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Wittgenstein Reads Freud Paperback – September 16, 1996
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Did Freud present a scientific hypothesis about the unconscious, as he always maintained and as many of his disciples keep repeating? This question has long prompted debates concerning the legitimacy and usefulness of psychoanalysis, and it is of utmost importance to Lacanian analysts, whose main project has been to stress Freud's scientific grounding. Here Jacques Bouveresse, a noted authority on Ludwig Wittgenstein, contributes to the debate by turning to this Austrian-born philosopher and contemporary of Freud for a candid assessment of the early issues surrounding psychoanalysis. Wittgenstein, who himself had delivered a devastating critique of traditional philosophy, sympathetically pondered Freud's claim to have produced a scientific theory in proposing a new model of the human psyche. What Wittgenstein recognized--and what Bouveresse so eloquently stresses for today's reader--is that psychoanalysis does not aim to produce a change limited to the intellect but rather seeks to provoke an authentic change of human attitudes. The beauty behind the theory of the unconscious for Wittgenstein is that it breaks away from scientific, causal explanations to offer new forms of thinking and speaking, or rather, a new mythology.
Offering a critical view of all the texts in which Wittgenstein mentions Freud, Bouveresse immerses us in the intellectual climate of Vienna in the early part of the twentieth century. Although we come to see why Wittgenstein did not view psychoanalysis as a science proper, we are nonetheless made to feel the philosopher's sense of wonder and respect for the cultural task Freud took on as he found new ways meaningfully to discuss human concerns. Intertwined in this story of Wittgenstein's grappling with the theory of the unconscious is the story of how he came to question the authority of science and of philosophy itself. While aiming primarily at the clarification of Wittgenstein's opinion of Freud, Bouveresse's book can be read as a challenge to the French psychoanalytic school of Lacan and as a provocative commentary on cultural authority.
- Print length168 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPrinceton University Press
- Publication dateSeptember 16, 1996
- Dimensions6.13 x 0.41 x 9.25 inches
- ISBN-100691029040
- ISBN-13978-0691029047
- Lexile measure1540L
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"The grand Baroque architecture of Freud's thought still stands after Wittgenstein's, and Bouveresse's, peppering critique, but it no longer looks habitable."---Kenneth Baker, San Francisco Chronicle
"Bouveresse's perceptive and illuminating study of Wittgenstein on Freud ... is very welcome not just as an immensely readable account of two of the century's most important thinkers, but because it throws light also on the intellectual debate in France, where there has been a lively quarrel between psychoanalysis and philosophy."---A. C. Grayling, The London Financial Times
"In drawing together most of the remarks made by Wittgenstein on Freud, many of the relevant passages from Freud's work, and a good deal of quotation from the secondary literature on the subject, Bouveresse has performed a valuable service for Wittgenstein scholars."---Ray Monk, Nature
"This small book is a treasure for those of us who want to understand and better articulate our own ambivalent attitudes toward Freud." ― Psychoanalytic Books
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"`It will take a long time,' said Wittgenstein, `before we lose our subservience' to Freudian psychoanalysis. By casting the philosopher's scattered reflections into the form of a sustained and powerful critique, Jacques Bouveresse brings that day considerably nearer."--Frederick Crews
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- Publisher : Princeton University Press; Reprint edition (September 16, 1996)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 168 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0691029040
- ISBN-13 : 978-0691029047
- Lexile measure : 1540L
- Item Weight : 8 ounces
- Dimensions : 6.13 x 0.41 x 9.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,570,855 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,261 in Epistemology Philosophy
- #38,471 in Psychology & Counseling
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Jacques Lacan, for example, has exalted psychoanalysis to the status of a "meta-science" affecting all of the humanities, and claims that philosophy is in current need of psychoanalytic "science" in order to legitimize it as a relevant subject of the humanities.
Be that as it may, however, those somewhat acquainted with Wittgenstein's thought, realize that he proposed that we are limited by language; that the so-called "scientist" must restrain his/her impulse to say more than they actually know.
Wittgenstein believed Freud to be an extraordinary individual, though, in a letter to Norman Malcolm, he wrote, "Of course, (he) is full of fishy thinking & his charm & the charm of his subject is so great that you may be easily fooled." Freud believed himself to be a biological determinist, and argued that psychoanalysis was in fact a authentic science, and used persuasive and clever forms of reasoning to "prove" the existence, for example, of the unconscious, and its alleged predictable, measurable and ultimately, mechanical processes.
Wittgenstein proposed that psychoanalysis does not have much to do with science, but is really another form of representation, though a highly seductive one.
I found this to be a well-translated and well-written essay analysing the central issues in Freud's arguments and using Wittgenstein's scattered conversations about Freud to back the counter arguments. Bouveresse tackles the Reason and Cause arguments; the `Generalizing Impulse" in regards to justifying a theory; and Freud's method of dream interpretation, and shows it fails on many counts when analysed against the rigours of falsification and verification.
Although Wittgenstein views the tenets of psychoanalysis as "a manner of speaking" and not a valid science, he maintains Freud's power of persuasion and the originality of his thought. In the end, however, psychoanalysis is about persuasion, telling the analysand that such and such a thing is the "cause" of their particular malady, and influencing them to accept that diagnosis. These "explanations" have a particular charm for the analysand, whether they're actually the case or not.
This was an interesting discussion on Freud's theories and Wittgenstein's arguments against them. As a result, I have a better understanding of Freud and Wittgenstein.

