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The Field of Blood: Violence in Congress and the Road to Civil War Hardcover – September 11, 2018

4.6 out of 5 stars 622 ratings

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"One of the best history books I've read in the last few years." ―Chris Hayes

The Field of Blood recounts the previously untold story of the violence in Congress that helped spark the Civil War.

A NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK OF THE YEAR
AN NPR BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR
ONE OF SMITHSONIAN'S BEST HISTORY BOOKS OF THE YEAR

Historian Joanne B. Freeman recovers the long-lost story of physical violence on the floor of the U.S. Congress. Drawing on an extraordinary range of sources, she shows that the Capitol was rife with conflict in the decades before the Civil War. Legislative sessions were often punctuated by mortal threats, canings, flipped desks, and all-out slugfests. When debate broke down, congressmen drew pistols and waved Bowie knives. One representative even killed another in a duel. Many were beaten and bullied in an attempt to intimidate them into compliance, particularly on the issue of slavery.

These fights didn’t happen in a vacuum. Freeman’s dramatic accounts of brawls and thrashings tell a larger story of how fisticuffs and journalism, and the powerful emotions they elicited, raised tensions between North and South and led toward war. In the process, she brings the antebellum Congress to life, revealing its rough realities―the feel, sense, and sound of it―as well as its nation-shaping import. Funny, tragic, and rivetingly told,
The Field of Blood offers a front-row view of congressional mayhem and sheds new light on the careers of John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and other luminaries, as well as introducing a host of lesser-known but no less fascinating men. The result is a fresh understanding of the workings of American democracy and the bonds of Union on the eve of their greatest peril.


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Editorial Reviews

Review

A New York Times Notable Book of 2018
An NPR Best Book of 2018
One of Smithsonian's Best History Books of 2018

Finalist for the Gilder Lehrman Lincoln Prize
Semifinalist for the PEN/ John Kenneth Galbraith Award

"Given the enormous literature on the Civil War era, it’s difficult for a historian to say something genuinely new, but Freeman has managed to do just that . . . Freeman is a meticulous researcher and a vivid writer, and
The Field of Blood makes for entertaining reading." ―Eric Foner, The London Review of Books

"An impressive feat of research . . . Freeman's story [. . .] has elements of both horror and slapstick . . . The Field of Blood [. . . ] feels current. The political discourse it documents, if not the level of political violence, is alarmingly familiar in our own time . . ."
―Andrew Delbanco, The Nation

"Superb . . . Freeman has written a smartly argued, diligently researched, even groundbreaking book."
―Eric Herschtal, The New Republic

"Absorbing, scrupulously researched . . . Freeman uncovers the brawls, stabbings, pummelings, and duel threats that occurred among United States congressmen during the three decades just before the Civil War.... Men and women crowded the Congressional galleries with the expectation of seeing entertaining outbreaks, much the way fans of professional wrestling or hockey do today . . . But Freeman never loses sight of the fact that fighting in Congress was far more than a sport."
―David S. Reynolds, The New York Times Book Review

“A superb, serious, authoritative, lively, occasionally amusing work of scholarly bravura . . . Freeman’s research is prodigious, her scholarship unimpeachable. By shifting her gaze from the conventionally cited causes of the Civil War, she has deepened our understanding of its coming. ”
―James M. Banner, Jr., The Weekly Standard

"Fascinating . . . [
Field of Blood] demonstrates the historic truth of an observation by black activist H. Rap Brown in the 1960s: ‘Violence is a part of America’s culture; it is as American as cherrypie.’ . . . [Joanne B.] Freeman’s book goes far toward explaining why there was a Civil War." ―H.W. Brands, The Wall Street Journal

"In her vivid and remarkable new book . . . Joanne B. Freeman puts dozens of forgotten episodes of political violence into stark context . . . Freeman's wry touch and appreciation for the absurdities of politics – and politicians – give the book a burst of energy and readability. Most vitally, the story she tells has heightened relevance in our own tumultuous era."
―Randy Dotinga, Christian Science Monitor

"Freeman's research, both archival and secondary, is stunning ... [her] prose is clear and accessible ... [a] superb volume, which should stand for years as one of the most important books on the antebellum era."
―Douglas R. Egerton, Civil War Book Review

“Compelling and enlightening . . . Freeman’s pathbreaking book should be read by anyone interested in Congress, the Civil War or American history in general.”
―Roger Bishop, BookPage

“Leavened by the author’s wry wit, the book is a page turning triumph of narrative history, deeply researched and persuasively argued. It explains, more lucidly than ever before, “the wrenching experience of plotting a political path in a nation behind torn in two.”
―Brian Matthew Jordan, New York Journal of Books

