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The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria," the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology) Paperback – June 15, 2001
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Winner of the Herbert Feis Prize from the American Historical Association Winner of the AFGAGMAS Biennial Book AwardWinner of the Science Award from the American Foundation for Gender and Genital Medicine
From the time of Hippocrates until the 1920s, massaging female patients to orgasm was a staple of medical practice among Western physicians in the treatment of "hysteria," an ailment once considered both common and chronic in women. Doctors loathed this time-consuming procedure and for centuries relied on midwives. Later, they substituted the efficiency of mechanical devices, including the electric vibrator, invented in the 1880s. In The Technology of Orgasm, Rachel Maines offers readers a stimulating, surprising, and often humorous account of hysteria and its treatment throughout the ages, focusing on the development, use, and fall into disrepute of the vibrator as a legitimate medical device.
- Print length208 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherJohns Hopkins University Press
- Publication dateJune 15, 2001
- Reading age18 years and up
- Dimensions5.5 x 0.47 x 8.5 inches
- ISBN-100801866464
- ISBN-13978-0801866463
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Editorial Reviews
Review
―Sarah Boxer, New York Times Book Review
Full of wonderful descriptions of the 'job nobody wanted,' including photographs of early vibrators and vaginal electrodes.
―Jeanette Winterson, Times (London)
Feminist scholarship exactly as it should be: a work that not only illuminates an astonishing bit of herstory, but does so with a neat balance of anger, wit and humor . . . A wonderful book.
―Carol Lynn Mithers, L.A. Weekly
Exhaustively researched . . . decidedly offbeat.
―Natalie Angier, New York Times
Here's a provocative history with a chip on its shoulder and a buzz under its skirt . . . Exhumes startling facts from the underground sexual history of the early twentieth century.
―Will Blythe, Mirabella
Maines has produced an exhaustive and deliciously savage history of the vibrator-as-sex-aid . . . This fascinating and exquisitely referenced true story reads like twisted science fiction.
―Library Journal
A titillating and often hilarious account of the rise and fall (as it were) of the vibrator as a medical tool for the treatment of hysteria . . . A book that can delight as well as enlighten.
―Journal of the American Medical Association
Rachel Maines offers readers a stimulating, surprising, and often humorous account of hysteria and its treatment throughout the ages.
―Birdbooker Report
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Johns Hopkins University Press; Revised ed. edition (June 15, 2001)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 208 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0801866464
- ISBN-13 : 978-0801866463
- Reading age : 18 years and up
- Item Weight : 8.8 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.5 x 0.47 x 8.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,174,605 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the authors

Rachel Maines is a Visiting Scientist in the Cornell University School of Electrical and Computer Science. She holds a doctoral degree in Applied History from Carnegie-Mellon University (1983) and a baccalaureate in Classics (summa cum laude, 1971) from the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Maines is an historian of technology with interests in technology and the body, including sexuality, injury epidemiology, engineering safety codes, and hobby technologies.

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The author focuses on the quantity of orgasms, as if that were the only important thing, ignoring that individual orgasms may vary greatly in intensity, duration and a difficult to define quality we might call "sweetness." She also criticizes what she calls the "androcentric" idea that a healthy woman should experience orgasm during genital intercourse with a man. Some surveys indicate that most women don't; but many do experience orgasm through masturbation of the clitoris. Hence, intercourse is simply the wrong way for a woman to achieve an orgasm.
The author acknowledges the peculiarity of her conclusion in evolutionary terms, but doesn't consider a possible alternative explanation. She doesn't mention that little girls today aren't usually provided with adequate sex education, and in many cases are mentally castrated. It's well known that if any organ isn't stimulated during early development, atrophy of the relative part of the brain and dysfunction of the organ are the result. Isn't it possible that lack of stimulation of the sexual organs during early development leads to reduced sensitivity and hence a need for direct stimulation of the clitoris to achieve orgasm?
Surveys that rely on self-report aren't necessarily reliable, but some women report that they do experience orgasm during genital intercourse (without direct stimulation of the clitoris), so I think what is needed is research to see if such women had an uninhibited childhood, while vibrator-dependent women were mentally castrated in youth by their well-meaning parents and other misguided teachers.
We have no idea how common this therapy was in the 17th century, but a more interesting question is, did it persist as orthodox treatment into the modern era? According to Rachel Maines it did: “Massage to orgasm of female patients was a staple of medical practice among some (but certainly not all) Western physicians …until the 1920s, and mechanizing this task significantly increased the number of patients a doctor could treat in a working day” (p. 3). In Maines’s telling, the invention of an electrical vibrator by British physician Joseph Mortimer Granville, patented in the 1880s, was a labor saving device allowing doctors to bring their female patients to orgasm quicker and easier than by hand. It is a good story, perhaps the basis for the 2011 feature film Hysteria.
But is it true? Granville himself opposed using his device for treating women (p. 15). Maines presents nothing from orthodox medical sources of the past two hundred years that is comparable to Pieter van Foreest’s explicit advice. In the 19th century there was abundant use of massage, hydrotherapy, mechanical vibration and electrotherapy on many parts of the bodies of both sexes. The base of the spine was an especially favored target for massage, electrical stimulation, and vibration. But there is scant evidence that respectable British or American physicians of that time commonly stimulated their female patients to orgasm, whether manually or mechanically.
Maines is a trained historian and writes well with abundant footnotes. But the footnoted sources, often century-old gynecological tracts, do not sustain the most audacious claims of her narrative. For example, in her introductory pages she writes, "In effect, doctors inherited the task of producing orgasm in women because it was a job nobody else wanted…There is no evidence that male physicians enjoyed providing pelvic massage treatments. On the contrary, this male elite sought every opportunity to substitute other devices for their fingers, such as the attention of a husband, the hands of a midwife, or the business end of some tireless and impersonal mechanism. [Here there is a footnote to several 17th century texts on midwifery.] The last, the capital-labor substitution option, reduced the time it took physicians to produce results from up to an hour to about ten minutes. [Here there is a footnote listing six medical references from 1892 to 1917, not one of which discusses on the cited pages anything about vulvar massage or stimulation to orgasm.] Like many husbands, doctors were reluctant to inconvenience themselves in performing what was, after all, a routine chore..." (pp. 3-4).
Many of the late 19th and early 20th century texts that Maines footnotes are available online. Readers may easily check cited pages in pertinent sources, as I did, to see for themselves if there is convincing evidence for physician induced orgasms.
If you ask me, and I am glad that you did, I often find that if one works to ensure that the woman is satisfied, most women are more than willing to reciprocate. Basically, try to have the orgasm count in her favor.





