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The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous Kindle Edition
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A New York Times Notable Book of 2020
A Bloomberg Best Non-Fiction Book of 2020
A Behavioral Scientist Notable Book of 2020
A Human Behavior & Evolution Society Must-Read Popular Evolution Book of 2020
A bold, epic account of how the co-evolution of psychology and culture created the peculiar Western mind that has profoundly shaped the modern world.
Perhaps you are WEIRD: raised in a society that is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. If so, you’re rather psychologically peculiar.
Unlike much of the world today, and most people who have ever lived, WEIRD people are highly individualistic, self-obsessed, control-oriented, nonconformist, and analytical. They focus on themselves—their attributes, accomplishments, and aspirations—over their relationships and social roles. How did WEIRD populations become so psychologically distinct? What role did these psychological differences play in the industrial revolution and the global expansion of Europe during the last few centuries?
In The WEIRDest People in the World, Joseph Henrich draws on cutting-edge research in anthropology, psychology, economics, and evolutionary biology to explore these questions and more. He illuminates the origins and evolution of family structures, marriage, and religion, and the profound impact these cultural transformations had on human psychology. Mapping these shifts through ancient history and late antiquity, Henrich reveals that the most fundamental institutions of kinship and marriage changed dramatically under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church. It was these changes that gave rise to the WEIRD psychology that would coevolve with impersonal markets, occupational specialization, and free competition—laying the foundation for the modern world.
Provocative and engaging in both its broad scope and its surprising details, The WEIRDest People in the World explores how culture, institutions, and psychology shape one another, and explains what this means for both our most personal sense of who we are as individuals and also the large-scale social, political, and economic forces that drive human history.
Includes black-and-white illustrations.
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherFarrar, Straus and Giroux
- Publication dateSeptember 8, 2020
- File size27169 KB
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Henrich presents a dazzling array of evidence to explain why variation exists among societies and why Europe in particular has played such an outsized role in human history. The “WEIRD” from his title is an acronym meaning “Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic,” as well as a convenient reminder that people from such societies are psychologically different from most of the world, and from most humans throughout history."
― Robert Henderson The City Journal
"Engagingly written, excellently organized and meticulously argued . . . This is an extraordinarily ambitious book, along the lines of Jared Diamond’s “Guns, Germs and Steel,” which gets a brief and respectful mention, but going much farther, and bolstering the argument at every point with evidence gathered by Henrich’s “lab,” with dozens of collaborators, and wielding data points from world history, anthropology, economics, game theory, psychology and biology, all knit together with “statistical razzle-dazzle” when everyday statistics is unable to distinguish signal from noise."
―Daniel C. Dennett, The New York Times
"Henrich brings to the argument the same intensity of detail that made the WEIRD article stand out like neon among its peers . . . these days, few anthropologists are willing to put their data on the table, make a claim, and welcome challengers. We need more big books like this one. It is very much worth reading."
―T.M. Luhrman, The American Scholar
"[The WEIRDEST People in the World] is a landmark in social thought . . . read it in a state of such excitement that I did nothing else for two days. It amounts to nothing less than a reinterpretation of human history, based on the psychological differences between societies discovered in Henrich’s field work."
―Matthew Sayed, The Times
"Henrich offers a capacious new perspective that could facilitate the necessary work of sorting out what's irredeemable and what's invaluable in the singular, impressive, and wildly problematic legacy of Western domination."
―Judith Schulevitz, The Atlantic
"The rare case of a volume that deserves all its many accolades . . . overall, it’s a remarkable tome that makes a powerful case."
―Stephen L. Carter, Bloomberg (The Best Non-fiction Books of 2020)
"The WEIRDest People in the World is an example of "big history" at its best. It draws on a wide variety of data―including creative empirical research (e.g., studies of which United Nations delegations were most likely to pay New York parking tickets despite having diplomatic immunity)―to post a provocative explanation for major historical developments. It also takes an interdisciplinary approach to its subject, making use of evolutionary studies in culture, religion, and psychology. And Mr. Henrich's writing is admirably clear."
