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Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet Hardcover – May 29, 2012
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“Andrew Blum plunges into the unseen but real ether of the Internet in a journey both compelling and profound….You will never open an email in quite the same way again.”
—Tom Vanderbilt, New York Times bestselling author of Traffic
When your Internet cable leaves your living room, where does it go? Almost everything about our day-to-day lives—and the broader scheme of human culture—can be found on the Internet. But what is it physically? And where is it really? Our mental map of the network is as blank as the map of the ocean that Columbus carried on his first Atlantic voyage. The Internet, its material nuts and bolts, is an unexplored territory. Until now.
In Tubes, journalist Andrew Blum goes inside the Internet's physical infrastructure and flips on the lights, revealing an utterly fresh look at the online world we think we know. It is a shockingly tactile realm of unmarked compounds, populated by a special caste of engineer who pieces together our networks by hand; where glass fibers pulse with light and creaky telegraph buildings, tortuously rewired, become communication hubs once again. From the room in Los Angeles where the Internet first flickered to life to the caverns beneath Manhattan where new fiber-optic cable is buried; from the coast of Portugal, where a ten-thousand-mile undersea cable just two thumbs wide connects Europe and Africa, to the wilds of the Pacific Northwest, where Google, Microsoft, and Facebook have built monumental data centers—Blum chronicles the dramatic story of the Internet's development, explains how it all works, and takes the first-ever in-depth look inside its hidden monuments.
This is a book about real places on the map: their sounds and smells, their storied pasts, their physical details, and the people who live there. For all the talk of the "placelessness" of our digital age, the Internet is as fixed in real, physical spaces as the railroad or telephone. You can map it and touch it, and you can visit it. Is the Internet in fact "a series of tubes" as Ted Stevens, the late senator from Alaska, once famously described it? How can we know the Internet's possibilities if we don't know its parts?
Like Tracy Kidder's classic The Soul of a New Machine or Tom Vanderbilt's recent bestseller Traffic, Tubes combines on-the-ground reporting and lucid explanation into an engaging, mind-bending narrative to help us understand the physical world that underlies our digital lives.
- Print length294 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherEcco
- Publication dateMay 29, 2012
- Dimensions6 x 1.01 x 9 inches
- ISBN-100061994936
- ISBN-13978-0061994937
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Every web site, every email, every instant message travels through real junctions in a real network of real cables. It’s all too awesome to behold. Andrew Blum’s fascinating book demystifies the earthly geography of this most ethereal terra incognita.” — Joshua Foer, bestselling author of Moonwalking with Einstein
“Quixotic and winning. . . . Valuable, comic. . . . [Blum has] a knack for bundling packets of data into memorable observations. What makes Tubes more than an unusual sort of travel book, is [Blum’s] sense of moral curiosity.” — New York Times
“Tubes is an absorbing tale of this new technology, as well as a wonderful account of the Internet’s growth and the people who made it possible.” — Science News
“Clever, enterprising . . . Tubes uncovers an Internet that resembles nothing so much as a fantastic steam-punk version of itself.” — Boston Globe
“Engaging. . . . Full of memorable images that make the internet’s complex architecture easier to comprehend. . . . Blum leaves readers pondering questions that would not have occurred to them before and better informed about an innovation most of us take for granted.” — The Guardian
“A charming look at the physical infrastructure that underlies the Web.” — Scientific American
“Fascinating and unique. . . . [A] captivating behind-the-scenes tour of how (and where) the Internet works. . . . [Blum] has a gift for breathing life into his subjects.” — Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“A satisfying postmodern quest. . . . The history, in particular, is one of the best and most memorable I have ever read.” — New Scientist
“Blum paints a vivid picture of the Internet, and gives a sense that it is more than just the mysterious interstitial digital space between your computer and mine. It is, increasingly, the backbone that supports our daily life, and Mr. Blum is an able anatomist.” — New York Journal of Books
“Ingeniously beguiling. . . . Blum is a smart, imaginative, evocative writer who embraces the task of making his readers feel the wonder represented by these unprepossessing objects.” — Laura Miller, Salon