“With narrative flair and scholarly gravitas, Joanne Freeman has given us a powerful and original account of a ferociously divided America. For readers who think things in the first decades of the 21st century have never been worse, Freeman’s portrait of a tempestuous and tumultuous U.S. Congress offers a sobering and illuminating corrective. She shows us that the battles of the Civil War began not at Fort Sumter but in the U.S. Capitol, providing a new and compelling angle of vision on the origins of what Lincoln called our ‘fiery trial.’”
―Jon Meacham, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning The American Lion

“In 1861, Americans grimly set to slaughtering the better part of a million of their fellow citizens. It was the most extraordinary break in the nation’s history―and Joanne Freeman charts its approach in an extraordinary new way. With insightful analysis and vivid detail, she explores the human relationships among congressmen before the Civil War, and finds a culture of astonishing violence. In fistfights, duels, and mass brawls, her innovative account detects steps toward disunion―and changes how we think about political history.”
―T.J. Stiles, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Custer’s Trials

“Joanne B. Freeman’s erudition―and humor―are their own accomplishment, but it’s remarkable a masterful work on the disruptive state of the Union arrives precisely at this time. There could be no better guide. I’m left wondering whether America is in a state of disrepair or still in the process of being born.”
―Adrian Nicole LeBlanc, author of Random Family

“Those who deplore the hyperpartisanship and decline of civility in contemporary American politics as unprecedented need to know more history. As Joanne Freeman makes clear in this compelling account, party strife, personal honor, and above all the slavery controversy brought unparalleled mayhem to the floors of Congress in the generation before the Civil War. Southern bullying and growing Northern resistance in the House and Senate foreshadowed the battlefields of 1861-1865.”
James McPherson, emeritus professor of history Princeton University and author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Battle Cry of Freedom

“Joanne Freeman puts us on the tumultuous and touchy floor of Congress during its most contentious and momentous years. In a story researched and written with bold energy, she chronicles a young America brawling its way toward war. The personalities and conflicts of long-forgotten duels and fights leap to life, speaking to our own time with surprising relevance.”
―Edward L. Ayers, author of The Thin Light of Freedom, winner of the Lincoln Prize

“Joanne Freeman of Yale calls attention to the scandalously frequent role of violence in the United States Congress across 28 tense years culminating in the Civil War. She describes many varieties of Congressional violence, including bullying, fighting in the halls of Congress, fisticuffs, guns, knives, duels and threats of duels. With painstaking research, she penetrates the conspiracy of silence imposed by sources frequently reluctant to publicize the embarrassing truth. The reader is surprised that such an important story should have waited so long to be told.”
―Daniel Walker Howe, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of What Hath God Wrought

“Congress in the 19th Century was a violent place to work. Legislators let out their sectional rage on each other, throwing punches and wielding weapons, in an institution that made our current politics look downright tame. In her riveting narrative, Joanne Freeman unpacks this volatile world to explain why the relations between elected officials became so brutal.”
―Julian Zelizer is a political historian at Princeton University and author of The Fierce Urgency of Now

"[Freeman] excavates a little-discussed aspect of American history in this scholarly but brisk and accessible account . . . French’s long-standing friendship with the unmemorable Franklin Pierce provides fresh insight into the political culture of the time, and the descriptions of the tragicomic Cilley-Graves duel and the horrific caning of Charles Sumner are detailed and thoughtful . . . Freeman grants followers of modern politics a look back at another fascinating, impassioned period of change in which Congress became full of 'distrust, defensiveness, and degradation,' mimicking the constituents at home."
Publisher's Weekly

"A finely researched and well-written examination of the often overlooked legislative breakdown that preceded the Civil War."
Booklist

"A thought-provoking and insightful read for anybody interested in American politics in the lead up to the Civil War."
Library Journal (Starred Review)

About the Author

Joanne B. Freeman, a professor of history and American studies at Yale University, is a leading authority on early national politics and political culture. Author of the award-winning Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic and editor of The Essential Hamilton and Alexander Hamilton: Writings, she is a cohost of the popular history podcast BackStory.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Farrar, Straus and Giroux
  • Publication date ‏ : ‎ September 11, 2018
  • Edition ‏ : ‎ Illustrated
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Print length ‏ : ‎ 480 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0374154775
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0374154776
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.6 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.42 x 1.51 x 9.34 inches
  • Best Sellers Rank: #590,693 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.6 out of 5 stars 622 ratings

About the author

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Joanne B. Freeman
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Joanne B. Freeman, Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University, specializes in early American politics and political culture. Her interest in political violence and political polarization — dirty, nasty, politics — has made her work particularly relevant in recent years.

