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Why We Die: The New Science of Aging and the Quest for Immortality Hardcover – March 19, 2024

4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 285 ratings

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"Utterly fascinating." —Bill Bryson

"An incredible journey." —Siddhartha Mukherjee

A groundbreaking exploration of the science of longevity and mortality—from Nobel Prize-winning molecular biologist Venki Ramakrishnan

The knowledge of death is so terrifying that we live most of our lives in denial of it. One of the most difficult moments of childhood must be when each of us first realizes that not only we but all our loved ones will die—and there is nothing we can do about it.

Or at least, there hasn’t been. Today, we are living through a revolution in biology. Giant strides are being made in understanding why we age—and why some species live longer than others. Could we eventually cheat disease and death and live for a very long time, possibly many times our current lifespan?

Venki Ramakrishnan, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and former president of the Royal Society, takes us on a riveting journey to the frontiers of biology, asking whether we must be mortal. Covering the recent breakthroughs in scientific research, he examines the cutting edge of efforts to extend lifespan by altering our physiology. But might death serve a necessary biological purpose? What are the social and ethical costs of attempting to live forever?

Why We Die is a narrative of uncommon insight and beauty from one of our leading public intellectuals.


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Editorial Reviews

Review

*A NEXT BIG IDEA CLUB MUST-READ BOOK FOR MARCH 2024* **A FINANCIAL TIMES BEST BOOK OF SUMMER 2024**

"Wonderfully readable. ... Vivid. ... Extraordinary." — Financial Times

"[Ramakrishnan] has a knack for making biology accessible, and he brings a searching philosophical sensibility when considering the wisdom of seeking to extend life. ... The result is a strikingly pensive exploration of how bodies decline and whether efforts to slow that process are worth the cost." — Publishers Weekly (starred review)

“Highly accessible. ... Poetic. ... Throughout this authoritative book there is a sense of our bodies as complex systems in delicate balance—a balance we still barely understand.” — The Times (London)

"Why We Die is a candid, wide-ranging, and hype-free survey of the latest in longevity research, from tortoises to telomeres. With his delightful gift for storytelling, Venki Ramakrishnan breathes life into the biology of death. If you want to know what science tells us about lifespan, Why We Die is the only book you need." — SAFI BAHCALL, bestselling author of Loonshots: Nurture the Crazy Ideas That Win Wars, Cure Diseases, and Transform Industries

"It is rare to find a book that manages to combine science, politics, memoir, and medicine with ease, grace, and lucidity. Ramakrishnan's book, which comes at a time when the hype and hope around immortality has ascended to a febrile pitch, achieves precisely all of this, while taking readers on an incredible journey that encompasses the knowns and many unknowns that surround the science, mystery, and metaphysics of death and dying. This is a book for many generations, about many generations." — SIDDHARTHA MUKHERJEE, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Emperor of All Maladies and the #1 New York Times bestseller The Gene

"Why We Die is both an engaging, accessible overview of the science of aging and a barbed takedown of the immortality crowd. It is also a love letter to our fleeting existence. ... Ramakrishnan has a flair for lucid explanation... fusing deep scientific insights with thoughtful reflections on society—and delivering a velvet-gloved pummeling to some of the most prominent figures in aging research. ... An exhortation to dine well during our brief appearance at the feast of life." — New Statesman

"[Ramakrishnan's] status as a knowledgeable outsider to the field allows him to evaluate aging science objectively and explain key concepts lucidly. ... Optimistic, yet tempered, he believes that medical research has the potential to improve human aging and that we need to be mindful of how advances are deployed so as not to magnify societal inequities. ... A rewarding path to better understand the biology of aging." — Science

"For a book about death, Venki Ramakrishnan's Why We Die is joyfully alive. The story he tells is one of aging and death, but along the way he covers a huge range of biology, evolution, genetics, chemistry, and medicine. This is science writing at its finest: readable, authoritative, and impactful. The vignettes of important discoveries and the scientists that made them enliven the text, and show the personal side of the science of aging. As a scientist who studies dead things, this book gave me a whole new perspective on that one inevitable thing in every organism's life." — STEVE BRUSATTE, professor and paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh and New York Times bestselling author of The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs

"Utterly fascinating. Venki Ramakrishnan's ability to take the most challenging subjects and make them clear, enthralling and packed with insights fills me with awe." — BILL BRYSON, New York Times bestselling author of The Body

"This riveting and revealing book is for all of us who wonder whether aging and mortality are the next frontiers for human science to cross. Has the first person destined to live to two hundred already been born? Can we really extend our longevity further and further until … until what? Immortality? Why We Die takes us on a thrilling ride through the science of aging. Meet naked mole rats, lugworms, budding yeast and creepy human charlatans on the way. Venki Ramakrishnan has an extraordinary gift for explaining science with clarity, wit, and enviably entertaining narrative flair. A must read." — STEPHEN FRY, comedian, actor, writer

"Why We Die is a crisply written, captivating and clear-eyed view of death, and how to defeat it. From research on starvation diets, young blood and cryonics to the longevity of naked mole rats, Nobelist Venki Ramakrishnan introduces us to a cast of extraordinary characters in his quest to fathom how elastic lifespan could prove to be. I believe Why We Die will be his enduring legacy, yet deep down, suspect most of us would still rather achieve immortality through not dying." — ROGER HIGHFIELD, author and science director of the Science Museum Group, London

"The conquest of premature death has been remarkably successful in the past century. Can we go one better and extend life? This erudite, nuanced and insightful book tells a rich tale of discovery about why we age and die, skewers some charlatans along the way and offers just a glimmer of hope about immortality." — MATT RIDLEY, New York Times bestselling author of Genome

“Why We Die brilliantly captures the essentials of current understanding of the aging process. This is an enjoyable romp through molecular and cell biology—and thought-provoking about ethical issues.” — LINDA PARTRIDGE, Founding Director of the Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing

“[A] fascinating book. … With a topic as charged as eternal life, it’s hard to separate hype from reality. Ramakrishnan aims to help readers make sense of billionaire antics, breathless press releases, and splashy scientific advances. He wants his reader to understand why we age, why we die, and what, realistically, can be done about it. … Colorful and memorable. … Entertaining. … [Ramakrishnan’s] writing is clever and approachable. He strives to demystify these high-context ideas for the average reader.” — Undark Magazine

"Why We Die asks whether it is possible to arrest the decay of body and mind. ... [Ramakrishnan] has a jauntily accessible style. He likens a breakdown in vital proteins to an orchestra playing discordantly. When discussing how the energy-generating mitochondria in cells degrade over time, he pictures them 'rusting from within.' ... Boosting your lifespan may beguile the imagination but could rob your existence of meaning, because there is no urgency to make every day count. Perhaps, after all, life’s transience is the key to its beauty." — The Economist

“This book explains, in an accessible and entertaining manner, the science behind one of the great themes of humanity. Excellent." — MICHAEL HALL, discoverer of TOR, recipient of the Lasker Award and the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences

"Outstanding. ... I read this book with fascination." — ERIC TOPOL, Ground Truths Substack

“An amazing book: profoundly philosophical, funny, and scientific, all at once.” — EDITH HEARD, Director General of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory

"Enthralling and eminently accessible. ... [Ramakrishnan] probes the essential ethical question that runs through it all. Even if we could live forever, should we?" — Bookseller (London)

"Ramakrishnan is a fine writer, so readers will enjoy his expert if intensely detailed overview of genetics and evolution as it applies to aging. ... Fascinating. ... An illuminating account of the science of life extension with a more critical eye than most." — Kirkus Reviews

"A wide-ranging look at the changes that take place inside our cells as we age, the prospects for being able to prevent them, and the possible consequences of doing that. An engrossing read." — SARAH GILBERT, creator of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine

“I have so enjoyed reading this spectacular book—it’s full of hope and fun and extraordinary research. It beautifully answers the question at the core of every life. Understanding why we must die helps us understand how we must live. It changed my perspective on the whole living world but most of all myself and the time I have left.” — CHRIS VAN TULLEKEN, New York Times bestselling author of Ultra-Processed People

"Ramakrishnan weaves a story that illuminates this existential topic from so many angles – brilliant!" — TOM CECH, Nobel Laureate and former president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute

"A fascinating, counterintuitively hopeful, book." — Think (NPR affiliate KERA)

"For anyone overwhelmed by the discourse around longevity and the seemingly constant 'breakthroughs' in the quest to vanquish the march of time, Why We Die is meant to help make sense of it all. ... The appeal of Why We Die is evergreen. But the book also comes at an opportune moment." — GQ

"This timely book... seeks to transform our understanding of why we grow old and die." — Irish Independent

"Delves into the nitty-gritty of just what happens when a body dies, why some age more slowly than others, and the ethics of employing science to create a kind of immortality (if you’ve got the money), among many other things. Oh, and he says some good things about red wine. Accessible, and strangely entertaining. — Sydney Morning Herald (Non-Fiction Pick of the Week)

"A dispassionate journey through current scientific understanding of aging and death." — The Harvard Gazette

"Fascinating." — Big Brains podcast

"[An] expert voice. ... Ramakrishnan is merciless in his debunking of such 'crackpot' promises like cryogenics. ... But other avenues such as caloric restriction and targeting senescent cells for destruction are more plausible." — The Straits Times (Singapore)

"Ramakrishnan won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 'for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.' Annoyingly (I say this with love), he seems to also be a knockout writer." — Literary Hub

"It takes a prolific genius to take a bull by its horns, to stare down death until it gives up some of its highly encrypted secrets. ... An exquisite exposition. ... Structured almost like a page-turner of a whodunit, questions and hypotheses fly at each other, flop or survive and then usher us further on this quest. ... A panoramic view of the unfolding of the secrets of ageing and death in crisp cogent writing that unfolds as a journey, delightful at every pitstop." — The New Indian Express

"Provides succinct insights [in] what is admirably and clearly a generalist account. ... In the human stories of the people who worked on the science of living — most of them ineffectual from the scientific angle — a storytelling opportunity Ramakrishnan relishes, the book comes alive." — Telegraph India

"Why We Die is peppered with fascinating anecdotes, peculiar personalities and valuable historical perspectives, giving it an extra dimension beyond a summary of the state of the art.” — Nature

About the Author

Venki Ramakrishnan shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for uncovering the structure of the ribosome. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Venki runs the Ramakrishnan Lab at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England. From 2015 to 2020, he served as president of the Royal Society, one of the world's oldest scientific organizations. He is the author of the frank scientific memoir Gene Machine.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ William Morrow (March 19, 2024)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 320 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0063113279
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0063113275
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6 x 1.05 x 9 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 285 ratings

About the author

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Venki Ramakrishnan
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Venki Ramakrishnan shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on one of the central problems in molecular biology, namely how genetic information is “read” to make the proteins they specify. This process is carried out by the ribosome, an enormous molecular complex of about half a million atoms. He and others determined the precise atomic structure of the ribosome which helped us to understand how it worked. From 2015-2020, Ramakrishnan was president of the Royal Society, one of the oldest scientific organizations in the world. During his term, he developed an interest in broader issues such as science policy and public engagement.

Ramakrishnan was born and grew up in India where he obtained a degree in physics. At the age of 19, he left for the United States to pursue a PhD in physics, but his interests soon turned to biology. He spent almost three decades in the USA before moving to England in 1999 to work in the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge where he is now a Group Leader.

Ramakrishnan is the author of two books. The first, Gene Machine (2018), is is a popular memoir about the quest for the structure of the ribosome. It describes what it was like to be an outsider who found himself in the middle of a race for an important problem, and talks about how science is done, with its mixture of insights and persistence as well as blunders and dead ends. It also takes a very frank look at how scientists behave, with their mixture of competition and collaboration, their egos, insecurities and jealousies, but also their kindness and generosity. His most recent book, Why We Die: The New Science of Aging and the Quest for Immortality (2024) is about the biology of aging and death. It tries to look beyond the incessant hype to take an unvarnished look at the underlying biology of aging, current efforts to combat it and at the culture and social consequences of efforts to extend lifespan. Both books have been translated into many languages.