―Christopher Levenick, The Wall Street Journal
"The WEIRDest People in the World is one of the most consumingly fascinating books I've read in years."
―James Marriott, The Sunday Times
"A fascinating, vigorously argued work that probes deeply into the way “WEIRD people” think."
―Kirkus
"Ambitious and fascinating . . . This meaty book is ready-made for involved discussions."
―Publisher's Weekly
"[A] sweeping and magisterial book, likely to become as foundational to cultural psychology as the WEIRD acronym [Henrich] and his colleagues coined a decade ago."
―Alex Mackiel, Quillette
"Joseph Henrich's massive The WEIRDest People in the World is quickly recognizable..."
―Daniel A. Segal, TLS
"Joseph Henrich's The WEIRDest People in the World . . . makes for stunning reading. (It is also written with such wit and humor, and luminous clarity.) Probably an understatement to say that it is one of the most important books of the year."
―Cass Sunstein, author of The War According to Star Wars
"Joseph Henrich has undertaken a massively ambitious work that explains the transition to the modern world from kin-based societies, drawing on a wealth of data across disciplines that significantly contributes to our understanding of this classic issue in social theory."
―Francis Fukuyama, author of The Origins of Political Order and Political Order and Political Decay
"This delightful and thought-provoking book argues there is nothing natural about most of the values, attitudes and priorities of WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) people. They have evolved over time, in response to specific historical, institutional environmental circumstances. It is more vital than ever to understand how we can improve living standards throughout the world and deal with spectacular global challenges. Understanding where humanity's diversity has come from and in what way it matters for confronting our problems is vital. This fascinating book is a must-read for everybody who cares about these questions."
―Daron Acemoglu, co-author of Why Nations Fails and co-author of The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty
"A dazzling achievement. In the course of explaining how modern Western culture differs from all others past and present, Joseph Henrich has both altered and unified the fields of anthropology, history, psychology and economics. He destroys the assumption, common in psychology and endemic in economics, that human nature is everywhere the same. His account makes it possible to understand why some cultures have readily adopted Western tools to transform their societies, economies and politics while others reject those tools."
―Richard Nisbett, author of Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking
“Henrich’s book combines a startling account of the mental and social oddities of westerners with a persuasive new explanation for them. The concept of a universal human psyche will never be the same again.”
―Richard Wrangham, author of The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution
"This is a deep and important book of tremendous erudition, engagingly written with vivid examples, that highlights at once the ways in which human beings are similar and dissimilar the world over.”
―Nicholas Christakis, author of Blueprint
"This book is a tour de force. It seamlessly combines ideas from evolutionary biology and cultural evolution with data from the psychology laboratory, field experiments in remote villages, high-tech econometrics and ethnographic anecdote to explain why people in western societies think differently than other people, and how these differences culturally evolved over the last 1500 years. The WEIRDest People in the World sets a new standard in the human sciences."
―Robert Boyd, author of How Humans Evolved
"There's nothing so fascinating as a social anthropologist's analysis of his own tribe. Joseph Henrich shows how strange and exceptional Western society is when compared with most of the world, and links it with features of the WEIRD brain."
―John Barton, author of A History of the Bible
“In the last 500 years, Westerners have become more educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic than any other societies in history―which, says Joe Henrich, has made Westerners think differently about the world from everyone else. Drawing on anthropology, economics, history, and psychology, this magnificent book measures and even explains just how different Westerners are. It is a major contribution to the debates over why the West rules. It will make you think even more differently about the world than you already do.”
―Ian Morris, author of War! What is it Good For?: Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots
“Joe Henrich has thought more deeply about cultural evolution than anybody alive. His fascinating insights into just how weird people like he and I are, with our western lifestyles, and what the implications of that are for better and for worse, are a great contribution to scholarship and literature.”