“An engaging reminder that, cyber-Utopianism aside, the internet is as much a thing of flesh and steel as any industrial-age lumber mill or factory. It is also an excellent introduction to the nuts and bolts of how exactly it all works.” — The Economist
“A fascinating exploration of the physical nature of the Internet, and how the ‘network of networks’ came to be the way it is.” — Shelf Awareness
“Engaging. . . . Blum is a natural storyteller.” — PopMatters
“Enlightening. . . . A zippy history of a phenomenon that, as a society, captivates us, connects us, and vexes us.” — Guernica
“With infectious wonder, Blum introduces us to the Internet’s geeky wizards and takes us on an amiably guided tour of the world they’ve created, a world of wires and routers through which most of us daily wander . . . but which few of us have ever really seen.” — Donovan Hohn, author of Moby-Duck
“Compelling and profound. . . . For the first time, Tubes brings the ‘network of networks’ into stirring, and surprising, relief. You will never open an email in quite the same way again.” — Tom Vanderbilt, bestselling author of Traffic
“A compelling story of an altogether new realm where the virtual world meets the physical.” — Paul Goldberger, author of Why Architecture Matters
“At once funny, prosaic, sinister and wise . . . A beautifully written account of the true human cost of all our remote connectivity.” — Bella Bathurst, author of The Lighthouse Stevensons
From the Back Cover
When your Internet cable leaves your living room, where does it go? Almost everything about our day-to-day lives—and the broader scheme of human culture—can be found on the Internet. But what is it physically? And where is it really? Our mental map of the network is as blank as the map of the ocean that Columbus carried on his first Atlantic voyage. The Internet, its material nuts and bolts, is an unexplored territory. Until now.
In Tubes, journalist Andrew Blum goes inside the Internet's physical infrastructure and flips on the lights, revealing an utterly fresh look at the online world we think we know. It is a shockingly tactile realm of unmarked compounds, populated by a special caste of engineer who pieces together our networks by hand; where glass fibers pulse with light and creaky telegraph buildings, tortuously rewired, become communication hubs once again. From the room in Los Angeles where the Internet first flickered to life to the caverns beneath Manhattan where new fiber-optic cable is buried; from the coast of Portugal, where a ten-thousand-mile undersea cable just two thumbs wide connects Europe and Africa, to the wilds of the Pacific Northwest, where Google, Microsoft, and Facebook have built monumental data centers—Blum chronicles the dramatic story of the Internet's development, explains how it all works, and takes the first-ever in-depth look inside its hidden monuments.
This is a book about real places on the map: their sounds and smells, their storied pasts, their physical details, and the people who live there. For all the talk of the "placelessness" of our digital age, the Internet is as fixed in real, physical spaces as the railroad or telephone. You can map it and touch it, and you can visit it. Is the Internet in fact "a series of tubes" as Ted Stevens, the late senator from Alaska, once famously described it? How can we know the Internet's possibilities if we don't know its parts?
Like Tracy Kidder's classic The Soul of a New Machine or Tom Vanderbilt's recent bestseller Traffic, Tubes combines on-the-ground reporting and lucid explanation into an engaging, mind-bending narrative to help us understand the physical world that underlies our digital lives.
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Ecco; 1st edition (May 29, 2012)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 294 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0061994936
- ISBN-13 : 978-0061994937
- Item Weight : 1 pounds
- Dimensions : 6 x 1.01 x 9 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #353,849 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #504 in Internet & Telecommunications
- #848 in Communication & Media Studies
- #1,030 in Internet & Social Media
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Andrew Blum is a journalist and the author of TUBES: A Journey to the Center of the Internet, the first book-length look at the physical infrastructure of the global Internet. TUBES has been translated into nine languages, and has become a crucial reference for journalists, politicians, and entrepreneurs eager to understand how the Internet works. Blum’s writings about architecture, design, technology, infrastructure, art, and travel have appeared in numerous publications, including Wired, Popular Science, Vanity Fair, and the New York Times.