Freeman’s award-winning first book — Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (Yale University Press, 2001) — explored political combat on the national stage in the Founding era. Her forthcoming book (coming this September from Farrar, Straus and Giroux) — The Field of Blood: Violence in Congress and the Road to Civil War — focuses on physically violent clashes in the House and Senate chambers, and how they shaped and savaged the nation. A tale of polarized politics, splintering political parties, clashing visions of American identity, the political complications of new technologies, and the widespread distrust of Americans in national institutions and in each other, The Field of Blood is a tale of the past that speaks to today.

Freeman has long been committed to public-minded history. Co-host of the popular U.S. history podcast BackStory, Freeman is a frequent public speaker, commentator, and historical consultant whose work has appeared in the New York Times, the Washington Post, and Atlantic Magazine, among others; she has been featured in documentaries on PBS and the History Channel, and been a political commentator on CNN and MSNBC. Her Yale online course, The American Revolution, has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people in homes and classrooms around the world.

A leading expert on Alexander Hamilton, Freeman was the lead consultant in the renovation and reinterpretation of Alexander Hamilton’s home in Harlem, The Grange. Lin-Manuel Miranda used her work in writing Hamilton.

Customer reviews

4.6 out of 5 stars
622 global ratings

Customers say

Customers find the book readable and well-written, with insightful research that enriches their understanding of American political history. They appreciate the compelling narrative and detailed recounting of increasingly violent Congress, with one review noting over 70 incidents of bullying and threatening behavior. Customers praise the author's ability to bring historical figures to life, and one customer notes how it makes modern political squabbles look quaint in comparison. While customers appreciate the author's work, one review points out potential bias against the Southern perspective.

39 customers mention "Readability"31 positive8 negative

Customers find the book readable and interesting, with one customer noting it's better than a spaghetti western.

"...and professor of history, has a gift for making history alive, interesting and relevant. Her book, Field of Blood is a page turner...." Read more

"Excellent and amusing read she is condescending to the south.But I suffered through a Ivy league school and can overlook it...." Read more

"A really good book..." Read more

"A flawed book that deserved to be a good journal article...." Read more

22 customers mention "Research quality"20 positive2 negative

Customers praise the book's research quality, finding it insightful and well-researched, enriching their understanding of American political history.

"...Knowing this history will enrich your understanding of American political history...." Read more

"...It’s also a wonderful resource for historians hoping to get references to other works of interest. Her notes are extensive and detailed...." Read more

"...It has already helped me in teaching introduction and survey classes in college...." Read more

"...It is very well researched and written, full of lively descriptions of people and events that help one to understand the context for the Civil War..." Read more

12 customers mention "Narrative quality"10 positive2 negative

Customers find the book's narrative compelling, with one review highlighting its detailed contextual setting and another noting its focus on fisticuffs in Congress.

"...To be clear, she hews closely to her main argument, stressing it often, but when she does it feels more like a reminder than a paddling...." Read more

"True stories of fisticuffs between "men of honor", right on the floors of the US House of Representatives, some famous, some not!..." Read more

"The premise of this book is fascinating and timely--battles in Congress?..." Read more

"This book tells the story of the battles, physical battles, in Congress leading to the civil war...." Read more

10 customers mention "Writing style"9 positive1 negative

Customers appreciate the writing style of the book, with one noting its passionate tone.

"...i knew it was bad, but not this bad! it's a well written, must have book, for people who have any interest in that era of American history." Read more

"...Congress was a reflection of the nation as a whole. Well written" Read more

"...But Dr. Freeman writes without artifice, in an almost conversational tone, which makes the book accessible...." Read more

"...Freeman's writing is passionate and she punctuates the text with photos and political cartoons of the day. Her notes are voluminous...." Read more

8 customers mention "Violence level"7 positive1 negative

Customers appreciate the book's detailed recounting of increasingly violent events in Congress, with one customer noting over 70 incidents of bullying and threatening behavior.

"...It recounts the increasingly violent Congress during the early to mid 19th C. It's reassuring that current day Congress is not that bad; yet..." Read more

"This book tells the story of the battles, physical battles, in Congress leading to the civil war...." Read more

"...This is a well-researched tome detailing the fights, duel threats, brawls, and stabbings which occurred in Congress over three decades prior to the..." Read more

"...Reveals the violence and intensity of Congress leading up to the Civil War and is a part of history that everyone should know." Read more

3 customers mention "Author quality"3 positive0 negative

Customers appreciate the author's work, with one noting how they bring historical figures to life in their writing.