―Matt Ridley, author of How Innovation Works: And Why It Flourishes in Freedom
"Written in clear and vivid prose, Joseph Henrich’s new book argues that the psychological characteristics of populations in modern prosperous countries are not universal to human societies. They were the result of institutional changes brought about by the Catholic Church in Europe during the middle ages, and laid the foundation for almost everything else that followed. Whether or not you agree, this bold and original book will shape the debate about the origins of modern society for years to come."
―Paul Seabright, author of The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life
“Reading this book feels like digging in your backyard and discovering a lost city. What Henrich has unearthed is truly astonishing: The modern West owes its prosperity to strange ways of thinking, created by accident centuries before the European Enlightenment. If that sounds improbable to you, prepare to meet a mountain of evidence, compiled by one of the great systematic thinkers of our time. This book is at once monumental and thrilling."
―Joshua Greene, author of Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them
“In this brilliant synthesis of cultural evolution and social psychology, Joseph Henrich explores the deep historical roots of individualism, generalized trust, impersonal prosociality, and analytical thinking―in short, the psychological traits that make people WEIRD.”
―Peter Turchin, the author of Ultrasociety: How 10,000 Years of War Made Humans the Greatest Cooperators on Earth
"Polymath and pioneering thinker Joseph Henrich has made a major contribution to the social sciences by demonstrating, through careful study, how Western societies are psychologically odd, relative to the rest of humanity. Now, in this engaging and accessible text, Henrich elaborates on these important ideas, by explaining how the West got to be WEIRD in the first place, and how the peculiar psychology of Western countries proved instrumental to their success. Along the way, Henrich makes a compelling case that human minds are not fated to think in a universal manner, but tune themselves surprisingly flexibly to the idiosyncrasies of local culture."
―Kevin Laland, author of Evolutionary Causation: Biological and Philosophical Reflections
"Generations of scholars have grappled with the question of why the West rose. Henrich’s intriguing new answer reveals how history shaped psychology and psychology changed history. Western Europe’s shift from traditional kinship networks to voluntary associations fostered the individualism and literacy that opened up a uniquely WEIRD path to transformative progress. Propelled by a bold vision, this landmark study is required reading for anyone curious about the origins of modernity."
―Walter Scheidel, author of Escape from Rome: The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity
"The most absorbing, provocative, and compelling book I have read in a long time. Joseph Henrich’s thrilling exposé of cultural variety and evolution is grounded in meticulous science, and his arguments go beyond the milestone of Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs and Steel. You will never look again in the same way at your own seemingly universal values.
―Uta Frith, Emeritus Professor of Cognitive Development, University College London
“A masterpiece. Staggering in range, intricate in detail, thrilling in ambition, this book is a landmark in social thought. Henrich may go down as the most influential social scientist of the first half of the twenty-first century.”
―Matthew Syed, author of Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking
"If you are considering reading this book, you are almost certainly WEIRD. Henrich lucidly explains how and why you got that way. Going beyond both blank slate, social constructivist and naïve models of common human psychology, he also makes a powerful case that, for human beings, culture and biology are always inextricably intertwined.”
―Edward Slingerland, Distinguished University Scholar and Professor of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia and author of Trying Not to Try: Ancient China, Modern Science, and the Power of Spontaneity
"The Weirdest People in the World is a novel and fascinating look at our democratic western societies. The book presents a wealth of evidence that cultural learning and specific cultural rules of kinship relations generated the psychological foundations underlying the economic success of “the West”. It is an exciting read that covers economics, sociology, psychology, history, and neuroscience."
―Ernst Fehr, University of Zurich, author of Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain
"Henrich describes with meticulous documentation the many factors that have gone into making WEIRD people the way we are."
―Edmund J. Guest, North Star Monthly
Review
"A fascinating, vigorously argued work that probes deeply into the way “WEIRD people” think."