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In this book, the author embarks upon a quest to trace the Internet from that tangle of cables connected to the router behind his couch to the hardware which enables it to communicate with its peers worldwide. The metaphor of the Internet as a cloud—simultaneously everywhere and nowhere—has become commonplace, and yet as the author begins to dig into the details, he discovers the physical Internet is nothing like a cloud: it is remarkably centralised (a large Internet exchange or “peering location” will tend grow ever larger, since networks want to connect to a place where the greatest number of other networks connect), often grungy (when pulling fibre optic cables through century-old conduits beneath the streets of Manhattan, one's mind turns more to rats than clouds), and anything but decoupled from the details of geography (undersea cables must choose a route which minimises risk of breakage due to earthquakes and damage from ship anchors in shallow water, while taking the shortest route and connecting to the backbone at a location which will provide the lowest possible latency).
The author discovers that while much of the Internet's infrastructure is invisible to the layman, it is populated, for the most part, with people and organisations open and willing to show it off to visitors. As an amateur anthropologist, he surmises that to succeed in internetworking, those involved must necessarily be skilled in networking with one another. A visit to a NANOG gathering introduces him to this subculture and the retail politics of peering.
Finally, when non-technical people speak of “the Internet”, it isn't just the interconnectivity they're thinking of but also the data storage and computing resources accessible via the network. These also have a physical realisation in the form of huge data centres, sited based upon the availability of inexpensive electricity and cooling (a large data centre such as those operated by Google and Facebook may consume on the order of 50 megawatts of electricity and dissipate that amount of heat). While networking people tend to be gregarious bridge-builders, data centre managers view themselves as defenders of a fortress and closely guard the details of their operations from outside scrutiny. When Google was negotiating to acquire the site for their data centre in The Dalles, Oregon, they operated through an opaque front company called “Design LLC”, and required all parties to sign nondisclosure agreements. To this day, if you visit the facility, there's nothing to indicate it belongs to Google; on the second ring of perimeter fencing, there's a sign, in Gothic script, that says “voldemort industries”—don't be evil! (p. 242) (On p. 248 it is claimed that the data centre site is deliberately obscured in Google Maps. Maybe it once was, but as of this writing it is not. From above, apart from the impressive power substation, it looks no more exciting than a supermarket chain's warehouse hub.) The author finally arranges to cross the perimeter, get his retina scanned, and be taken on a walking tour around the buildings from the outside. To cap the visit, he is allowed inside to visit—the lunchroom. The food was excellent. He later visits Facebook's under-construction data centre in the area and encounters an entirely different culture, so perhaps not all data centres are Morlock territory.
The author comes across as a quintessential liberal arts major (which he was) who is alternately amused by the curious people he encounters who understand and work with actual things as opposed to words, and enthralled by the wonder of it all: transcending space and time, everywhere and nowhere, “free” services supported by tens of billions of dollars of power-gobbling, heat-belching infrastructure—oh, wow! He is also a New York collectivist whose knee-jerk reaction is “public, good; private, bad” (notwithstanding that the build-out of the Internet has been almost exclusively a private sector endeavour). He waxes poetic about the city-sponsored (paid for by grants funded by federal and state taxpayers plus loans) fibre network that The Dalles installed which, he claims, lured Google to site its data centre there. The slightest acquaintance with economics or, for that matter, arithmetic, demonstrates the absurdity of this. If you're looking for a site for a multi-billion dollar data centre, what matters is the cost of electricity and the climate (which determines cooling expenses). Compared to the price tag for the equipment inside the buildings, the cost of running a few (or a few dozen) kilometres of fibre is lost in the round-off. In fact, we know, from p. 235 that the 27 kilometre city fibre run cost US$1.8 million, while Google's investment in the data centre is several billion dollars.
These quibbles aside, this is a fascinating look at the physical substrate of the Internet. Even software people well-acquainted with the intricacies of TCP/IP may have only the fuzziest comprehension of where a packet goes after it leaves their site, and how it gets to the ultimate destination. This book provides a tour, accessible to all readers, of where the Internet comes together, and how counterintuitive its physical realisation is compared to how we think of it logically.
Unlike science fiction stories, Blum's journey to the "Center of the Internet" was both real and successful. He found it. Which is why his book is so good. His discoveries at the very core of the internet provide us the correct context to understand not only what it means to be on the information superhighway, but the correct way to use it. When you finish, the internet will no longer be a mystery. Now, it does take some thought as you are reading. This is not a book that you simply read and the answers manifest before you. And it helps if you have already considered where all these bits and bytes go. For one, there are no pictures. This is a shame because Blum starts by talking to individuals who make maps of internet and because he organizes his research into chunks that could easily be strung together with a couple of simple diagrams. But the information is there to build this diagram in your mind...but you have to think it through while mapping for yourself the things he talks about. It helps to keep Google Earth up and running while you read.
