pages he sounds more like a visionary optimist who considers today's emergency to be a grand opportunity."---James Pressley, Bloomberg News
"In The Subprime Solution, [Shiller] briskly sketches out his views on both short-term and long-term strategies for dealing with a housing meltdown that's left millions of Americans a lot less wealthy―and an unfortunate number at risk for losing their homes. . . . The book's most compelling discussion centers on the long-term opportunities that lie in this crisis. Shiller describes how key parts of America's financial system―the Federal Reserve, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the FDIC, to name only three―were created in the reforms after earlier bank crises or the Great Depression. . . . Shiller suggests that political leaders should look at the current crisis as an opportunity to rethink the homebuying process and add new protections to keep homeowners from getting in over their heads during a future bubble."---Daniel McGinn, Newsweek.com
"What sets Shiller apart―brilliantly apart―from other analysts of the housing bubble are the sharpness of his diagnoses and the creativity of his solutions. These are the core of his excellent new book, The Subprime Solution. . . . [A] brilliant and radical―but not implausible―perspective on putting the Humpty Dumpty that is American finance together again."---Arvind Subramanian, Forbes.com
"Yale University's Robert Shiller is one of the world's outstanding economic thinkers and intellectual innovators, with a record of foresight that is the envy of his profession. . . . His short, snappy and surprisingly far-reaching book on the subprime crisis is as interesting and indispensible as you would expect. . . . The Subprime Solution is an ambitious little volume. . . . It covers a remarkable amount of ground in less than 200 pages. . . . . The book's broad framing of the issues is novel and valuable, and its arguments are always stimulating. . . . Shiller . . . is an ardent financial-technology optimist, and his book is a torrent of fascinating ideas. Anybody interested in the subject must profit from reading it."---Clive Crook, Financial Times
"Robert J. Shiller explains how trillions of dollars of mortgage debt, based on dubious loans to doubtful borrowers, were forfeited and how it can be fixed. An influential economist, he offers insights into the growth of the credit bubble and solutions for curing the ensuing chaos. . . . Shiller's reputation in economics, his majestic prose style, his statistical proofs and his vast coterie of admirers suggest that at least some of his recommendations will become part of U.S. mortgage regulation. . . . For those who want to figure out how to fix the global credit crisis that has developed as a result of Americans' inability or unwillingness to read their mortgage contracts, The Subprime Solution is vital reading. It is advocacy built on faith that government does good, that intervention never produces unintended results and that there is no other way to fix the mortgage mess."---Andrew Allentuck, The Globe & Mail
"In his new book, The Subprime Solution, the Yale University professor sounds an alarm that the credit crunch, now early in its second year, poses a dire risk. His text is a stimulating, rapid response to current events--and a forceful demand for dramatic action from Washington, where, he says, the White House and Congress have been 'totally inadequate' to the task. . . . [A] storehouse of valuable, provocative ideas awaits the reader of The Subprime Solution."---Christopher Farrell, BusinessWeek
"In The Subprime Solution, he argues that what united the missteps by the Federal Reserve, mortgage brokers, Wall Street bankers, and home buyers that together brought on the current financial mess was a shared belief that house prices never go down. What's the antidote to that kind of mass delusion? Shiller seems to have no interest in substituting his judgment, or the government's, for the market's. Instead, he sees information and innovation as the counter to group think."---Justin Fox, Time
"Robert J. Shiller's clear-eyed look at what happened in the U.S. housing market―and what might be done about it―is not keen to attribute blame to the actors in the drama. He explains that the development of subprime mortgages in the Nineties was welcomed as a way of extending home ownership to those once locked out of the market, and it was not the dishonesty of the mortgage lenders, or the greed of bankers, that led to the bubble. There was dishonesty and greed, but these were the result of the bubble, not its cause."---Tim Worstall, The Telegraph
"American optimism: Is there any investment bubble it can't fuel? Consider the excesses of the housing market, the effects of which are roiling the global economy. As Yale University economist Robert Shiller demonstrates in his short, whip-smart new book The Subprime Solution, there was a contagion at work that helped pushed home prices to unsustainable levels. . . . Shiller's views are grounded in exhaustive research and penetrating analysis. The Subprime Solution should be read by anyone with assets at risk in the global financial crisis and a desire to fix things ahead of the next crisis. Which is to say, all of us."---Robert Elder, Austin American-Statesman