―Kirkus
"Ambitious and fascinating . . . This meaty book is ready-made for involved discussions."
―Publisher's Weekly
"Joseph Henrich has undertaken a massively ambitious work that explains the transition to the modern world from kin-based societies, drawing on a wealth of data across disciplines that significantly contributes to our understanding of this classic issue in social theory."
―Francis Fukuyama, author of The Origins of Political Order and Political Order and Political Decay
"This delightful and thought-provoking book argues there is nothing natural about most of the values, attitudes and priorities of WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) people. They have evolved over time, in response to specific historical, institutional environmental circumstances. It is more vital than ever to understand how we can improve living standards throughout the world and deal with spectacular global challenges. Understanding where humanity's diversity has come from and in what way it matters for confronting our problems is vital. This fascinating book is a must-read for everybody who cares about these questions."
―Daron Acemoglu, co-author of Why Nations Fails and co-author of The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty
"A dazzling achievement. In the course of explaining how modern Western culture differs from all others past and present, Joseph Henrich has both altered and unified the fields of anthropology, history, psychology and economics. He destroys the assumption, common in psychology and endemic in economics, that human nature is everywhere the same. His account makes it possible to understand why some cultures have readily adopted Western tools to transform their societies, economies and politics while others reject those tools."
―Richard Nisbett, author of Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking
“Henrich’s book combines a startling account of the mental and social oddities of westerners with a persuasive new explanation for them. The concept of a universal human psyche will never be the same again.”
―Richard Wrangham, author of The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution
"This is a deep and important book of tremendous erudition, engagingly written with vivid examples, that highlights at once the ways in which human beings are similar and dissimilar the world over.”
―Nicholas Christakis, author of Blueprint
"This book is a tour de force. It seamlessly combines ideas from evolutionary biology and cultural evolution with data from the psychology laboratory, field experiments in remote villages, high-tech econometrics and ethnographic anecdote to explain why people in western societies think differently than other people, and how these differences culturally evolved over the last 1500 years. The WEIRDest People in the World sets a new standard in the human sciences."
―Robert Boyd, author of How Humans Evolved
"There's nothing so fascinating as a social anthropologist's analysis of his own tribe. Joseph Henrich shows how strange and exceptional Western society is when compared with most of the world, and links it with features of the WEIRD brain."
―John Barton, author of A History of the Bible
“In the last 500 years, Westerners have become more educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic than any other societies in history―which, says Joe Henrich, has made Westerners think differently about the world from everyone else. Drawing on anthropology, economics, history, and psychology, this magnificent book measures and even explains just how different Westerners are. It is a major contribution to the debates over why the West rules. It will make you think even more differently about the world than you already do.”
―Ian Morris, author of War! What is it Good For?: Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots
“Joe Henrich has thought more deeply about cultural evolution than anybody alive. His fascinating insights into just how weird people like he and I are, with our western lifestyles, and what the implications of that are for better and for worse, are a great contribution to scholarship and literature.”
―Matt Ridley, author of How Innovation Works: And Why It Flourishes in Freedom
"Written in clear and vivid prose, Joseph Henrich’s new book argues that the psychological characteristics of populations in modern prosperous countries are not universal to human societies. They were the result of institutional changes brought about by the Catholic Church in Europe during the middle ages, and laid the foundation for almost everything else that followed. Whether or not you agree, this bold and original book will shape the debate about the origins of modern society for years to come."
―Paul Seabright, author of The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life
“Reading this book feels like digging in your backyard and discovering a lost city. What Henrich has unearthed is truly astonishing: The modern West owes its prosperity to strange ways of thinking, created by accident centuries before the European Enlightenment. If that sounds improbable to you, prepare to meet a mountain of evidence, compiled by one of the great systematic thinkers of our time. This book is at once monumental and thrilling."
―Joshua Greene, author of Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them
“In this brilliant synthesis of cultural evolution and social psychology, Joseph Henrich explores the deep historical roots of individualism, generalized trust, impersonal prosociality, and analytical thinking―in short, the psychological traits that make people WEIRD.”