Blum also chooses not to write a highly technical description of the routers, and servers along with the internet protocol that seamlessly work together to provide the illusion of an ethereal cyberspace. Again, he delivers just enough that you will want to type internet protocol (IPv4 or IPv6) into Wikipedia and then swim as deep into the material as you need to go to fully understand how bits and bytes are thrown around in an orderly fashion using the first true genius of the internet. Without the invention of internet protocol there is no internet, so it's a concept worth understanding.
Later in the book he briefly mentions an procedure anyone can do from their computer known as trace-route. He doesn't tell you what to do in the text but it's easy. In Windows Vista go to the START menu and choose Run. Then type CMD into prompt field and return to open an MSDOS Window. Now you're closer to the guts of your computer (and hence the internet) than most of us ever want to be. At the command prompt type in "tracert" followed by a space and your favorite internet website...like Google or Facebook. If you want to go to Europe pick something with an .eu like [...] for instance. Then press return. Bang...the bits and bytes leaving your computer are mapped through the entire physical network to their destination right before your eyes. No more mystery. Why Blum chose to let us figure this out for ourselves was a balancing act he must have done with his editors. Since it reduces the technical jargon in the text and but still compels us to do it ourselves, it makes for a richer experience.
If you chose to run a "tracert" look through the list of places that pop up one by one as the journey from your computer to its destination moves forward. You will see your local router, then the router of your internet service provider. Soon you will be out on the fiber headed towards an huge internet exchange. From there you will be off to perhaps several more exchanges, and if you choose to go to Europe, rocketing through an undersea cable to an exchange in London or other major city. Then it's off the the destination where your website is hosted on a server, perhaps at some giant data facility like Google or Facebook, but could just as easily be the server in the basement of someone selling rare porcelain figures. It's really quite simple, but also really quite fascinating. Andrew Blum has produced the right combination of history, technology, and geekdom to open this ubiquitous world to everyone.
One question remains...who is paying for it all? Blum fails to all but crack open the door to the financial side of this world...and it's not clear why he backs away from this topic. Since he is only talking about the infrastructure we can skip who pays for the free services we use such as Facebook and Google, they have their own elaborate finances that seem to deal with advertisers which pay for their colossal data centers with thousands and thousands of servers. Then a big portion of the rest of the infrastructure consists of the communications lines, like undersea cables, and the internet exchanges. The cables are easy, they are paid for by investors, and the cables themselves are a resource that can be purchased or most likely leased. We pay our ISP, who in turn builds the network close to home and into the back of our house. What remains is the huge internet exchanges owned by companies like Equinix. They have a separate model...and it is this model...and the ability to make money from this model, that creates the internet we know it today. It is the core...the center of the internet. And worth a journey to Ashburn Virginia to see, if not simply to drive by the buildings where it exists. Then to point to and say to your kids in the car, "behold, the internet!". Without that building in Ashburn nothing works. There would be no internet. So who is paying Equinix? Someone definitely is...and that is the second true genius of the internet and the most compelling part of Blum's work. As it turns out most of the relationships around an internet exchange are not physical at all, they are human. And where human's meet in a marketplace, money changes hands. Equinix simply providing this marketplace, like a flea market...without which there is no internet.
I for one thank Andrew Blum for taking me on this journey to the center of the internet, this marketplace, with him. I'm giving Tubes 5 stars. It has flaws...but it's a must read for everyone who thinks they are connected to the internet. After they read this book, they will be inter-connected with the internet even more.
Top reviews from other countries
The author’s recent book about the story of weather forecasting is much better, if you’re at all interested in that sort of thing. So at least I can recommend one of his books.
The book is full of interesting (to us geeks) and unexpected facts and stories. It explains stuff that most people don't even think about. It is a great reference book. But, it loses a star rating because the writing style is quite (sorry) boring.







