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Conflict: The Evolution of Warfare from 1945 to Ukraine―Understanding Modern Warfare Today Hardcover – October 17, 2023
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New York Times, USA Today, Amazon, and Publishers Weekly bestseller
Aspects of History, The Critic, Octavian, and Modern War Institute Book of the Year.
Two leading authorities—an acclaimed historian and the outstanding battlefield commander and strategist of our time—collaborate on a landmark examination of war since 1945. Conflict is both a sweeping history of the evolution of warfare up to Putin’s invasion of the Ukraine, and a penetrating analysis of what we must learn from the past—and anticipate in the future—in order to navigate an increasingly perilous world.
In this deep and incisive study, General David Petraeus, who commanded the US-led coalitions in both Iraq, during the Surge, and Afghanistan and former CIA director, and the prize-winning historian Andrew Roberts, explore over 70 years of conflict, drawing significant lessons and insights from their fresh analysis of the past.Drawing on their different perspectives and areas of expertise, Petraeus and Roberts show how often critical mistakes have been repeated time and again, and the challenge, for statesmen and generals alike, of learning to adapt to various new weapon systems, theories and strategies. Among the conflicts examined are the Arab-Israeli wars, the Korean and Vietnam Wars, the two Gulf Wars, the Balkan wars in the former Yugoslavia, and both the Soviet and Coalition wars in Afghanistan, as well as guerilla conflicts in Africa and South America. Conflict culminates with a bracing look at Putin’s disastrous invasion of Ukraine, yet another case study in the tragic results when leaders refuse to learn from history, and an assessment of the nature of future warfare. Filled with sharp insight and the wisdom of experience, Conflict is not only a critical assessment of our recent past, but also an essential primer of modern warfare that provides crucial knowledge for waging battle today as well as for understanding what the decades ahead will bring.
- Print length544 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarper
- Publication dateOctober 17, 2023
- Dimensions6.4 x 1.7 x 9.1 inches
- ISBN-100063293137
- ISBN-13978-0063293137
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“A major book that will enlighten the layman and guide the statesman or geopolitical student." — Dr. Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of State and National Security Advisor; Nobel Prize laureate and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient; author of 20 books; and Bronze Star Medal recipient as an infantryman in WWII
“Splendidly researched and persuasive in applying history’s altruism that failure to learn from the past compels us to repeat mistakes, this is a clear-sighted assessment of war’s future. Applying front-line military leadership and strong academic rigor, General Petraeus and Lord Roberts have crafted a most extraordinary book that bristles with lessons drawn skillfully from the past. Conflict provides the map and compass to guide us through a perilous future.” — General James Mattis, U.S. Marine Corps (Ret.), 26th Secretary of Defense; former Commander of US Central Command and Marine forces in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Gulf War; author of No Better Friend, No Worse Enemy
“Conflict is remarkably readable. . . . Many of the elements that Conflict dissects—the use of low-cost drones, the targeting of infrastructure, the power of social media and the patronage of outside powers, to name a few—flash across our screens in real time, reminding us that ‘war is thus still very much worth studying.’ Timely, engaging and instructive, Conflict is the best one-volume study of conventional warfare in the nuclear age. It sets a new benchmark in understanding modern war.” — Wall Street Journal
"Not since Clausewitz’ On War has a book provided so much insight into the nature of warfare. Deeply researched, brilliantly constructed and thoroughly entertaining, Conflict gets to the heart of why some nations win and others lose during war. Conflict could only have been written through the unique collaboration of General Dave Petraeus and Lord (Andrew) Roberts. It is a book that will shape the thinking of policy makers and military strategists for generations to come." — Admiral William H. McRaven, US Navy (Ret.); former Commander of US Special Operations Command and the Counter-Terrorist Task Force that brought Osama bin Laden to justice; author of the best sellers Make Your Bed, Sea Stories, and The Hero Code
