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The World Beyond Your Head: On Becoming an Individual in an Age of Distraction Hardcover – March 31, 2015
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Matthew B. Crawford
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Print length320 pages
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LanguageEnglish
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PublisherFarrar, Straus and Giroux
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Publication dateMarch 31, 2015
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Dimensions6.24 x 1.19 x 9.41 inches
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ISBN-109780374292980
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ISBN-13978-0374292980
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Crawford’s greatest service is to spur our thought, to enjoin his readers to pay attention to the struggle of paying attention. . . . Some of The World Beyond Your Head’s individual chapters approach true excellence . . . In Crawford’s skillful hands . . . examples are far more than irreverent illustrations of philosophy by pop culture; they are illuminations from within of the many ― and often surprising ― connections between philosophy and ideology . . . Books like this gather strands of individual experience, cultural malaise, and philosophical reflection, weaving them together to form braided rope whose tensile strength has the power to lead readers forward, onward, and downward ― from the personal to the cultural to the political by way of the social.” ―Charles Clavey, The Los Angeles Review of Books
“The most cogent and incisive book of social criticism I've read in a long time. Reading it is like putting on a pair of perfectly suited prescription glasses after a long period of squinting one's way through life.” ―Damon Linker, The Week
“[A] brilliant and searching new work of social criticism . . . Crawford proposes a different model of individuality and choice, at once traditional and radically new. Expounding it, with richly informative excursions into neuroscience, experimental psychology, intellectual history, mass culture, skilled crafts, and sports, is the main business of The World Beyond Your Head.” ―George Scialabba, Boston Review
“It's increasingly difficult to pay attention in the blooming, buzzing confusion of the modern world. Matthew Crawford argues persuasively that it's time to fight back . . . Rather than embracing the standard coffee-mug view of philosophy as a repository of sage aphorisms to be summoned while sipping warm beverages, Crawford respects past thinkers enough both to argue with them and to notice their legacies in diverse cultural strata. He clashes with Kant while considering children's cartoons; he sees an ideal from Kierkegaard lurking behind the generic Muzak at a university gym; he uses Hegel to diagnose the contradictions of New Age concepts of self-realization . . . Crawford offers a compelling general framework for the ethics of attention.” ―Nick Romeo, The Daily Beast
“Crawford is really part of a long-term philosophical workshop, all of whose apprentices have tried to find better terms for joining the world than what have been offered by their contemporary socioeconomic regimes. Ruskin and Dewey are part of the shop, as are William James and Jane Addams. I am confident they would happily offer whatever their equivalent would be of a vroom-vroom bike-engine sign of acknowledgment. Through philosophy and storytelling, Crawford has joined their project of loosening the grip of alienation and designed inhumanity. That's a job well done.” ―Michael Roth, The Chronicle of Higher Education
“Educators, politicians, urban planners, interior decorators, and many others would benefit from thinking carefully about the problem Crawford has identified . . . The World Beyond Your Head is an enormously rich book, a timely and important reflection on an increasingly important subject. Pay attention.” ―Ian Tuttle, The New Criterion
“Crawford's diagnosis of our scatterbrained ennui [is] on target, and [The World Beyond Your Head] is peppered with startling insights. One comes when he contrasts Mickey Mouse cartoons of decades past, in which contraptions invariably break down or assault their owners, to the contemporary universe of 'Mickey Mouse Clubhouse,' where gadgets are error-free servants and faithful friends. It's the kind of technological utopianism that primes a young mind to buy whatever Silicon Valley is selling.” ―John Keilman, The Chicago Tribune
“In its exploration of how we come to know ourselves, The World Beyond Your Head harks back to vital debates between humanists like Joseph Wood Krutch and the behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner, as well as later works by the agrarian social critic Wendell Berry. Readers who know Robert Pirsig's classic Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance will also hear its engines purr in Crawford's work. Like Pirsig, he raises thrilling questions about human nature and calls for a more generous, more diverse definition of excellence.” ―Chris Tucker, The Dallas Morning News
“Persuasive, entertaining-and sometimes disturbing.” ―Sarah Bakewell, The Financial Times
“Crawford is deeply interested in how one masters one's own mind, especially in a time of information overload and constant distraction provided by technology. In a manner similar to Malcolm Gladwell, this brilliant work looks at individuals from varied walks of life, including hockey players and short-order cooks, to focus on the theme of how important (and difficult) it is to truly pay attention in our noisy world . . . rich in excellent research, argument, and prose.” ―Publishers Weekly, starred review