"Robert Shiller's got an argument that will make some peoples' heads explode in his new book The Subprime Solution--we need more speculation in the housing market. . . . I said above that this solution will make some peoples' heads explode, that the solution to an excess of speculation is to create a market in yet more speculation. Yet in this case ti is indeed true, this is a valid solution."---Tim Worstall, The Register
"[The Subprime Solution] is short, punchy and political. Shiller is a top-flight academic economist who has often warned of the tendency of markets towards irrational exuberance, and of the harmful consequences that follow. He is rightly scathing towards the 'boosters' who kept assuring us that house prices only rise, and he gains authority for having spoken out during the boom, when it was an unpopular position to hold. . . . Shiller's debunking of house price myths is masterful. Especially important is his rubbishing of the concept of scarcity . . . Shiller's explanations are sophisticated and intelligent, and they are also admirably clear."---Michael Savage, Fund Strategy
"The Subprime Solution, his postmortem on irrational exuberance in the real estate market, is superb, even for general-interest readers otherwise confused by the whole mess. Though his introduction reads a bit like an arid position paper, his insistence on the fundamentally psychological, rather than economic, basis of the boom is supple and fascinating."---Andrew Rosenblum, New York Observer
"If you're unfamiliar with Robert Shiller then understand that he is perhaps the most eminent and considered examiner of modern investment bubbles. . . . Shiller's new book, The Subprime Solution, is a concise attempt to elaborate in just seven short chapters the genesis of the housing bubble, explode its myths, explore its scale and the dangers of its deepening impact, assert the need to maintain confidence in our economic and financial institutions by aggressive action, and then explore longer-term, more fundamental reforms and innovations that will create a population much more attuned to economic risk. . . . There are many more recommendations, but if this book has the ambition of Keynes' earlier work, and the scale of the problem is as suggested, I'd argue that the book is as accessible as you are going to get from such a modern behavioural economics guru. It's a book that everyone who lives in a house should own; just don't buy ten and try to rent them out to friends." ― Knackered Hack
"In his latest work, The Subprime Solution, Shiller explains that greater financial 'democracy' and a 'contagion of ideas' led many to conclude a 'new era' had been reached in real estate. The public expected prices to rise continually. Worse, Shiller wrote: 'The very people responsible for oversight were caught up in the same high expectations for future prices.'. . . Shiller's The Subprime Solution is well worth the read for individuals and private enterprise looking to understand current real estate bubble. It should be required reading for public policy makers who need to take immediate action to solve the subprime crisis."---John Fout, TheStreet.com
"Like the financial bubble in technology stocks that exploded in 2000, real estate investors acted on unrealistic assumptions that prices could only go up. In the aftermath, Shiller's recommendation to policy makers is 'Mend It, Don't End It.' He advises regulatory modifications and greater financial disclosure from all players in the complex mortgage-banking process."---Kevin G. Hall, McClatchy Newspapers
"In [The Subprime Solution], he provides the ignoramuses on Wall Street, asleep-at-the-switch regulators and dumbfounded investors worried about their savings with a stark insight to digest over the last two weeks of summer: 'We as a society do not understand or know how to deal with speculative bubbles.'"---Robert Lenzner, Forbes.com
"It's an interesting book. . . . Shiller convinced me . . . that bailing out banks and borrowers who've been clobbered might be the right thing to do."---Dan Pink, danpink.com
"In his now-famous 2005 book, Irrational Exuberance, Second Edition, Yale professor and economist Robert Shiller predicted a boom and bust in real estate would have terrifying global ramifications. He was mocked by realtors, but global bank failures and the bailout of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have proved him dead on. Now Shiller strikes again with The Subprime Solution, his suggestion for sweeping economic reform to get us out of this mess."---Katie Benner, Fortune