“Authoritative, compelling, highly readable. An exceptional book written by two absolute masters of their profession. Penetrating historical analysis, incisive operational and strategic judgments. It's an unbeatable combination. Erstwhile statesmen should not be allowed to take office until they pass a test on what this book contains!” — General The Lord Richards of Herstmonceux GCB CBE DSO; former UK Chief of Defence Staff, Chief of the UK General Staff, Commander of the International Assistance Force in Afghanistan, and author of Taking Command: The Autobiography
“In Conflict, distinguished authors David Petraeus and Andrew Roberts show us how to think clearly about the present and future through examination of the past. They reveal continuities in the nature of war and changes in the character of warfare since the end of World War II. Conflict sheds light on today’s conflicts as well as the path to restore peace, prevent conflict, and secure a better future for generations to come. This is a book to read and discuss. We must not allow its lessons to lie inert within its cover.” — Lt General H.R. McMaster, US Army (Ret.); 25th U.S. National Security Advisor; highly decorated leader during the Gulf War, the War in Iraq, and the War in Afghanistan; Ajami Senior Fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institute; author of Battlegrounds and Dereliction of Duty
“There is much to learn from this book. Not only will it be studied by military officers for generations to come, it will also be enjoyed by those who simply appreciate military history. I can’t think of two people better qualified to identify the key lessons from conflict in the modern era - I just hope that our leadership will take the time to read this book and follow its advice.” — General Sir Nick Carter GCB CBE DSO, former UK Chief of Defence Staff; UK Chief of the General Staff; former Deputy Commander of the International Security Assistance Force, Commander of Regional Command-South in Afghanistan, and Commander of 20th Armoured Brigade in Iraq
“There is no reason to expect the collaboration between a famous general and a distinguished author to be a marriage made in heaven, but this book is. Its narrative is seamless, sustained by comparative judgements, and calculated to challenge the professional and enlighten the generalist.” — Sir Hew Strachan, DL, FRSE, FRHistS, FBA, Professor of International Relations at the University of St Andrews; former Chichele Professor of the History of War at Oxford University; author of The Direction of War; The First World War; Clausewitz’s On War
“Andrew Roberts is a remarkable historian; David Petraeus is one of the greatest generals in American history. He is also an impressive student and scholar of history, and one who made military history himself, and this is his most extensive effort yet to put the lessons of Iraq and Afghanistan to paper. This book is a gem!” — Dr. Michael O’Hanlon, Philip H. Knight Chair at the Brookings Institution and author of more than 20 books, including Military History for the Modern Strategist: America’s Major Wars Since 1861 and The Art of War in an Age of Peace: U.S. Grand Stategy in an Era of Resolute Restraint
"Most books are recommended as a good read, an informed insight or just necessary; Conflict is simply essential. It will be as relevant tomorrow as it is today. General Petraeus brings statesman, scholar, businessman and soldier credentials to bear to the challenge, while Lord Roberts adds a notable and noteworthy historian perspective. The result is essential reading. Conflict highlights the complexities and challenges of conflict wrapped up as they always are as a truly wicked and more than often an unresolvable problem, but one about which we still must make choices." — Lieutenant General Sir Graeme Lamb British Army (Retd) KBE, CMG, DSO; Former Commander of the UK Field Army, Deputy Commander of the Multinational Force-Iraq during the Surge, Commander of the 3rd Mechanised Division in Iraq, and Director of UK Special Forces
“This book is particularly timely. [Petraeus and Roberts] . . . judiciously trace how modern warfare has progressed since 1945 through the present moment, and they set forth the possible implications of the Russian-Ukrainian war for global conflicts in the future. They closely examine key battles that contributed to this evolution . . . and consider a future that will likely entail cyber warfare and AI. . . . Their arguments are consistently well grounded and based on vast experience. A must-read for military historians and strategists.” — Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
“A thoroughly researched and remarkably informative survey and analysis of wars around the world since the end of WWII. The authors convey lessons learned from many aspects of modern warfare among nations and armed groups about strategic leadership, stressing the need for adaptability and tactical flexibility, while highlighting the impacts of evolving weapon and systems technologies . . . . The past shapes the present, making this expert military history invaluable for the reading public and everyone involved in politics and policy.” — Booklist
