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Visible Learning 1st Edition
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This unique and ground-breaking book is the result of 15 years research and synthesises over 800 meta-analyses on the influences on achievement in school-aged students. It builds a story about the power of teachers, feedback, and a model of learning and understanding. The research involves many millions of students and represents the largest ever evidence based research into what actually works in schools to improve learning. Areas covered include the influence of the student, home, school, curricula, teacher, and teaching strategies. A model of teaching and learning is developed based on the notion of visible teaching and visible learning.
A major message is that what works best for students is similar to what works best for teachers – an attention to setting challenging learning intentions, being clear about what success means, and an attention to learning strategies for developing conceptual understanding about what teachers and students know and understand.
Although the current evidence based fad has turned into a debate about test scores, this book is about using evidence to build and defend a model of teaching and learning. A major contribution is a fascinating benchmark/dashboard for comparing many innovations in teaching and schools.
- ISBN-100415476186
- ISBN-13978-0415476188
- Edition1st
- PublisherRoutledge
- Publication dateDecember 26, 2008
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6.85 x 0.89 x 9.69 inches
- Print length392 pages
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Editorial Reviews
About the Author
John Hattie is Professor of Education and Director of the Visible Learning Labs, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Product details
- Publisher : Routledge; 1st edition (December 26, 2008)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 392 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0415476186
- ISBN-13 : 978-0415476188
- Item Weight : 1.6 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.85 x 0.89 x 9.69 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #152,021 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #103 in Education Reform & Policy
- #148 in Educational Psychology (Books)
- #11,459 in Reference (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

John Hattie is Professor of Education and Director of the Visible Learning Labs, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Photo by User:idunius (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
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Customers find the book provides good information and a detailed contribution to educators' libraries. They find it easy to read, with a narrative that is easy to understand and complex data made simple.
AI-generated from the text of customer reviews
Customers find the book provides good information and a detailed contribution to educators' libraries. It is based on the best research available, providing an interesting way to evaluate school-wide and student-based data. Readers find it valuable as a teacher, insightful, and easy to read. They describe it as a comprehensive study of effective methods and strategies at school.
"A book whose time has come. This is a detailed contribution to the educators library, on the important theme- what affects educational..." Read more
"...-analyses involving millions of students to separate ineffective, mildly effective and extremely effective strategies to promote student achievement...." Read more
"...with eye-catching 'barometers/gauges' for an instantaneous read of the research results...." Read more
"...The essential message is that teachers make the difference in how well students learn, so if you (as a teacher) know what research says about what..." Read more
Customers find the book easy to read and understand. The narrative is clear, with valuable data presented in an accessible way. While it's a dense read, the authors concisely cut through jargon and provide useful resources for educators, administrators, and faculty. Overall, readers describe the book as a must-read for educational professionals.
"...suited to the educated professional, but is also accessible enough for the educated reader - though having little opportunity to affect any change..." Read more
"...While I have thoroughly enjoyed reading through it, the book's greatest strength may be its use as a reference tool...." Read more
"...The result of their efforts is an elegant explanation, superbly organized and brilliantly rendered with eye-catching 'barometers/gauges' for an..." Read more
"...The final chapter: "Bringing it all Together" is a must read for educators, administrators, and faculty of teacher preparation colleges, as..." Read more
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Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on June 7, 2009A book whose time has come.
This is a detailed contribution to the educators library, on the important theme- what affects educational outcomes for our students. Given the size and detail, it is best suited to the educated professional, but is also accessible enough for the educated reader - though having little opportunity to affect any change may prove frustrating.
The book is broken down into sections looking at the different influences on outcomes such as the influence from home, school reforms, principal, and teacher and teaching practices etc. Within these sections all the influences are assessed using a statistical comparison called 'effect size'. This aims to be a common scale on which to measure effectiveness- a nice speedometer type graphic is used to indicate the rating for each item.
Think sending a child to an 'elite' child will turn them into a rhodes scholar?
Think keeping a child down a grade if they are not progressing is a good idea?
Think the lauded 'direct instruction' technique is chalk, talk and worksheets?
Read on and see what the current evidence indicates- and it is not always what we want to hear.
Noteably most influences are positive- but the aim of the work is to find out what has a significant influence so that efforts can be made on practices that are more effective. In contrast to one of the other reviewers - there are some questions that are not answered in this book - namely which interventions work best with which types of students? It is great to know what 'on average' is more effective, but this is qualified by the fact that each intervention varies in effectiveness in different studies. This variance should be a source of further study so that we can know which strategy to use and when it is most appropriate to use it.
The other issue that is not acknowledged by some reviewers here is that the measure of success in this type of study is purely academic - did they learn more content or skills than at the beginning and in contrast to a control group. What it also does not tell us about are the other outcomes that are important too - were the students more engaged in their learning, did they become better learners, did they learn other (real world) skills that are useful, and did they learn to get along and work together better? These are all important outcomes that young people arguably need to learn to survive in a fast changing, modern world.
The other qualifier I would need to add is that some areas- such as the effective use of technology are largely dependent on the skill of teachers to design instructional practices that are complimentary and sophisticated enough to be effective. Currently teacher capacity in this area is still emerging and so the results here I would have to conclude are tentative, or at least open for review. The more recent works of Robert Marzano have shown far more promise in this area- particularly for interactive white boards.
As with all strategies, procedures or practices - no two practitioners, classrooms or school communities are alike and the research evidence presented by the late Graham Nuthall in "The Hidden Lives of Learners' indicated that a good educator continually modifies and adapts 'what works' at the chalkface every day. This would then be a qualifying consideration when analyzing the book. Hattie himself lists others including; the cost of the intervention, and from memory I think the complexity of implementation is also discussed. So don't use the work as a recipe book for state intervention in schools!