―Peter Turchin, the author of Ultrasociety: How 10,000 Years of War Made Humans the Greatest Cooperators on Earth
"Polymath and pioneering thinker Joseph Henrich has made a major contribution to the social sciences by demonstrating, through careful study, how Western societies are psychologically odd, relative to the rest of humanity. Now, in this engaging and accessible text, Henrich elaborates on these important ideas, by explaining how the West got to be WEIRD in the first place, and how the peculiar psychology of Western countries proved instrumental to their success. Along the way, Henrich makes a compelling case that human minds are not fated to think in a universal manner, but tune themselves surprisingly flexibly to the idiosyncrasies of local culture."
―Kevin Laland, author of Evolutionary Causation: Biological and Philosophical Reflections
"Generations of scholars have grappled with the question of why the West rose. Henrich’s intriguing new answer reveals how history shaped psychology and psychology changed history. Western Europe’s shift from traditional kinship networks to voluntary associations fostered the individualism and literacy that opened up a uniquely WEIRD path to transformative progress. Propelled by a bold vision, this landmark study is required reading for anyone curious about the origins of modernity."
―Walter Scheidel, author of Escape from Rome: The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity
"The most absorbing, provocative, and compelling book I have read in a long time. Joseph Henrich’s thrilling exposé of cultural variety and evolution is grounded in meticulous science, and his arguments go beyond the milestone of Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs and Steel. You will never look again in the same way at your own seemingly universal values.
―Uta Frith, Emeritus Professor of Cognitive Development, University College London
“A masterpiece. Staggering in range, intricate in detail, thrilling in ambition, this book is a landmark in social thought. Henrich may go down as the most influential social scientist of the first half of the twenty-first century.”
―Matthew Syed, author of Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking
"If you are considering reading this book, you are almost certainly WEIRD. Henrich lucidly explains how and why you got that way. Going beyond both blank slate, social constructivist and naïve models of common human psychology, he also makes a powerful case that, for human beings, culture and biology are always inextricably intertwined.”
―Edward Slingerland, Distinguished University Scholar and Professor of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia and author of Trying Not to Try: Ancient China, Modern Science, and the Power of Spontaneity
"The Weirdest People in the World is a novel and fascinating look at our democratic western societies. The book presents a wealth of evidence that cultural learning and specific cultural rules of kinship relations generated the psychological foundations underlying the economic success of “the West”. It is an exciting read that covers economics, sociology, psychology, history, and neuroscience."
―Ernst Fehr, University of Zurich, author of Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain
About the Author
Joseph Henrich is an anthropologist and the author of The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter, among other books. He is the chair of the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, where his research focuses on evolutionary approaches to psychology, decision-making, and culture.
--This text refers to the audioCD edition.Product details
- ASIN : B07RZFCPMD
- Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux (September 8, 2020)
- Publication date : September 8, 2020
- Language : English
- File size : 27169 KB
- Text-to-Speech : Enabled
- Screen Reader : Supported
- Enhanced typesetting : Enabled
- X-Ray : Enabled
- Word Wise : Enabled
- Sticky notes : On Kindle Scribe
- Print length : 706 pages
- Best Sellers Rank: #81,311 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)
- #28 in Cultural Anthropology (Kindle Store)
- #31 in Evolutionary Psychology (Books)
- #38 in History of Anthropology
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Henrich proposes a third: the way our brains wire themselves after birth is to a significant degree determined by culture. Genetics gives us a generalized capacity to develop. Culture, which is part of environment, determines how we develop.
We know that the brain continues to wire itself for years after birth. Newborns have many more neural connections than adults. The unused connections simply die out, the useful ones are strengthened.
Our brains are wired for language, but which language they learn is a matter of environment. Though Henrich doesn’t point it out, this is evolutionarily very recent. Most agree we only started to speak about 170,000 years ago, twice as far back as our first exodus from Africa.