"Elegantly written and persuasively argued, Conflict is a hugely important book that explains why wars are still being fought and lost, what we can learn from them, and how we can protect ourselves from malign actors in the future. It should be required reading for any Western leader who questions whether military and financial support for Ukraine is money well spent." — Saul David, Telegraph (UK)
“Conflict: The Evolution of Warfare from 1945 to Ukraine is a rigorous and thoughtful study of what has happened on battlefields over the past eight decades.” — The Times (London)
“This is an ambitious and deeply researched volume which does not shy away from the gritty details of combat, as one might expect from a collaboration between the most distinguished commander of the Iraq War and the tireless chronicler of warriors ranging from Napoleon to Churchill. . . . Petraeus and Roberts focus on the outstanding commanders whose strategems and strategies were not only grand, but actually worked. The contrast they draw between Zelensky’s leadership qualities and Putin’s lack of them is telling. Yet their “existential war” has lessons for the military experts." — Daniel Johnson, The Critic
About the Author
General David Petraeusis a retired United States Army general and widely respected as a leading warrior intellectual. He graduated with distinction from the US Military Academy and earned a Ph.D. from Princeton University. He served for 37 years in the US Army, culminating his time in uniform with 6 consecutive commands as a general officer, 5 of which were in combat, including Command of the Surge in Iraq, US Central Command, and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. He then served as Director of the CIA. He has held academic appointments at six universities and currently is a Senior Fellow and Lecturer at Yale. He is a prominent commentator on contemporary security issues, military developments, and global affairs. He is currently a Partner in a major investment firm and chairs that firm’s Global Institute.
Andrew Robertsis a biographer and historian whose books include the New York Times bestsellers Churchill: Walking With Destinyand Napoleon: A Life (winner of the Los Angeles Times Book Prize), Masters and Commanders, The Storm of Warand Salisbury: Victorian Titan(winner of the Wolfson Prize for History), among others. His most recent book, The Last King of America: The Misunderstood Reign of George III,was published in November 2021. Roberts is a Fellow of the Royal Societies of Literature and the Royal Historical Society, and a Trustee of the International Churchill Society. He is currently Visiting Professor at the Department of War Studies at King's College, London, and the Roger and Martha Mertz Visiting Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University.
Product details
- Publisher : Harper
- Publication date : October 17, 2023
- Edition : First Edition
- Language : English
- Print length : 544 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0063293137
- ISBN-13 : 978-0063293137
- Item Weight : 1.5 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.4 x 1.7 x 9.1 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #70,772 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #27 in Iraq War History (Books)
- #29 in Military Strategy History (Books)
- #109 in Vietnam War History (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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Customers find the book engaging and easy to read, with a richly detailed narrative that meticulously traces the evolution of warfare. Moreover, the writing quality is well-received, and one customer notes it's written by two eminent scholars. Additionally, the book provides a comprehensive view of the future of warfare and offers valuable lessons for policymakers. However, the accuracy receives mixed reviews from customers.
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Customers appreciate the book's comprehensive research and find it engaging and informative, with one customer noting its valuable lessons for policymakers.
"Conflict isn't just readable - it's rewarding and relevant...." Read more
"...of Warfare from 1945 to Ukraine is a masterful examination of modern military history and strategy, penned by two of the most authoritative voices..." Read more
"...The authors provide compelling descriptions and analysis for major conflicts during this period providing valuable observations and analysis to the..." Read more
"...It is important work that will be studied by solders and statements alike for years to come, as Dr. Henry Kissinger assessed it in his praise on the..." Read more
Customers find the book highly readable, describing it as a balanced and easy-to-understand text that is fascinating to read.