"While initially providing a short and concise understanding of the subprime fiasco, Shiller goes on to investigate the various financial collapses over the years and the history of recent housing arrangements, searching for clues that might inspire a universal remedy to our current predicament. . . . Along the way, the narrative, which skips along without being fussy or intrusive, also emphasises the characteristics, psychology and lifespan of the bubble―be it financial, IT or housing―and how the way we've changed the way we think 'is the deepest cause' of the current variant of the malignancy."---Paul O'Doherty, The Investor
"[Shiller] offers a primer on the history of home prices, roots of subprime lending and a road map of what to do now. The book is at its best when explaining how so few in authority imagined what has come to pass. Shiller says they were filled with same housing boom faith held by the public."---Jim Wasserman, The Sacramento Bee
"In his latest book, The Subprime Solution, he briefly but deftly dissects how easy credit, lack of government oversight and human behavior allowed the subprime bubble to inflate. Shiller's understanding of human behavior is the book's genius, both in the diagnosis and the proposed cures."---Robert Frick, Kiplinger's
"For a closer examination of the crisis, there's The Subprime Solution by Yale University economist Robert J. Shiller, the bestselling author of Irrational Exuberance. In his new book, Shiller focuses more tightly on the stock market bubble of the 1990s and the housing bubble of the last seven years, which led lenders to loosen requirements for loans and resell these questionable loans in the subprime market. He shows how the bubble, when overheated housing prices cooled and asset values fell, burst and led directly to the subprime mortgage crisis that torpedoed the credit markets and with them stock markets worldwide."---Geeta Sharma-Jensen, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel
"In this slim volume, Shiller not only describes the problem but also places equal emphasis on various proposals to correct it. Rather than viewing the subprime meltdown and credit contraction as a handwringing crisis, he sees it as an opportunity to initiate institutional reforms that will ensure against repeat failures and extend opportunities for home ownership. . . . An important, timely book."---E.L. Whalen, Choice
"Reading Shiller also makes me optimistic. Ever the contrarian, he's convinced that, used properly, the new financial technologies that have such a bad name right now will make us all much better off in the long run. In particular, he's working on ways ordinary folk can get out from under the now standard but truly bizarre investment custom in which most of us sink most of our net worth into a single piece of real estate. What kind of sensible diversification is that? What Shiller proposes is the market-led 'democratization of finance.' Coming from anyone else you'd think it was a scam. But read his book and you'll end up feeling strangely optimistic, despite the enveloping gloom."---William Watson, Montreal Gazette
"The Subprime Solution is an easy read at less than 200 pages. People seeking to understand the cause of the housing bubble, and those wanting to consider short- and long-term solutions would be well-served reading it."---Bill Freehling, Fredricksburg Free Lance-Star
"In The Subprime Solution, which he wrote just as the system was beginning to implode, he says that what is needed now is the next stage of financial innovation, not constriction. . . .He also sees government intervention as vital to channel animal spirits and innovation. . . .In essence, Shiller is laying the intellectual groundwork for the next financial revolution."---Zachary Karabell, Newsweek
"The book is not so much an analysis of the subprime crisis as an essay that ruminates on the genesis and evolution of financial bubbles in general and housing bubbles in particular. Shiller believes correctly that economists, in their emphasis on rational decision-making, have confused desired outcomes with actual outcomes--and have paid far too little attention to the reality of swings in social sentiments that can move market prices far from sustainable levels."---Richard N. Cooper, Foreign Affairs
"This is an important book from a distinguished academic. . . . The book offers a coherent alternative to policy makers. They should consider its recommendations very seriously."---Shamik Dhar, The Business Economist
"This is an exciting book that is to be read under the current market condition. It provides us some hope of correcting the existing problems, so as to have a brighter future."---Ye Xu, Journal of Property Investment & Finance
"Policymakers, and students of financial history, money and macroeconomics, will find much of value in Shiller's assessment of the subprime debacle."---Oscar T. Brookins, Eastern Economic Journal
Review
"It is short, punchy and political. Shiller is a top-flight academic economist who has often warned of the tendency of markets towards irrational exuberance."
"Shiller's reputation in economics, his majestic prose style, his statistical proofs and his vast coterie of admirers suggest that at least some of his recommendations will become part of U.S. mortgage regulation."