One of Henrich’s strongest contentions is that our brains now wire themselves for reading. This process apparently employs some parts of the brain that would otherwise be used for recognizing faces. There is a trade-off: better reading, worse facial recognition. Henrich says it is cultural and not genetic.
Henrich’s contention is that European Christian people, those of the Western Educated Industrialized Rich Developed (WEIRD) countries differ from the rest of humanity in significant ways.
The most significant difference is the marriage and family pattern (MFP) under Christianity. Unlike the rest of the world, we in the West were mostly monogamous. The church did not allow polygamy. The church frowned on adultery and premarital sex. The church repressed homosexuality. The upshot was that most men were able to find mates.
The implications were huge. The fact that most had mates led to less sexual competition among men.
Henrich notes that in almost every other part of the world there is a large pool of unmarried, or marriageable men. Prominent men take multiple wives, and the poor are left with nothing.
If these men are to have any evolutionary success – leave progeny – they have to take chances. We see those chances played out in today’s Middle East, where conflict is endemic and rape is epidemic.
Though Henrich doesn’t make the claim, the same might apply to modern American society. How many members of Antifa and BLM are Incels, involuntary celibates and due to the fact that women don’t feel any pressure to marry. Not wanting marriage, they are free to be lesbians, simple man haters, or pursue hypergamous flings with the most attractive men.
Christianity posited an all-seeing God observing our every action and judging whether or not we merited acceptance into the kingdom of heaven. He presents strong evidence that belief in such a God led to prosocial behavior.
The Dunbar number, a cap on the size of a social group, is one of the constants in evolutionary psychology. When groups of any primates, including tribal men, reach 150 they tend to split. 150 is the maximum number of individuals that a single individual can recognize by personality.
For civilized men there was a great deal of advantage in forming larger societies. If you transcend the Dunbar number you get bigger armies, more accumulated wealth, more specialization among tool makers and the like. Henrich says there was constant pressure to find mechanisms for creating larger societies.
Most of the mechanisms involved extensive kin groups, bands of cousins. The Slavs and the Latin Americans even today will call anybody with any degree of blood affinity a cousin.
Grouping by kin had a couple of disadvantages. It limited the number of potential marriage partners. Although Henrich doesn’t dwell on it, it leads to inbred depression: lower intelligence and more susceptibility to disease. Moreover, however it is structured, it limits the size of the society.
As people became specialized, trades were passed down along kinship lines. The son of a blacksmith would become a blacksmith; the son of a sheepherder would become a shepherd. Specialized knowledge would be jealously guarded within the family, a trade secret.
When Christianity forbid kin marriages, up to the 6th degree of relatedness (great great-great-great-great-grandparents), it forced people to marry from the general community. This had several beneficial aspects.
First, men had to attract mates than rather having some female relative forced to marry them. The status of women improved since their affection had to be won.
Groups of men would affiliate by friendship and mutual respect rather than by kinship. Kevin MacDonald writes extensively about this Männerbund, or brotherhood of men among Europeans in his book “Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition.”
Expertise would not be hoarded within a family but shared among the unrelated in-laws and others in the group.
Henrich cites some highly informative experiments showing that the collective improvement of machines, strains of edible foods, or almost anything happens much more rapidly generation by generation if the group can capitalize on the best ideas of the whole society rather than simply the best ones within individual families.
The Christian societies, freed from the constraints of kin relations, develop several non-kinship associations that aided in the spread of knowledge: guilds, monasteries, universities and town councils all brought together largely unrelated people to pool their knowledge and abilities for the common good.
Learning to deal with strangers was a great boon to commerce. Starting in the late middle ages a number of institutions and organizations developed to allow expanded trade. There was the Hanseatic league stretching from England to the Baltics. The individual cities under the Magdeburg charters competed for experts in ironwork, weaving, pottery, weaponry, jewelry and other forms of manufacture and trade. Cities competed in offering favorable terms to attract tradesmen. Among the attractions was freedom from the obligations to feudal lords that had restricted their mobility in previous ages.