"...The author makes the various participants come alive...." Read more

"I was drawn to this book because I really liked the author's Affairs of Honor...." Read more

"A GREAT AUTHOR!..." Read more

3 customers mention "Look"3 positive0 negative

Customers appreciate the book's appearance, with one noting how it makes today's political squabbles seem quaint in comparison.

"...Freeman’s book is a wonderful look at the times through one man’s eyes...." Read more

"...a great insight into the pre-civil war days and makes our squabbling today look damn right quaint...." Read more

"A fascinating look at the reality of America before the civil war...." Read more

4 customers mention "Partisanship"1 positive3 negative

Customers criticize the book's partisan tone, with one customer noting the author's bias against the Southern perspective.

"...What I don't like is the possibly unconscious bias against telling the Southern side of the story...." Read more

"Excellent and amusing read she is condescending to the south.But I suffered through a Ivy league school and can overlook it...." Read more

"Vivid. Authentic. Confronting. It seems what happened in DC stays in DC according to this brilliant '' fly on the wall witness" account...." Read more

"Politics Pre-Civil War Was Partisan, Brutal, and Bloody...." Read more

Loose pages, good book
3 out of 5 stars
Loose pages, good book
A few of the pages are not glued to the binding at all. There is glue leaking on the front page of the book. The content of the book is great.
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Top reviews from the United States

  • Reviewed in the United States on February 5, 2025
    Format: KindleVerified Purchase
    This book is very interesting--entertaining, even, if you're into schadenfreude. It recounts the increasingly violent Congress during the early to mid 19th C. It's reassuring that current day Congress is not that bad; yet unsettling to realize the 21st century is young yet. Tossing furniture, fisticuffs, knife fights, general melees and duels, one actually fatal, are found to be occurring more frequently as tensions rise over slavery and northerners' inhibitions about fighting back against Southern bullying decline. I hadn't really appreciated the extent of toxic masculinity in those days, or how damaging it could be when mixed with pride and high emotion. The author makes the various participants come alive. I wish I'd had this book in high school; it would have shown why the period was so fraught with danger and suspense.
  • Reviewed in the United States on September 2, 2025
    Format: KindleVerified Purchase
    This is a must read for all Americans, especially in today's political climate. The parallels are remarkable and should give everyone pause to reflect on what it actually means to be an American.
  • Reviewed in the United States on October 18, 2021
    Format: KindleVerified Purchase
    The research on display in the notes of Joanne Freeman’s The Field of Blood raises the book to the level of the academy. But Dr. Freeman writes without artifice, in an almost conversational tone, which makes the book accessible. To be clear, she hews closely to her main argument, stressing it often, but when she does it feels more like a reminder than a paddling. The thrust of that argument is that antebellum Southern politicians imposed their own, native culture of violence on their northern counterparts to bully them into quiescence on the question of slavery.

    She centers the book on the professional life of Benjamin French Brown, who served as Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1845 to 1847. His diary serves as a contemporaneous record of the political battles playing out at the time. It also allows for a narrative to veil the depth of her research, which is impressive.

    One example of Freeman’s assiduity appears when she teases out the extent to which euphemism in the legislative record and the press hid brawls or near-brawls from the public. There are, of course, many other examples. But the narrative keeps the reader engaged even when dropping loads of documented information. The liveliness of the times and the charisma of the characters help; John Quincy Adams’ antics in the House, for instance, make for excellent reading.

    Dr. Freeman appears to accomplish exactly what she sets out to. She uses a credible witness to help narrate a tumultuous time in U.S. political history while making an argument deeply grounded in the historical record. Namely, that the codified, “civilized” violence antebellum Southern politicians used in and around the halls of Congress to politically defend the institution of slavery reflected the far less sanitized violence maintaining it in practice. This is a worthy book.
    10 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on October 5, 2018
    Format: KindleVerified Purchase
    I was very pleased with this book. Joanne Freeman has brought out a hidden history of the contentions in Congress during the antebellum era, contentions that sometimes, but not always, centered on the very issues that pushed the sections to the Civil War. Freeman uses as her flashlight on this history the life of Benjamin, a functionary in Congress & in the Lincoln Administration (& the Pierce Administration) who was "present" at many of the major DC events from about 1830 all the way to the Andrew Johnson presidency. Since he wrote lots of letters, was a sometime journalist & kept a diary, lots of the information about the battles in Congress can be found in his personal materials. Knowing this history will enrich your understanding of American political history. And it can serve as a tonic to proclamations that this "contemporary" Congress or that is the most violently split of any in our history. The photos, pictures & maps in the book reproduced well on my black & white Kindle.
    24 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on January 29, 2025
    Format: Audible AudiobookVerified Purchase
    I couldn't believe that our Senate and House of Representatives during the 19th century was so brutalized by its occupants. Guns, swords, canes, we're all part of the methods by which representatives and senators tried to decide the laws that they passed or didn't pass. It makes two days dysfunctional Congress look like a group of quiet Lambs. A wonderful read. I recommend it to all.
    One person found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on October 8, 2018
    Format: KindleVerified Purchase
    Many may have thought that the behavior of the US Senate reached its nadir during the recent Supreme Court hearings, but that lack of decorum does not hold a candle to the mayhem of the Antebellum period in both chambers of Congress. Regional differences between North vs. South, East vs West, newly incorporated territories, now states vs. long established states, and most importantly, slavery vs. abolition, kept tempers high and personal insults flying. Fueled by the frequent imbibing in alcohol, the all male, all white Congressmen brawled on the tobacco stained carpet to a cheering packed visitor gallery above them. Sometimes, pistols were cocked, canes used as clubs and knives were brandished. In one case, a misunderstanding of the code for dueling, resulted in a member of the House being fatally shot at dawn in 1838. It was perhaps a foreshadowing of the carnage about to come in the Civil War.