“In the gambling addict, dead broke at the slot machine, Crawford finds the surprising terminus of a way of thinking traceable to Descartes, Kant, and Locke. . . Extending themes of his acclaimed Shop Class as Soulcraft, Crawford shows how the short-order cook, the welder, the carpenter, the pipe-organ builder all achieve a free individuality by submitting to the authority of mentors who discipline their minds for full engagement with the complexities of the external environment. Those who never mature into this valid individuality, Crawford warns, disappear into a distracted crowd of mindless consumers unable to recognize the distinctions that sustain a vibrant democracy. Worse, such stunted psyches are easy prey for the corporate strategists who hide their predations behind the faux freedoms of the shopping center-and the casino. A cultural inquiry of rare substance and insight.” ―Booklist, starred review
“[Crawford] takes a unique look at attention, positing that it is a commodity . . . He explains his theories well, with strong writing and citations, and the resulting argument is fresh and extremely enlightening. What is most satisfying is that technology is not blamed for the modern deluge of distractions-it is discussed as the cumulative effect of a number of influences found within Western culture.” ―Library Journal, starred review
“Fiercely intelligent.” ―The Barnes and Noble Review
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Product details
- ASIN : 0374292981
- Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux; F First Edition Used (March 31, 2015)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 320 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9780374292980
- ISBN-13 : 978-0374292980
- Item Weight : 1.1 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.24 x 1.19 x 9.41 inches
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Best Sellers Rank:
#765,787 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,534 in Consciousness & Thought Philosophy
- #2,017 in Medical Cognitive Psychology
- #2,209 in Popular Psychology Personality Study
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I write that to lay out why I so closely align Crawford's book with James K. A. Smith's You Are What You Love: The Spiritual Power of Habit . Though Smith does not actually quote Crawford in his book (which was published very shortly after Crawford's, indicating it was already in the publishing pipeline by the time Crawford's work landed in Smith's hands), he quickly adopted this specific concept of Crawford's as he has continued to develop the ideas he laid out in his book. I have become a bit of a follower of Smith's, and so I read this to help me better understand what I perceive to be a new but central concept for Smith.
In that vein, one need only read the first two chapters of The World Beyond Your Head to understand the basics of Crawford's concept of a jig. The first chapter deals with attention, highlighting how our very attention has begun to be conscripted, every square inch maximized for advertisement and even aural space being occupied by Muzak and advertisements. Where can one go or look where one's attention is not being demanded or monopolized? For the purpose of his primary argument, Crawford also works through the concept of the situated self, beginning a book-long process of dismantling Kant's conception of the autonomous individual. Crawford is rather unforgiving in the insufficiencies of Kant's individualism and personal autonomy throughout his book (which I found refreshing).
The second chapter builds on this concept, initially laying out the cultural jig concept, but also including the ideas of a nudge and an awareness of how one's surroundings contribute to and influence what one does. This latter reality is a solid contributor to how he weighs the experiential truth of the heteronomy one experiences in day to day living and doing, in quite a stark contrast to Kant's idealistic individual autonomy.
One aspect of Crawford's writing was his method of drawing the reader along a path of discovery. It was never clear as to whether or not he was re-working for the reader the same path he himself had trod to reach his conclusions (it seems doubtful), but it was an intentionally staged journey which built conceptually from one chapter to the next. Chapters switched from narration to reflection and analysis rather frequently, but seamlessly. I greatly enjoyed his methodology for deep reflection upon aspects of daily life and/or one's skilled work. In contrast to an anecdotal approach (wherein an author attempts to derive a universal principle or observation off a single story), he utilized the stories (some almost anecdotal) to reflect back upon philosophy and then explore how the reality of life oftentimes displayed something quite different than what some philosophers had anticipated or thought.
While the first two chapters cover the basics of the cultural jig, it is the following chapters which really challenge the reader to get out of his/her head and into the real. The philosophical journey is fascinating and illuminates many disturbing and modern trends which stem from philosophical roots tracing all the way back to the time before the American Revolution. In fact, through exploring Kant and Locke's work and their influence upon the foundational concepts of American society, he holds the modern epidemic of depression to be the inevitable outcome of these philosophies.
