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The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea Hardcover – Download: Adobe Reader, November 22, 1998
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[The United States and Biological Warfare] is a major contribution to our understanding of the past involvement by the US and Japanese governments with BW, with important, crucial implications for the future. . . . Pieces of this story, including the Korean War allegations, have been told before, but never so authoritatively, and with such a convincing foundation in historical research. . . . This is a brave and significant scholarly contribution on a matter of great importance to the future of humanity.
―Richard Falk, Albert G. Milbank Professor of International Law and Practice, Princeton University
The United States and Biological Warfare argues persuasively that the United States experimented with and deployed biological weapons during the Korean War. Endicott and Hagerman explore the political and moral dimensions of this issue, asking what restraints were applied or forgotten in those years of ideological and political passion and military crisis.
For the first time, there is hard evidence that the United States lied both to Congress and the American public in saying that the American biological warfare program was purely defensive and for retaliation only. The truth is that a large and sophisticated biological weapons system was developed as an offensive weapon of opportunity in the post-World War II years. From newly declassified American, Canadian, and British documents, and with the cooperation of the Chinese Central Archives in giving the authors the first access by foreigners to relevant classified documents, Endicott and Hagerman have been able to tell the previously hidden story of the extension of the limits of modern war to include the use of medical science, the most morally laden of sciences with respect to the sanctity of human life. They show how the germ warfare program developed collaboratively by Great Britain, Canada, and the United States during the Second World War, together with information gathered from the Japanese at the end of World War II about their biological warfare technology, was incorporated into an ongoing development program in the United States. Startling evidence from both Chinese and American sources is presented to make the case.
An important book for anyone interested in the history and morality of modern warfare.
- Print length304 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherIndiana University Press
- Publication dateNovember 22, 1998
- Dimensions6.3 x 1 x 9.4 inches
- ISBN-100253334721
- ISBN-13978-0253334725
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- Reviewed in the United States on May 4, 2018Stephen Endicott and Edward Hagerman have produced an extremely well-documented and convincing book about a controversy that may have occurred 65 years ago, but whose ramifications continue to affect world affairs to this very day. The authors, who are professional historians, were granted unique access to Chinese state archives. They also took advantage of a temporary loosening of the bands of secrecy that still keep many Korean War documents classified, even after all these many decades. The result is as close as we are likely to come to a definitive answer about whether the U.S. conducted biological warfare during the Korea War. The authors make a surprisingly strong case that this did in fact occur.
Few books in the last 20 years have been attacked as vociferously as this one. The critics, or most of them, would rather readers not think for themselves and examine all the evidence, but simply accept what they, the authorities, pronounce. The book has been boosted by the recent online posting of the 1952 International Scientific Commission report on the U.S. bacteriological warfare, a report produced by an international team of scientists led by the famous British biologist and Sinologist, Joseph Needham. (That report can be accessed in full and for free online via search.)
Some Cold War scholars purport that documents found in the former Soviet Union, and a supposed memoir by a Chinese medical scientist, constitute proof that the use of U.S. germ warfare never happened in the Korean War, and that the North Korean and Chinese charges were based on a hoax and falsified evidence. These new documents cannot be verified in any scholarly way, but that doesn't keep these scholars from maintaining that the controversy is a dead letter. While the authors have tried, post-publication, to answer these arguments, a full analysis of these documents remains to be done. I am working on that myself, and interested readers can search online for my name and an appropriate keyword(s) (like "biological warfare Korea") and see what I've written about all this.
The bottom line is that this is a very important book. The chapter on the "CIA in the Korean War" is alone worth the price of purchase. Much of our history has been suppressed, and this only accelerated after 9/11. Readers owe it to themselves to get this book. It is jam-packed with information, and you will find yourself referring back to it, and rereading it more than once. This book is an outstanding contribution to the history of the Korean War, and the history of the United States more generally.
- Reviewed in the United States on September 12, 2021This is an extremely well researched study by two able scholars. After reviewing all of the evidence, they concluded that the US probably used bio-weapons against the North Koreans and Chinese during the Korean War.
Their conclusion is shocking and deserves to be a wake up call for every American.
The negative reviews posted here at Amazon illustrate the problem: We Americans have been brought up to believe our country does not do this sort of thing. Wrong.
Unfortunately, there is a strong case that we have been deceived. At the end of WW II, the US military recruited Japanese war criminals for the purpose of developing the next generation of bio-weapons. A few years later, the US then turned these same weapons against North Korea and China.
Bottom line: the US military's use of bio-weapons in the Korean War (and no doubt there were other cases) has placed all of us in the gravest danger. The Chinese surely know what happened! They are not stupid. They have undoubtedly taken steps to return the favor.
As they say, what goes around comes around.
In a future war with China, Covid-19 will be the least of our worries. Avian Flu has a fatality rate of ~60%. Try to imagine what would happen if such a virus were to be unleashed. The United States would probably cease to exist.
Please read this important book, then, pass it on to others.
- Reviewed in the United States on May 3, 2014I totally agree with the very first reviewer ("Unacceptable scholarship by any standard.", Ed. Regis(?)). This book is a repetition of Chinese and North Korean propaganda and accusation, spiced with twisted circumstantial "evidence". It is a poor attempt to raise the attentions on a forgotten false accusation.
I am actually more interesting on Mr. Regis' review on NY Times ("Wartime Lies?" [...], published Jun 27, 1999), because one of his key points was right on the money.
"Carl Sagan used to say that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. The evidence Endicott and Hagerman present for their extraordinarily dubious claim is notable only for its weakness. The Chinese and North Koreans themselves had the means, motive and opportunity to fabricate evidence, and were known to rewrite history for propaganda purposes. Any plausible defense of the claim that the Americans were guilty of biological warfare in the Korean conflict must address the question of fabricated evidence. "
In late 2013, Yan Huang Historical Review (炎黄春秋)published a posthumous manuscript by Wu, Zhili, the former Surgeon General of Chinese People's Volunteers' Army. The title of the article was "The "germ war" of 1952 was a false alarm." He wrote that the front line troops had reported some suspicious insects in the snows. It was duly reported all the way back to Beijing. However, while he and his medical team was still struggling to figure out if these insects really carried any harmful germs, People's Daily had started the allegation of "germ war by Americans" in February 22, 1952. Days after this allegation, even with the helps of the special medical team sent by Beijing, they still could not isolated the alleged germs. Actually, he admitted they did not find any during the whole year of 1952. However, it did not matter any more. The Party could not back down. Under the tremendous political pressure, he could have done nothing but followed the orders and fabricated the cases, testimonies, and evidences, after being harshly reproached by Peng, DeHuai, CinC of CPVA.
Case closed.