Review
"The subprime crisis has visited ruin on thousands of Americans, and it threatens the health of the global economy. In this timely and fascinating book, Robert Shiller, an expert on irrational behavior in financial markets, conducts a postmortem. How could so many smart people have been so wrong? Shiller concludes that unchecked financial innovation works poorly in asset markets, and he describes the institutions needed to prevent future bubbles."―Gregory Clark, author of A Farewell to Alms
"Reading this exciting book is like watching a skilled surgeon at work. The diagnosis of the subprime mortgage mess is biting in its intensity―the best I have seen―and encompasses the human tragedy as well as the economic and financial crisis. The recommended therapy develops logically from Shiller's analysis and is unique in concept as well as powerful in application. The crystal-clear writing style makes his manifesto a pleasure to read."―Peter L. Bernstein, author of Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street and Capital Ideas Evolving
"Robert Shiller is a visionary."―Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable
"Rigorous, innovative, and accessible, The Subprime Solution is a wonderful book that will appeal to a wide audience. Robert Shiller is uniquely qualified to analyze the recent unprecedented problems in the mortgage and housing markets, and the way they have spilled over into the wider credit markets. He has again proven his ability to communicate complex ideas and evidence about financial markets."―Diane Coyle, author of The Soulful Science
Review
"The Subprime Solution, his postmortem on irrational exuberance in the real estate market,is superb, even for general-interest readers otherwise confused by the whole mess."
Book Description
From the Inside Flap
"Robert Shiller is two for two in predicting and identifying bubbles that will burst. This book is a must read for anyone predicting future bubbles or charting the course of recovery from our current difficulties."--Lawrence H. Summers, Harvard University
"The subprime crisis has visited ruin on thousands of Americans, and it threatens the health of the global economy. In this timely and fascinating book, Robert Shiller, an expert on irrational behavior in financial markets, conducts a postmortem. How could so many smart people have been so wrong? Shiller concludes that unchecked financial innovation works poorly in asset markets, and he describes the institutions needed to prevent future bubbles."--Gregory Clark, author ofA Farewell to Alms
"Reading this exciting book is like watching a skilled surgeon at work. The diagnosis of the subprime mortgage mess is biting in its intensity--the best I have seen--and encompasses the human tragedy as well as the economic and financial crisis. The recommended therapy develops logically from Shiller's analysis and is unique in concept as well as powerful in application. The crystal-clear writing style makes his manifesto a pleasure to read."--Peter L. Bernstein, author ofCapital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street and Capital Ideas Evolving
"Robert Shiller is a visionary."--Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable
"Rigorous, innovative, and accessible, The Subprime Solution is a wonderful book that will appeal to a wide audience. Robert Shiller is uniquely qualified to analyze the recent unprecedented problems in the mortgage and housing markets, and the way they have spilled over into the wider credit markets. He has again proven his ability to communicate complex ideas and evidence about financial markets."--Diane Coyle, author ofThe Soulful Science
From the Back Cover
"Robert Shiller is two for two in predicting and identifying bubbles that will burst. This book is a must read for anyone predicting future bubbles or charting the course of recovery from our current difficulties."--Lawrence H. Summers, Harvard University
"The subprime crisis has visited ruin on thousands of Americans, and it threatens the health of the global economy. In this timely and fascinating book, Robert Shiller, an expert on irrational behavior in financial markets, conducts a postmortem. How could so many smart people have been so wrong? Shiller concludes that unchecked financial innovation works poorly in asset markets, and he describes the institutions needed to prevent future bubbles."--Gregory Clark, author of A Farewell to Alms
"Reading this exciting book is like watching a skilled surgeon at work. The diagnosis of the subprime mortgage mess is biting in its intensity--the best I have seen--and encompasses the human tragedy as well as the economic and financial crisis. The recommended therapy develops logically from Shiller's analysis and is unique in concept as well as powerful in application. The crystal-clear writing style makes his manifesto a pleasure to read."--Peter L. Bernstein, author of Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street and Capital Ideas Evolving
"Robert Shiller is a visionary."--Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable
"Rigorous, innovative, and accessible, The Subprime Solution is a wonderful book that will appeal to a wide audience. Robert Shiller is uniquely qualified to analyze the recent unprecedented problems in the mortgage and housing markets, and the way they have spilled over into the wider credit markets. He has again proven his ability to communicate complex ideas and evidence about financial markets."--Diane Coyle, author of The Soulful Science
About the Author
- Print length208 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPrinceton University Press
- Publication dateAugust 24, 2008
- Dimensions5.75 x 1 x 8.75 inches
- ISBN-100691139296
- ISBN-13978-0691139296
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Product details
- Publisher : Princeton University Press; First Edition (August 24, 2008)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 208 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0691139296
- ISBN-13 : 978-0691139296
- Item Weight : 13 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.75 x 1 x 8.75 inches
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William Forbes (Loughborough Business School, England)
His partial bio reads like this (From Yale University): "Robert J. Shiller is the Arthur M. Okun Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, and Professor of Finance and Fellow at the International Center for Finance, Yale School of Management. He received his B.A. from the University of Michigan in 1967 and his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1972. He has written on financial markets, financial innovation, behavioral economics, macroeconomics, real estate, statistical methods, and on public attitudes, opinions, and moral judgments regarding markets"
Shiller, Robert J. The Subprime Solution - How Today's Global Financial Crisis Happened and What to Do About It, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey Copyright © 2008 by Robert J. Shiller
I finally got around to reading Subprime Solutions - How Today's Financial Crisis Happened and What to do about it. (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey USA Copyright (c) 2008 by Robert J. Shiller
Admittedly, Shiller's other recent books entitled Irrational Exuberance (2005) and Animal Spirits (with George Akerlof - 2009) are terribly tough acts to be compared against. My review of Animal Spirits is here. I am devouring Irrational Exuberance at the moment.
I enjoyed this book yet, found many of the proposed solutions (continual workout mortgage, equity insurance for homeowners etc.) lacking in their application to the new dimensions of the U.S. homeowner crisis that now exist, in 2010.
Yet, Shiller always has insights that I find appetizing. I always learn from his work. Clearly he remains both a central and highly regarded advocate for the "unfinished business" that U.S. policy makers must embrace to thwart the ongoing loss of home ownership by the American middle-class and establish safeguards to this will not happen again.
Here are some excerpts from Subprime solutions that I really appreciated. I'll let Shiller's words speak for themselves:
"More importantly, this crisis has set in motion fundamental societal changes-changes that affect our consumer habits, our values, our relatedness to each other. From now on we will all be conducting our lives and doing business with each other a little bit differently." P.1.
"Allowing these destructive changes to proceed un impeded could cause damage not only to the economy but to the social fabric - the trust and optimism people feel for each other and for their shared institutions and ways of life - for decades to come." P.2
"Today the typical household has as its principal investment its home. A home represents a highly leveraged exposure to a single, stationary plot of real estate-about the riskiest asset one can imagine. The standard mortgage provides no protection against difficulties in repaying the lender due to changes in the marketplace. But mortgages can and should be designed to compensate for these changes by including provisions to ensure homeowners against their major risk." P. 22.
"strengthen the social fabric, and create the conditions for greater economic stability and growth." P. 22
"Real home prices for the United States as a whole increased 85% between 1997 and the peak in 2006." p 32
"The most important single element to be reckoned with in understanding this or any other speculative boom is the social contagion of boom thinking, mediated by the common observation of rapidly rising prices. This social contagion lends increasing credibility to stories - I call them "new era" stories-that appear to justify the belief that the boom will continue." P. 41.
"He (Greenspan) does not seem to respect research approaches from the fields of psychology or sociology." P.43
"What seems to be absent from the thinking of many economists and economic commentators is an understanding that contagion of ideas is consistently a factor in human affairs." P.43
"The losers are disproportionately those people who have prudently been staying out of the housing market bubble." Pp.92-93.