"...Moreover, the authors’ prose is lucid and compelling, making complex military concepts accessible to both general readers and specialists alike...." Read more
"...intelligence and strategic background provides interesting reading for the war fighter and average citizen alike...." Read more
"...It is must read book and I will keep it. And I will pass it to my son, who choose US Navy as his life path...." Read more
"...All in all, I really really enjoyed the book. I bought the kindle online, and then bought a hardcover too. It's a must for every bookshelf" Read more
Customers appreciate the book's detailed narrative and meticulous tracing of the evolution of warfare.
"...One of the book’s most impressive strengths is its meticulous tracing of the evolution of warfare, starting from the Cold War’s proxy battles and..." Read more
"...The authors’ arguments are very convincing and backed by references and real-life examples...." Read more
"...to distill complex geopolitical issues into accessible and relatable narratives...." Read more
"...I liked the book. I found especially interesting the detail about why some efforts were successful and some were not...." Read more
Customers appreciate the pacing of the book, with one review highlighting its comprehensive summary of leadership failures.
"...leadership and Roberts’s rigorous historical scholarship—create a nuanced and richly detailed narrative that is as engaging as it is..." Read more
"...Afghan people, and their culture with insight and critique of how the war was executed...." Read more
"AN IMPRESSIVE REVIEW OF THE POLICIES OF WAR" Read more
"...chapter on the future of war is likewise very informative and sobering." Read more
Customers appreciate the writing quality of the book, with one noting it was written by two eminent scholars.
"...Moreover, the authors’ prose is lucid and compelling, making complex military concepts accessible to both general readers and specialists alike...." Read more
"...The book is written by two eminent scholars who been personal witnesses of some of the events, extensively analyzed them in the role of policy..." Read more
"...The prose is clear, concise, and engaging, making it a must-read for both seasoned scholars of conflict studies and newcomers to the field...." Read more
"Well written using clear language. Makes the subject approachable for the non technical reader." Read more
Customers appreciate how the book covers the evolution of warfare from 1945 to the present, with one customer noting its comprehensive look at the future of warfare.
"...text that will help us better understand the past, present, and future of warfare...." Read more
"The book is a systemic, chronology, progression, describing counter-insurgency, warfare over a period from 1945- the present...." Read more
"...As is the closing chapter on the future of warfare. Recommended!" Read more
"...read for anyone wishing to understand the past, present, and future of warfare." Read more
Customers find the book eye-opening, with one mentioning that the Vietnam section was particularly illuminating.
"...The section devoted to Ukraine is especially timely and illuminating...." Read more
"...strategic, political, and human dimensions of conflict, providing a comprehensive view that is as enlightening as it is captivating...." Read more
"...The Vietnam section was an eye opener for me as I had little knowledge of the details that were presented...." Read more
"...almost the brink of where we now stand- in a comprehensive and professional open eyed and very much cut and dried analysis..." Read more
Customers have mixed opinions about the accuracy of the book, with some finding it credible and well-researched, while others report inaccuracies and misrepresentations of events.
"The book is a systemic, chronology, progression, describing counter-insurgency, warfare over a period from 1945- the present...." Read more
"...(and even some subtle, but never the less critical, misrepresentations of events; as in the First South Ossetian War)...." Read more
"...aspects of our recent wars, Gen Petraeus provides an exceptionally credible recount of what does and does not work as part of the campaign game...." Read more
"...Finally, I find one passage either perplexing or completely wrong. On pp...." Read more
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- Reviewed in the United States on August 25, 2025Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseConflict: The Evolution of Warfare from 1945 to Ukraine is a masterful examination of modern military history and strategy, penned by two of the most authoritative voices in their respective fields—General David Petraeus and historian Andrew Roberts. This compelling work expertly navigates the complex landscape of warfare over the past seven decades, culminating in the incisive analysis of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
From the outset, Petraeus and Roberts establish a clear framework for understanding the profound transformations in military doctrine, technology, and geopolitics that have shaped conflicts since World War II. Their combined perspectives—Petraeus’s firsthand military leadership and Roberts’s rigorous historical scholarship—create a nuanced and richly detailed narrative that is as engaging as it is informative.
