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Trillions: How a Band of Wall Street Renegades Invented the Index Fund and Changed Finance Forever Hardcover – October 12, 2021
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Fifty years ago, the Manhattan Project of money management was quietly assembled in the financial industry's backwaters, unified by the heretical idea that even many of the world's finest investors couldn't beat the market in the long run.
The motley crew of nerds—including economist wunderkind Gene Fama, humiliated industry executive Jack Bogle, bull-headed and computer-obsessive John McQuown, and avuncular former WWII submariner Nate Most—succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. Passive investing now accounts for more than $20 trillion, equal to the entire gross domestic product of the US, and is today a force reshaping markets, finance and even capitalism itself in myriad subtle but pivotal ways.
Yet even some fans of index funds and ETFs are growing perturbed that their swelling heft is destabilizing markets, wrecking the investment industry and leading to an unwelcome concentration of power in fewer and fewer hands.
In Trillions, Financial Times journalist Robin Wigglesworth unveils the vivid secret history of an invention Wall Street wishes was never created, bringing to life the characters behind its birth, growth, and evolution into a world-conquering phenomenon. This engrossing narrative is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand modern finance—and one of the most pressing financial uncertainties of our time.
- Print length352 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPortfolio
- Publication dateOctober 12, 2021
- Dimensions6.18 x 1.15 x 9.31 inches
- ISBN-100593087682
- ISBN-13978-0593087688
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“A magisterial, delightfully written history offering up portraits of the academic scribblers and entrepreneurial practitioners who created the index-fund revolution. It also contains common-sense wisdom that will benefit all investors... With consummate skill, he brings to life the eggheads and the “iconoclastic” investors who guided indexing through its difficult birth pangs and oversaw its exponential development...A rip-roaring yarn.”
—The Wall Street Journal
“With well-researched accumulation of one story after another, Wigglesworth brings to life how all aspects of investing have been transformed by indexation....But Wigglesworth manages to bring life to even well raked-over events, such as the boardroom bust-up that led to the birth of Vanguard or BlackRock’s “deal of the decade” acquisition...[a] first-rate book.”
—The Financial Times
“A thoroughly reported and engaging account, featuring characters including the indomitable John "Jack" Bogle, founder of the Vanguard fund powerhouse, Larry Fink, architect of the even-larger BlackRock, and Louis Bachelier, a French mathematician whose 1900 PhD thesis made an early contribution to the academic underpinnings of passive investing...an enjoyable read.”
—Reuters
"Entertaining and educational. Wigglesworth explores one of the most important modern-day financial innovations, bringing what could be a dull topic to full life."
—Gregory Zuckerman, special writer at the Wall Street Journal and author of The Greatest Trade Ever and The Man Who Solved the Market
"As only the incomparable Robin Wigglesworth could do, this book turns the often obscured history of the investment industry into a rollicking great yarn."
—William Cohan, special correspondent at Vanity Fair and author of The Last Tycoons, House of Cards, Money and Power, and Four Friends
"Wigglesworth has turned this arcane tale into an easy-to-understand and fun read, full of lively characters and little known details of how finance works today. Anyone who wants to understand modern investing should read this book."
—Gillian Tett, chair of the editorial board and US editor-at-large at the Financial Times and author of Fool's Gold and The Silo Effect
"Very few writers can tell a great story and help us understand a big idea. Wigglesworth is one of those rare journalists who can."
—Rana Foroohar, global business columnist at the Financial Times and author of Makers and Takers and Don't Be Evil
“A tour de force."
—Mohamed El Erian, Chief Economic Adviser of Allianz and author of When Markets Collide and The Only Game in Town
"In Wigglesworth’s hands, the greatest change in investing in the last 100 years is brought to life like never before. A page turner!"
—Fred Grauer, former CEO of Wells Fargo Investment Advisors/Barclays Global Investors
"Wigglesworth is one of the most lucid and exciting journalists writing about finance today. This book tackles the enormous changes that have swept the investing world through the stories of its charismatic innovators."