Overall an extremely informative book - sorts the wheat from the chaff, but must be read critically and in concert with other books from authors such as Marzano and Nuthall.
- Reviewed in the United States on March 28, 2011This book is an absolute must read for anyone seriously interested in researching "best practices" in education. If you're a committed teacher, department chair, principal or district-level administrator and claim to make "evidence-based decisions" then you better own this book. Hattie provides a comprehensive synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses involving millions of students to separate ineffective, mildly effective and extremely effective strategies to promote student achievement. He dispels common myths such as the effectiveness of small class size, retention and homework. At the same time he elevates the importance of strategies that have a considerable, positive effect on achievement such as feedback, meta-cognitive strategies and formative evaluation (formative assessment). He also has some interesting comments regarding the reasons why after 200 years and mountains of research, instructional practices remain largely unchanged. All the while Hattie responsibly represents his work by acknowledging the limitations of his research.
Hattie separates his research into sections highlighting the effectiveness of different strategies within the following contexts:
Contributions from the Student
Contributions from the Home
Contributions from the School
Contributions from the Teacher
Contributions from the Curriculum
In summary I would highly recommend this book. While I have thoroughly enjoyed reading through it, the book's greatest strength may be its use as a reference tool. If you'd like to see the effectiveness of whole language vs. phonics instruction, concept mapping, teacher knowledge of subject matter, socioeconomic status or almost any other topic you can think of, just open the book, flip to the appropriate section and you have a synthesis of all the meta-analyses pertaining to the topic. The book has all of the earmarks of quality research and at the very least, it was carefully synthesized as it took Hattie 15 years to write. As Andrew Jackson said, "Mere precedent is a dangerous source of authority." Stop abiding by policies because "this is how it's always been done." Buy this book, evaluate your existing practices and start making evidence-based decisions to help your student learn.
- Reviewed in the United States on July 5, 2011John Hattie and his associates have given us a touchstone for education, a tool for quickly determining the value and/or worth of a particular process or method. The result of their efforts is an elegant explanation, superbly organized and brilliantly rendered with eye-catching 'barometers/gauges' for an instantaneous read of the research results.
A true "Show and Tell" book which is and will continue to change and direct our educational course. This is a monumental work which has presented a foundation for our future while demonstrating the power of research to guide our efforts.
On a personal level, the book confirmed many of my long held theories while also destroying a few theories I have held dear. The truth presented by the book was at times painful to realize but I emerge from the experience stronger, more certain and feeling better that these truths did indeed set me free from my misconceptions and have made me stronger for now and the future.
I recommend this book to anyone who has a genuine interest in and concern for our failing education system. Knowing what works makes changing things easier. Thanks to Hattie and his cohorts for making Visible Learning visible and easier to apply.
Top reviews from other countries
G SmithReviewed in Canada on May 10, 20205.0 out of 5 stars Came fast. Exactly as promised
Came fast. Exactly as promised
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VincentReviewed in France on March 15, 20175.0 out of 5 stars fondamentale
Un ouvrage de référence pour réfléchir à l'éducation et remettre en cause les idées toutes faites. Tout n'est pas transposable dans la réalité des systèmes éducatifs, mais les pistes sont intéressantes.
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zwergspitzoraReviewed in Germany on July 9, 20135.0 out of 5 stars an eye-opener!
Es war an der Zeit, dass einmal deutlich gezeigt wurde: Niemand kann in den "Apparat Kind" ein paar Münzen in Form von Lernstoff hineinstecken, und dann muss zwingend "die gewünschte Ware" herauskommen. Man sollte das Buch wirklich lesen, anstatt sich auf aus dem Kontext gerissene und womöglich noch ideologisch instrumentalisierte Zitate in den Medien zu verlassen.
Byron Geoffrey FarrowReviewed in the United Kingdom on September 13, 20105.0 out of 5 stars Evidence, evidence, evidence ....
It's the evidence, stupid. Somewhere near the end of this magnificent and vital book there is a quote relating to the practice of medicine through the ages. To paraphrase it refers to the development of medicine throughout most of recorded history as a bloody progression of trial and error (generally in that order and with those effects), where the opinions of influential thinkers tended to hold sway for milennia, and possibly the least scientific enterprise possible - for most of the last few thousand years, if you want to get better ... avoid a doctor! Only with the advent of evidence based medicine and clinical trials did the avowed aim of making people better start to be met.
Only now is education starting to emerge from this pre-scientific dark age. Following the basic Athenian groundwork no-one seemed to think much about education for the next couple of thousand years until the start of the twentieth century. So the roll-call of education thinkers begins; from Vygotsky and Piaget to Gardner and beyond.
But somewhere in the last few decades people started doing real, scientific, evidence-based research on what works in teaching and learning. Individually these studies may sometimes be limited and hard to work through, but taken collectively as a meta-analysis - as John Hattie has done here - certain trends become clear. Oh, and note that the title refers to achievement - that's what matters, not what makes teachers or government ministers happy.
One of the clearest things to emerge from John's work (and also developed by the previous reviewer, the inestimable Geoff Petty Evidence-Based Teaching A Practical Approach Second Edition) is that almost anything you can do in front of a class beyond just breathing will have a positive effect on student education. Hence the ability of PD providers and publishers to provide endless anecdotal evidence, war stories and even data to prove that the latest scheme they're peddling really works! However, a teacher's time in the classroom is limited - so Hattie's work allows us to select the most effective strategies to spend our time with.
To summarise- this book is essential to anyone who wishes to have a positive effect on student achievement: parents and policy-makers, teachers and administrators. BUY THIS BOOK! (and read it ...)
Amazon CustomerReviewed in the United Kingdom on November 5, 20245.0 out of 5 stars Good
Good book