Religion and response to the Depression - "Even religious thinking returned to more traditional forms. The public amusement at religious foibles so evident at the time of the 1925 Scopes trial, when the Bible was put on trial versus the theory of evolution, was fading, and being replaced by a desire to find in religion some comforting interpretation of life." pp. 96-97
"We must always be concerned about public perceptions of fairness and evenhanded treatment, about public confidence that our economic system is moving forward to provide opportunities for all. That confidence is being seriously eroded in today's subprime crisis." P.100.
"The loss of trust and belief in the economic system can have consequences not only for the economy itself, but for the social fabric as a whole, leading us all to suffer needlessly. P. 101
"The balance sheet problems into which people fall if their homes lose value are purely financial losses. But they can be converted into substantial real losses to the economy if they are allowed to destroy public confidence." P.105 -
"There is an inherent unfairness in our economy, evidenced by its sharp income inequalities." P.106
"We have to be willing to spend money on securing economic justice. That means allocating resources to determining-to the extent that this is possible-who among mortgage borrowers were misled and mistreated, and then focusing the bailouts on them." P. 112
"In a similar vein, the human sciences- psychology, sociology, anthropology, and neurobiology-are increasing our understanding of the mind by leaps and bounds, and this knowledge is now being applied to finance and economics. We have a much better grasp of how and why people make economic errors, and of how we can restructure institutions to help avoid these errors. Pp. 118-119
"Denying the importance of psychology and other social sciences for financial theory would be analogous to physicists denying the importance of friction in the application of Newtonian mechanics." P. 119
"A new kind of home mortgage that I call a continuous-workout mortgage would have terms that are adjusted continuously (in practice probably monthly) in response to evidence about changing ability to pay and changing conditions in the housing market." P. 157
"Decreases in home values can reduce or even eliminate a homeowner's equity, making it difficult or impossible for the owner to refinance with a new mortgage. The homeowner may conclude that it is impossible to move to another home, even if such a move would allow her to take advantage of a lucrative job offer. The mortgage .I' may eventually end in default, especially since the homeowner may decide that it is just not worth struggling to make further payments on a mortgage when she can just walk away from the whole mess." P. 161
"Louis Uchitelle, in his 2007 book The Disposable American: Layoffs and Their Consequences, discovered that those on whom this misfortune falls are truly suffering -but suffering mostly in silence, out of a sense of shame and of being at fault." P. 164
"Risk-avoidance behavior also has an impact on the behavior of city, regional, and even national governments. Fearing the uncertainties associated with new economic development initiatives, these governments typically choose to play it safe and model themselves along conventional lines. They slavishly imitate other successful entities when they ought to be cultivating their locales as vital centers for specific emerging technologies or industries." P. 168 -
"The key to long - term economic success is rightly placed confidence in markets. In contrast, bubbles are the result of misplaced confidence." P. 171.
A great read written to be consumed by a broad audience. I recommend it.
were irrationally using heuristics and rules of thumb,instead of the mathematical addition and multiplication laws of the probability calculus, that a rational decision maker would use,rather than recognizing that the experimental subjects realized that their information base was incomplete so that w and rho were less than 1.In cases of uncertainty /ambiguity ,where w or rho are less than 1,it is irrational to attempt to use the mathematical laws of the probability calculus ,which only work if w or rho are equal to 1.This was exactly the same point made in 1931 by Keynes in his review of Ramsey's subjective theory of probability in the journal the New Statesman in 1931 .SEU theory can only deal with situations of risk(w=1,rho=1).It is not able to deal with situations of uncertainty /ambiguity/vagueness.