Crawford seems to be building off his previous work Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work , which I have not read and do not necessarily perceive to be a required pre-requisite for this work. Additionally, it was interesting reading Crawford as a Christian, whereas his worldview does not necessarily seem to be Christian. There was a minimal spattering of more 'coarse' language throughout, and a few spots where he indicated a less than favorable attitude towards Christianity in general. That said, I found much which he said to run parallel to (if not outright support) a Christian worldview. Without a greater end in mind, the point to his argument would seem to be to find or return to a truer state of being, for each of us to exist more and more in the real. And yet, in my mind, the point of such an existence, the point behind avoiding the virtual reality of the slot machine, is to experience life to a fuller, more truer sense. Situated outside of religious (specifically Christian, in my opinion) worldview, such an existence is ultimately pointless. Yes, the path he is ultimately arguing for people to take is a better, grander path, but it seems ultimately meaningless if this world is all there really is.
But I digress. I note this non-Christian worldview merely as a "heads up!" of sorts for Christians reading this book. The non-believer really won't care but will still find Crawford's concepts enlightening and engaging. I would challenge believers to read critically and reflect on the continuity with one's faith which Crawford's work displays (for it is there, and the implications are staggering in places).
I would recommend this book to all students of philosophy or people, young or old, who might enjoy digging into some deeper thoughts on the significance of the physical world (and our interactions therein) to who we are and how we think. Sometimes Crawford dives deep in his thoughts, but he utilizes a nice rhythm of deeper thoughts with more accessible ones and stories to make the book engaging and accessible, even for the philosophical amateur.
Cons: The writing is extremely bloated. Every sentence had an unnecessary explanation or preposition. This became exhausting to sort through. The epilogue was a fantastic opportunity to take all the topics and create a practical guide the reader could apply to their life. He spends the whole book spelling out complex philosophical ideas and brining them down to reality through examples of various craftsmen. He never takes the ideas and examples and makes something to hand to the reader. Instead the epilogue was a chapter by chapter summary of what was discussed, like the conclusion of high school essay.
Again, respect to the author. He clearly put in the work and developed some interesting ideas. However, this book will require some patience as you wade through the bloated prose trying to get to the point. I think he needs a new editor. Regardless, I'm glad I read this.
by Matthew B. Crawford
This is an age where mental lives become more fragmented. Can one maintain a coherent self when attention, which is so fundamental to our mental lives, is increasingly distracted? In today’s world, a lot of human experience has become highly engineered and manipulated.
Crawford writes that human flourishing takes complete immersion in a particular situation (e.g. short order cook who lines up the ingredients to make the order, motorcycle racing/repair, building a pipe organ to last hundreds of years.) Skilled practices like these “serve as an anchor to the world beyond ones own head”. He envisions a “triangulation” with objects and other people and in doing so one can achieve something like individuality.
Crawford’s description of the cultural reality of distraction could be anyone’s experience in this digital world. He describes the loss of “public space” required for some form of sociability, even if it’s just eye contact. Recently a group of 9th graders talked with me about their own sad sense of non-connectedness because everyone was engaged in their own digital world and they barely talk to each other.
Crawford, who himself dropped out of a Ph.D. program at Stanford to form a motorcycle repair shop, refers to a psychological study where children were told they could have one marshmellow now or two in 15 minutes if they delayed the impulse. Crawford describes today’s well-engineered marshmellows such as ads on the ATM or the gasoline screen slyly designed to break through any weakness the ordinary consumer might have. Resistance may require freakish self-control. (My wife just came in to ask if I wanted to hear President Obama on TV as he presented Medals of Freedom to 21 famous Americans. Freakishly I declined—but we’ll watch the tape later.)
Are our choices/decisions about important matters “free-will” or based on non-rational “chatter” (emotions)? Crawford wants to go beyond that limited choice to included the environment especially in this age with the “ads, jigs and nudges”. Without an anchor strengthened by skilled practice, the individual is at the mercy of a distracting world with commercial impetus.
I particularly enjoyed Crawford’s assessment of David Foster Wallace’s essay “This Is Water”, Wallace’s famous commencement address at Kenyon College. Wallace also talked about what you pay attention to and choosing how to think, that if you really pay attention you can find other options. Crawford would emphasize that, like the “successful” child marshmellow eaters who distracted themselves using their imagination, a shift in attention works better than Wallace’s recommendation to
“decide what has meaning and what doesn’t”.
Crawford’s book is a corrective to the current cultural crisis of attention/distraction. I think he would have us learn by doing as in cooking a meal, woodworking or repairing motors, holding that the very “doing-ness” helps to develop the attentional mental muscles and a sense of real agency and individualism.
Initially, I thought this book was too heavily weighed in a philosophical discussion of Enlightenment thinkers, getting through that chapter was more rewarding and I recommend it to anyone interested in the cultural distractions we all face and how to manage one's own response.