Taken together, these changes permitted the genius of individuals, which on average probably did not surpass that of other peoples such as the North East Asians, to be pooled for the collective benefit. Europe rose from being a backwater, lagging the Muslim and East Asian worlds at the turn of the millennium, to economic leadership about five centuries later.
Monogamous marriage and a broader sense of society brought psychological changes to the WEIRD peoples. Marriage alone, and responsibility for children, is shown to bring testosterone levels down significantly. A constant interaction with strangers also favored people with low testosterone, people who didn’t get angry easily.
Other writers note that somewhere on the order of 2% of the men of each generation were either killed in testosterone-fueled fights or by execution. In the 50 generations or so making up a millennium, this had a remarkably pacifying effect. See Steven Pinker “The Better Angels of our Nature.”
Paradoxically, the ability to get along smoothly with men within our own societies made us more formidable warriors when societies competed. The inventiveness mentioned above, and the ability to come together in large groups with a common purpose, led to large military forces which in turn led to increasing consolidation of political units throughout Europe. See “How Europe Conquered the World.”
Henrich contends that psychology has erred in generalizing the results of experiments performed on limited groups of people, most commonly American college undergraduates. Those results may not be representative even of all Americans, and certainly not of all the world.
As an example, psychologists have long agreed that personality can be defined by five mostly independent constructs with the acronym OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Henrich contends that this system of measurement works reasonably well with WEIRD peoples, but that the number and composition of the components simply doesn't apply to others.
Why not? For one thing, the OCEAN system is premised on a kind of individuality that is simply not present among other peoples. American Indians tend to be much more communally oriented. The notions of openness and extraversion work differently in a society in which consensus is highly valued.
The themes Henrich presents demonstrate how Europe rose to prominence, laying the foundations for the Industrial Revolution and vaulting us to world supremacy by the turn of the 20th century.
Every success contains the seeds of its own destruction. There is another book to be written about how the successes chronicled here have led to a lack of fertility and a decline in ethnocentrism that may imperil the WEIRD peoples. But that’s a topic for another book.
Although I tend to believe that genetics is more responsible than he would acknowledge for the developments Henrich cites, that can be a subject for future research. The studies he has brought together are numerous, well-conceived and constructed, and very informative. Whatever directions the discussions take, this book will be frequently cited. Five stars.
Yes, climate and natural resources were key to giving civilizations an early head start, but what happened after that?
Henrich argues that cultural, social and political forces take over and altered the psychology of early civilizations and put them on the path to modernity.
It is also interesting to project these ideas through a contemporary lens to see where society is headed. Plus! Next time you hear the term “weird “ you’ll have a better idea on what people are saying.
Top reviews from other countries
It’s stopped me going “if only” and put into sharp relief many things I’d noticed as differences in my travels and work around the world, but couldn’t properly articulate or put a common thread through.
Brings to mind for me the saying about identifying what you can and cannot change, and having the wisdom to know the difference.
While the book was really great it arrived nearly three weeks later than stated, and missed being the Christmas present it was meant to be.
At the heart of this book is one of the very best accounts of the anthropologial view of humanity that I have had the pleasure of reading in the past half-century or so; I think it essential reading for anybody interested in current thinking about human nature, and about the 'nurture' side of the 'nature-nurture' debate. It is well written, well researched, and a veritable gold-mine of thought-provoking ideas.
It does, however, have its weaknesses, the most glaring is the dismissive way that it handles the opposite side of that 'nature-nurture' debate: whereever possible, it ignores evidence that some individuals break social conventions - and where this is impossible to ignore, waves it away as obvious triviality. The result is a decidely incomplete story - but nevertheless perhaps the most important half-story of our time.