Photo credit: Kate Joyce

Customer reviews

4.4 out of 5 stars
285 global ratings

Customers say

Customers find the writing style well-researched, well-written, and interesting. They also describe the content as comprehensive, practical, and very interesting.

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15 customers mention "Content"14 positive1 negative

Customers find the book interesting, clear, and entertaining. They also say it's well researched, well written, wise, impressive, and encouraging. Readers also mention the book is comprehensive and practical.

"As a scientist, I found this book a very interesting read by an expert and Nobel laureate...." Read more

"...in a biochemistry class, but Ramakrishnan is such a clear and entertaining teacher.We learn that our cells have different programmes...." Read more

"...science is easily understood by the lay person like myself, and he is wise and deeply comforting about the life transition that most of us fear most...." Read more

"...And the gossip about the life of the scientists is fun to read." Read more

7 customers mention "Writing style"7 positive0 negative

Customers find the writing style well researched and professional. They also say the discussion is clear and professional, making the book easy to read.

"...The writing was much better than the writing in Gene Machine...." Read more

"This book was clearly well researched and well written...." Read more

"...This one may be the best I have yet encountered: written from a place of deep authority, and without the slimy financial incentives of so many other..." Read more

"...The discussion is professional and clear. And the gossip about the life of the scientists is fun to read." Read more

Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on July 28, 2024
As a scientist, I found this book a very interesting read by an expert and Nobel laureate. The writing was much better than the writing in Gene Machine. I was fascinated reading about caloric restriction, the mTOR pathway, rapamycin and sirtuins and their connection to aging. However, at the present stage, there is no clear pill or method to slow aging other than the old-fashioned methods of a healthy plant based diet, exercise and enough sleep. It seems prudent to stick to the basics for now!
4 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on April 21, 2024
This book was clearly well researched and well written. However, I was soured at the end because it exposed the author's political bias which has no place in a serious objective exploration of the science of aging. On page 231, there is a frank anti Trump bias even though he does not mention him by name. Apparently, those who voted for him are conservatives swayed by demagoguery. The same page indicates gay marriage is a "great innovation." Really? Like the wheel or the polio vaccine? The point of view itself is irrelevant and we are all entitled to feel as we do. But I feel the author compromised himself by embedding his personal political views in an otherwise excellent book.
32 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on May 21, 2024
Contrary to the title, there is less to do with the question, ‘Why we die?’ and more with ‘Why we age, and what happens to us as we age’. It is enlightening right down to the last DNA and mitochondria. There are moments when the reader may feel that he is sitting in a biochemistry class, but Ramakrishnan is such a clear and entertaining teacher.
We learn that our cells have different programmes. Sometimes they turn against each other and sometimes on themselves. For example, we have cells that are programmed to replicate and renew themselves, but when uncontrolled, they turn cancerous. This book explains what cause them to behave like this.
The most fascinating part of the book concerns the human preoccupation with living longer, if not forever. The promise of immortality has led to some dubious claims, and the author explains why the quest for immortality is futile – especially freezing our body and our brain. It is just not possible because decomposition begins almost immediately, and continues rapidly. We need to die virtually next to a freezer. The author explains all the problems of cryonics – apart from something only the rich can afford.
Ramakrishnan explains why preserving the brain without the body is also impossible. “Our brain evolved along with the rest of our body, and is constantly receiving and acting upon sensory inputs from the body. It is not stable…Moreover, a brain without a body would be a very different thing altogether. The brain is driven not solely by electrical impulses that travel through connections between neurons. It also responds to chemicals both within the brain and emanating from the rest of the body. Its motivation is driven very much by hormones, which originate in the organs, and includes the basic needs such as hunger but also intrinsic desires. The pleasures our brains derive are mostly of the flesh. A good meal. Climbing a mountain. Exercise…. If we wait until we age and die, we would be pickling an old, decrepit brain, not the finely tuned machine of a twenty-five year old. What would be the point of preserving that brain?’ he asks.
11 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on March 19, 2024
One could fill an entire library with books about aging and longevity - and I have read many of them. This one may be the best I have yet encountered: written from a place of deep authority, and without the slimy financial incentives of so many other books on the subject, which primarily exist to try to sell you this anti-aging product or that. Most impressively of all, this book is simply a joy to read. Ramakrishnan is a terrific writer, the science is easily understood by the lay person like myself, and he is wise and deeply comforting about the life transition that most of us fear most. Why We Die is a triumph.
38 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on May 11, 2024
The book comprehensively reviews the physiological processes related to aging and death. The final chapters critically review the start-ups that try to prolong life. The discussion is professional and clear. And the gossip about the life of the scientists is fun to read.
6 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on August 3, 2024
Very in-depth book on the science side with a lot of discussion on the side. Not enough time on the main theme of the book aging.
Reviewed in the United States on July 8, 2024
After Gene Machine unraveled ribosomes and protein synthesis, this book from the Dr Ramakrishnan unravels the biology of aging. It sheds light how cells and cellular mechanisms respond to aging. It also illuminates how researchers discover networks of complex protein gateways to combat cellular effects of aging and find ways of compressing morbidity due to aging. Finally it provides analysis on various scientific attempts to combat aging and which ones seem to be promising and what effects these attempts may have on the society. Overall an amazing book for anyone who wants to learn about how our body responds to aging and discoveries that may help longevity.
One person found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on March 27, 2024
I thoroughly enjoyed the book until the last couple of chapters, where the author fretted about some scientists leaving academia to join private companies in search of life-extending solutions. He seemed a bit bitter about this and questioned their intent. I couldn't help but question his motives for judging some of his colleagues' decisions.
And the last chapter, where he offers his thoughts on longevity in the context of social justice, climate change(!) and other areas where he is hardly an expert did more damage than good.
It's rather typical for scholars (and Hollywood celebrities) to believe that their opinion matters in the areas outside of their field of expertise. Would have been great if the author stayed on topic till the end. With the exception of the last two chapters, the book is very well written and describes the science of aging in a simple and engaging way.
32 people found this helpful
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Top reviews from other countries

Manicka
5.0 out of 5 stars Interesting book
Reviewed in India on September 2, 2024
A must read for all. It’s written in simple language without too much technical jargon and quite easy to follow.

The book is about the inevitability of death and the quest for immortality, a quest that has driven human civilization for centuries and spawned many coping strategies like soul, transmigration, resurrection, etc., that are changing after modern science and the focus has shifted toward finding ways to extending human life span.

If you are concerned about how you will face the end of life, when you are finding that you can do only with difficulty, or not at all, things you could do easily even just ten or twenty years ago and sometimes you feel that life is like being constrained to a smaller and smaller portion of a house, as doors to rooms that we would like to explore slowly close shut as we age and are interested to find the recent scientific prospects on the fundamental causes of aging to pry those doors open again at cellular level to find ways to improve our health and ameliorate aging effects, please read the book. It’s worth the time and effort.
AmazonPremilla Rajan Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars The role. of genes explained.
Reviewed in India on July 3, 2024
Beautiful book.
Written in a simple understandable manner even for a lay person.
Plenty of details for a
Biologist to chew on!
Arun
5.0 out of 5 stars amazing book
Reviewed in India on June 15, 2024
Covers major topics in why we age and eventually die. Very easy explanation. Loved the stories about scientists in the book
Nitvss
5.0 out of 5 stars Definitive text to guide against anti ageing hype
Reviewed in India on June 2, 2024
You won't find a simpler explanation oh how human biology works. And how to understand the latest advances in research to build a pragmatic, sensible approach to guard against the anti ageing hype