One of the book’s most impressive strengths is its meticulous tracing of the evolution of warfare, starting from the Cold War’s proxy battles and ideological confrontations to the asymmetrical struggles in the Middle East and the resurgence of great power competition symbolized by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The authors skillfully explain how lessons learned from Vietnam, the Gulf War, Afghanistan, and Syria have informed contemporary military tactics and strategic thinking. Their discussion of hybrid warfare, cyber operations, and the use of unmanned systems is particularly insightful, highlighting how the nature of conflict has expanded beyond traditional battlefields.
The section devoted to Ukraine is especially timely and illuminating. Petraeus and Roberts provide a balanced and thorough analysis of the war’s origins, strategic dynamics, and broader significance in the context of international security. They deftly explore the resilience of Ukrainian forces, the strategic miscalculations of the Russian military, and the global implications of this conflict for NATO and Western deterrence strategies. Their perspectives shed light on the war’s complexity without resorting to simplistic narratives, making it an indispensable resource for anyone seeking to understand this pivotal moment in contemporary history.
Moreover, the authors’ prose is lucid and compelling, making complex military concepts accessible to both general readers and specialists alike. The detailed yet clear writing allows readers to grasp the intricate interplay of political, technological, and human factors that drive warfare today.
In sum, *Conflict: The Evolution of Warfare from 1945 to Ukraine* is an outstanding contribution to military literature. Petraeus and Roberts have crafted a deeply insightful, thoroughly researched, and eloquently presented work that not only chronicles the trajectory of modern conflict but also offers valuable lessons for policymakers, military professionals, and scholars. This book is an essential read for anyone interested in the past, present, and future of warfare.
- Reviewed in the United States on May 14, 2024Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseThe book is a systemic, chronology, progression, describing counter-insurgency, warfare over a period from 1945- the present. In each of these historical vignettes the authors reveal the evolution of warfare with much of the material derived from “ Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual FM 3-24 of 206 also authored by General Petraeus (see Appendix B). Much of this material took place under the conscious RADAR of the average human life during this time period.
Although I have tremendous regard for Dr. Petraeus, I feel this very well done work is an extension of his doctoral thesis, he obtained from Princeton University. The product is essentially a tutorial on the concept of “ Clear & Hold Strategy” to replace overwhelming force as provided in the first half of the 20th Century wars with emphasis on civilian welfare. The authors’ arguments are very convincing and backed by references and real-life examples.
The authors provide compelling descriptions and analysis for major conflicts during this period providing valuable observations and analysis to the future commanders for future conflicts. Hence, valuable reasoning backed by hard facts propel this work into War College present-day study. In fact, particularly present day situations play into the 1967 and Yom Kjippur Israel/Arab conflicts.
The book is worth the price just to have General Petraeus personally provide the “Blow-by Blow” account of the Afghanistan War in chapter seven. Here on page 240 I remember the 19th of October US Army raid on Kandahar Airport, where I witnessed SECDEF defend the action to CNN reporters inside the DOD, HQ Pentagon weekly briefing. He then continues to review policy, manpower, politics, Afghan people, and their culture with insight and critique of how the war was executed. Assessment of this topic is very insightful and identifies reasons why Afghanistan did not have to fall.
Interestingly, the next chapter regarding the Iraqi War, again General Petraeus provides a personal account of that conflict. While in chapter nine the authors reveal the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In all Petraeus’s retrospective-critique and analysis with his unprecedented intelligence and strategic background provides interesting reading for the war fighter and average citizen alike.
The product has 442 pages of text in ten chapters with over one hundred pages of reference material, colored photographs, and a helpful map section. The index is very helpful for the amateur historian. My only suggestion to the authors: a page is required of military acronyms and what they represent. I highly recommend this work on counter-insurgency doctrine and operations and hope this material is never used against the USA.