—Bradley Hope, writer at Project Brazen and author of Billion Dollar Whale
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Portfolio (October 12, 2021)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 352 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0593087682
- ISBN-13 : 978-0593087688
- Item Weight : 1.23 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.18 x 1.15 x 9.31 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #75,354 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #16 in Financial Risk Management (Books)
- #21 in Mutual Funds Investing (Books)
- #5,321 in Reference (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Robin Wigglesworth is the Financial Times’ global finance correspondent, and author of Trillions, the book on the past, present and future of passive investing. He currently lives in Oslo, Norway, but covers macroeconomics, finance, investing and markets internationally for the FT.
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You’ve undoubtedly run across bits and pieces of this story but you’re unlikely to realize how essential it is to your current and future financial health.
I generally avoid books like this. Instead reading about science and medicine for work, histories to learn how survivors treat allies and taunt enemies, novels to see how precisely words can be chosen to dissect the intricacies of how we treat one another.
This book tells the story of a fundamental change in how we as individuals can profitably invest our earnings throughout our lives. Others will gladly do it for us, at far higher fees and likely lower returns. In their casino, the house always wins.
The story is about how tenacity seizes serendipity in the lives of those who competed against and/or stood upon the shoulders of fellow contrarians. Those who together built index investing, and wrestled the world of investing from hunches parlayed by insiders into evidence-based probabilities widely available at a fraction of the expense.
The career stories of the colorful leading characters are tales told by good novels, only here true. Most of them meant to be doing something else, several were knocked flat after early success only to refuse to fail, all of them overcame the siren song to make investment money the old-fashioned way, few recognized when the time had come to retire gracefully. Knock heads they do, take big chances, learn the hard way. The same might be said and read about those intrepid scientists who successfully struggled to find a polio vaccine. Here though, the winners birth a bloodless investment revolution from which we all can now view from a higher plain the potential rewards of investing your life’s savings.
The author is a financial historian rather than a banking, economics or investment insider. Readers come away with an appreciation for how and why it happened, what’s been gained, and what are the risks if it becomes too successful. It reads like a novel rather than written in financial chalk-speak. Fans of well-told histories and biographies will find themselves in familiar hands.
On the factual authenticity scale, Trillions received a remarkably favorable review from Burton Malkiel whose credentials and insider knowledge rate him a superb judge of the validity of the telling here of this essential tale. Malkiel is also the author of one of a trio of other potential neighbors on a small shelf reserved for investing classics. These would be A Random Walk Down Wall Street by Burton Malkiel, The Remarkable Story of Risk by Peter Bernstein and Irrational Exuberance by Robert Shiller.
Thomas W. Moloney
In Trillions, Financial Times journalist Robin Wigglesworth unveils the little-known story behind index funds; from their origins on Wall Street to how they became one of the most important financial tools of our time.
This tells the story of how a group of renegade financiers on Wall Street invented the index fund and forever changed the way finance works.
The index fund allows everyday investors to invest in a basket that simply represents the overall market, regardless of what stocks are in that basket.
This innovation changed finance because it made it possible for average investors to invest in the stock market without needing an expensive financial advisor or extensive resources.
The story is told through profiles of several people who helped to create index funds, which became an important part of the financial landscape.
Trillions is worth picking up if you like a good read about financial matters – whether you are a novice (like me) or an expert.