Shiller constantly refers to the need to better manage risk through the mathematical risk models used in " modern " finance theory .These risk models[VAR(Value at Risk),CAPM(Capital Asset Pricing Model),and the Black-Scholes Equation] all result in the use of some sort of normal probability distribution(joint normal,cumulative normal,bivariate normal,multivariate normal,log normal)using the mean and standard deviation(Variance-Covariance Matrix) to measure risk.Benoit Mandelbrot has demonstrated continuously for 50 years that none of the financial time series data supports the use of any type of normal distribution.The data supports the use of the Cauchy,Frechet,or power law distributions like the Pareto.Mandelbrot has correctly demonstrated that decision makers face the wild risk of the Cauchy and not the mild risk of the Normal.All 6 of the solutions proposed by Shiller on p.122, and discussed in depth on pp.123-169 of this book, can't deal with Keynesian uncertainty or Ellsbergian ambiguity or Mandelbrotian wild risk.The only way to deal with the uncertainty and lack of confidence ,created by the speculative and securitization behavior of the large Wall Street investment banks and the commercial banking system ,is a preventitive one-prevent the speculators from getting their hands on the bank loans that they need to leverage their debt position in the first place.This is the solution arrived at by both Keynes and Smith(See Smith,WN,1776,pp.260-340, especially pp. 339-340;Keynes,GT,1936,pp.321-327,338-353,and pp,374-377).It involves fixing the rate of interest at a low level permanently in the long run and applying a policy of credit restriction.There is only one reference to uncertainty in this book.Shiller puts uncertainty in italics on p.103:"Right after the 1929 crash,the forecasters,although they did not predict the depression that was to follow,expressed unusual uncertainty(uncertainty is in italics for emphasis)about the economic outlook.Romer believes that it was this uncertainty that led to the sharp contraction in consumer spending that ultimately caused the Depression ".(Shiller,p.103,2008).Unfortunately,none of his solutions,based on the standard neoclassical SEU risk models,that are taught universally in all economics and finance classes in universities and colleges throughout the world,including where Shiller teaches,can deal with the collapse in investor and consumer confidence because confidence is a function of Keynes's w,which is assumed to always equal 1 in the SEU theory.Keynes gave the correct solution on p.158 of the General Theory- " A collapse in the price of equities,which has had disasterous reactions on the marginal efficiency of capital may have been due to the weakening either of speculative confidence or of the state of credit.But wheras the weakening of either is enough to cause a collapse,recovery requires the revival of both(Keynes placed " both " in italics for emphasis).For whilst the weakening of credit is sufficient to bring about collapse,its strenthening,though a necessary condition of recovery,is not a sufficient condition."(Keynes,p.158,1936).None of Bernanke's current policies or of Shiller's 6 recommendations on risk management will have any impact on confidence whatsoever.
Shiller's position,in this book and the others he has written in the past,is that the problem is one of irrational exuberance combined with information cascades. "An information cascade occurs when those in a group disregard their own independently,individually collected information because they feel that everyone else simply couldn't be wrong ".(Shiller,p.47).Keynes had already shown that the reason this occurs is that each individual regards his w to be very low.This means that you are now dealing with uncertainty and not risk.Risk management techniques,no matter how mathematically advanced,will not be able to deal with this problem.
Shiller has correctly identified the problems of financial speculation and securitization.Unfortunately,his new risk management techniques would have no more of a chance of dealing with the wild risk of the Cauchy Distribution than an ice cube would have of not melting in the Sahara Desert.An ounce of Keynesian/Smithian prevention is worth more than a pound of risk management techniques build on the standard deviation of a normal probability distribution." Excessive Volatility" automatically means that you have to deal with uncertainty as opposed to risk.
The book should be purchased if you do not already have one of Shiller's other books in your library.Otherwise,it is more of the same.
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The answer is yes, but with provisos. The book is very much of its time, but some of it is still very relevant.
The first four chapters deal with the origin, characteristics and implications of the subprime crisis. Whilst these are remarkably insightful, particularly considering the book was published before Lehman collapsed, you cannot but feel that they would have been rather different if they had been written a few months later.
The fifth chapter proposes short term responses to deal with the crisis. Again, this is interesting but rather academic, since by this stage we all know what has been done and not been done.
The sixth chapter covers proposed long-term responses. The first few suggestions are sensible but a bit dry ("comprehensive financial advice", "a new financial watchdog"). It's not until page page 140 (of 178) that things get really interesting. Here, Shiller sets out his idea for a new unit of financial measurement - the inflation-linked "basket" - and also suggestions on new financial markets and new financial products that would offer powerful potential for governments, businesses and individuals to manage their affairs to reduce risk. This stuff really is visionary, and you're left frustrated that there's not more on it.
If I had read this in August 2008, I would probably have given it five stars; 15 months later, it's a strong three stars.