Top reviews from other countries
RVReviewed in France on January 22, 20245.0 out of 5 stars Book review (by an economist)
I do not often write book reviews, but this one is worth the effort. As an economist (thus not an expert in military and foreign affairs), I found that it offers extremely useful insights for scholars in game theory, defense economics, and business strategy.
In this book, General David Petraeus and historian Andrew Roberts analyze the reasons and factors that shifted the balance of power during major conflicts after the Second World War. The style is precise, almost cold. The authors do not aim to appeal and sell books by filling the text with eye-catching stories and cheap talk philosophy. On the contrary, they bring to the forefront the cold facts as they are, without hiding the dramatic consequences of any war.
The book analyzes war but is fundamentally a plea for peace. As the book relates, unsurprisingly, autocratic "nihilistic" regimes seek war; the surprise comes from the proven strengths of democracies that managed to oppose them in many instances.
There is one major thesis defended in the book – beyond weapons, technology, and numbers of soldiers, the “human” factor matters. The morale of people fighting for a just cause is undoubtedly a major factor of success. And so is leadership. For Petraeus and Roberts, the four tasks of strategic leadership are (1) ”get the big ideas right, (2) communicate them effectively, (3) oversee their implementation with skill and determination, and (4) demonstrate a willingness to refine the big ideas again and again” (page 77).
Also, a key lesson for today's defense policy is that spending on defense is never too much since the cost of lacking the resources to meet aggression is simply too high to bear. Unfortunately, whenever democracies rely on negotiation and trade to achieve peace, nihilistic regimes will never miss an opportunity to exploit the gap, using terror and aggression.
This book is worth reading.
Paulo RamalhoReviewed in Spain on November 7, 20245.0 out of 5 stars A journey in history
Anything you would like to know about human greed, reality check
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Col.Reviewed in Italy on January 5, 20255.0 out of 5 stars 1
Ottimo
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Salah E.Reviewed in Canada on March 10, 20255.0 out of 5 stars Je recommande
Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseExcellent livre. Beaucoup d'éclaircissements sur des événements historiques importants d'un point de vu militaire.
Excellent livre. Beaucoup d'éclaircissements sur des événements historiques importants d'un point de vu militaire.5.0 out of 5 stars
Salah E.Je recommande
Reviewed in Canada on March 10, 2025
Images in this review
graham a.Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 17, 20235.0 out of 5 stars High quality durable hardback book.
The book is simple and unobtrusive in appearance with a black cover, the names and title are done in black gloss finish.
The pages feel high quality thick browned paper, the hardback is solid, the spine does not need to be broken, it opens readily.
I have read the introduction and it is simple, clear, and has the four most important points outlined.
It (the intro thus far) is written in a style that is easy to understand, with no complicated words to confuse, or that might require the reader to look up.
There are maps at the back, notes and importantly, an index!
It feels like it will be a journey rather than a destination. The reality on the ground.
I will enjoy reading this book.
---update
I have had time to read some of the book now, and it's authors both petraeus and roberts, must be very proud of it.
The thing I found most interesting was it's straight talking honesty, and the view that many perhaps fail to recognise, that is that it is never just one nation or group, but a large number of competing interests, all having things to gain or lose in world scale events. What seems to one as a bad thing might be seized upon by another who percieves it as good. Only to find that those roles eventually become reversed due to complacency or lack resolve in carrying the big ideas into reality.
I still have far to go, but already I find I am challenged, and have learned a great deal from only a few pages.
UPDATE 2023-11-11
I've spent a little time reading now, now I'm a slow reader, and I spend time getting around a book, this book is great, it is written in manageable chunks of roughly 35 to 40 pages, which was I remember, similar in style and font to some course texts I have read in the past. It is also in a font size that is helpful.
I remember a conversation once with a friend of mine, where I expressed that I felt that there is a lack of basic education of world events, in the minds of the people in nations around the world, where they either ommit or don't acknowledge those events. I feel this book fills the important gaps in much of that knowledge.
I'm still not finished reading it but it's educating me daily.
It's a must read, slow...