Top reviews from other countries
何となく理解していたこの資産運用業界だが、こうなっているのか。
activeとpassiveの違い、そしてactiveのperformanceの首尾一貫した相対的な低さ、そしてその一因でもあるactiveのコストの高さ、passiveの成長の背後にある経済理論の実務への浸透はある程度は理解していたが、この業界の過去の変貌とpassiveの現在の規模、そして市場の寡占状態など、けっこう認識をあらたにした。
その中でもプレーヤーの栄枯盛衰の部分はなかなか読ませてくれる。blacksheepとしての60年代のwells fargoの信託部門とその先駆性、そしてそのwells fargo inveestment adivisors (WFIA)の80年代から90年代にかけての成長とbarclays global investors (BGI)との合併(その前の段階では日興証券が一時期出資していたのだが)、そして最終的にはBGIのblackrockによる買収だ。紆余曲折はあったものの、この業界はつまるところフランチャイズビジネスであり、規模の拡大こそが資産運用、特にpassiveの肝なのだ。
この流れの結果、現れたのがこの業界の寡占化であり、資産運用のpassive化だ。たしかに資産運用に伴うコストは大きく下がり、それは機関投資家だけでなく、リテールの投資家にまで還元された。もはやリテールの投資家は圧倒的にpassiveに舵をきっている。ところが、このpassive化は、市場全体そして資本主義のdynamicsそして企業のcorporate governanceにも大きく影響を与えているというのだ。
たしかにpassiveはその本質から言って、基本的には個々の企業業績にはあまり関心を持つ必要がない。前もって定められたそれぞれのindexの構成にしたがって、新規の資金流入を割当て行くだけ。結果としてindex算定上大きな構成を占める銘柄への投資が増えていく。いまや、三大資産運用会社、blackrock, statestreet, vanguardの持株分を合計すると、アメリカ株式会社の、最大のminority投資家なのだ。この投資家は、index投資の特性上、資金が流出しない限り、株主であり続けるのだ。となると、どうやってcorporate governanceをきかすことができるのか。
逆に会社の方から見ると、このindexの構成要素に選ばれることこそが大事なのだ。そしてこのindexは特定の業者が決められた数式の下で、決められていく。そう、意図しないうちに、このindexを決めるプレーヤーが現代では資本の配分を決める新しい主人(new master of capital)なってしまったのだ。皮肉な構図だ。
ところで本書に登場するnate most、もとはGetz brothersに勤めていたのようのだ。いやいや懐かしい名前だ。
Good to read once.
This book rocketed to the list of my TOP 4 books (that have influenced and shaped me. Not a small feat!)
Read it NEVER to get influenced by "Investment analysts/ stock pickers",, etc. who have very SLIM chances of beating the Indices and still wanna rob you of your money.
While the book IS about Index funds and most things Finance, it goes WAY beyond investing philosophies and teaches life lessons in starting up entrepreneurship and just getting things done. How to FIGHT REJECTION. Also, how sometimes, things become FAR bigger (and dangerous) than imagined!
My fav quotes / parts:
"Wallace then proceeded to deliver what would become one of the most celebrated commencement speeches ever given.
Two young fish swim along in the sea. They meet an older fish who casually greets them: "Morning, boys. How's the water?" The two young fish then swim on for a bit before one eventually turns to the other and asks, "What the hell is water?" Wallace's point was that the "most obvious, important realities are often the ones that are hardest to see and talk about."
"Do you care who runs Toyota? I just want to know that the car works," observes Wiedman. "Indexing isn't personalized. It's a franchise business."
"The Greek poet Archilochus once observed that the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one important thing. Bogle was the quintessential hedgehog."
- The 1 million Hedge Funds vs Index Fund bet that Warren Buffet made and won.
"The asset management industry was never designed for those things. Instead, it was designed with opaqueness and complexity."
"The net effect of the efforts of thousands upon thousands of investors continually trying to outsmart each other was that the stock market was efficient, and in practice, hard to beat. Therefore, most investors should just sit on their hands and buy the entire market."
BLES—an appropriate ticker for a Bible-inspired ETF—has underperformed the global stock market since its inception. Nonetheless, Inspire has been a success, with its overall stable of biblical ETFs now managing just over $1.3 billion by the end of 2020.
The ANTI Index Fund ad put out by a Rival Bank "Who wants to be operated on by an average surgeon, be advised by an average lawyer, be an average registered representative, or do anything no better or worse than average?" (Basically extorting investors NOT to accept "average returns" as the Index fund promised :))