    Using especially the eleven volume personal diaries of New Hampshire native, Benjamin Brown French, a Congressional clerk, who first came to Washington in1833 and remained there after the Civil War, the author gives a ring-side seat to all the action. Freeman's writing is passionate and she punctuates the text with photos and political cartoons of the day. Her notes are voluminous. The author opines why this period was never written about before. Thankfully, her dogged research that uncovered French's diaries is appreciated. Indeed, Freeman provides an endorsement for her outstanding work when she writes: "The lessons of their time ring true today: when trust in the People's Branch shatters, part of the national "we" falls away."
    14 people found this helpful
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Top reviews from other countries

  • Thomas A. Regelski
    5.0 out of 5 stars Lost chapter of American history
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on November 2, 2018
    Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
    This is very exceptional scholarship, first in its details from sources, and second in readability. It reads like a mystery novel (who will create the next violence) and at the same time gives valuable insight to the history of the Senate leading up to the Civil War. It wasn't till I read this that I really understood the reasons the South separated itself in the Civil War. The hatred between North and South, mainly over slavery. was extreme. Adding to this is very interesting analysis of Northeren vs. Southern Senators. The latter were overly primed for violence at the word of Northerners, and were ready--indeed overtly threatened--to duel or fight to maintain what they saw as their honor. As a group they tended to be ruffians. while the Northern Senators avoided violence at all costs. It was not until the Northern voters supported their Senators that some equality between the North and South was realized. By then, civilized behavior was too late; the war took up arms against the North in following through with their violent habits shown for years before in the Senate debates. A war of words (duels, etc.) preceded the war of arms. Southern intransigence was all embracing, even in debates in the Senate.
    One person found this helpful
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  • Chillyfinger
    5.0 out of 5 stars Melting Pot or Ticking Time Bomb?
    Reviewed in Canada on January 5, 2019
    Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
    This is a massively-documented portrait of a time when America and the much-vaunted idea of "democracy" came close to vanishing in the pages of history. It's a history book for history buffs. It can't stand alone, but it does provide the reader with a ring-side seat in the American Congress - something that contemporaries called the "bear pit". It's a horror story of what we now call "polarization". It is a story of a country blowing apart at the seams. It is a story of how tribalism, alternate facts, biased media, new technology, testosterone and "honour" cost 50,000 lives. When the smoke cleared, the nation was left with exactly the same problems it had when the first shots were fired. For an account of what happened in the specific case of slavery--the "seam" that blew apart in this case, I particularly appreciated Blackmon's "Slavery by Another Name".

    At the time, there were 15 different parties represented in Congress. Freeman gives us a glimpse of how this evolved into a disunited Democratic party and a triumphant Republican party which, with the election of Abraham Lincoln, lead directly to the civil war. The fist fights and duels in Congress were settled by the Republicans on the battlefield.

    Parallels with the state of affairs in today's Ameria abound. The surprisingly effective Russian cyber attack that lead to the election of Donald Trump had a single idea at its core - stoke up tribalism of all sorts, destroying the ability of Americans to reason together - the ability assumed by all democratic constitutions. One cannot read this account without wondering about the role played by the Constitution itself. American did not survive this episode by any inherent virtues of the Constitution but by military force and violence on a scale not previously seen.

    The reader will find no evidence of "reasoning together" in this account of Congress in the 19th century. Whether or not this situation is worse than what we see today is left to the imagination of the reader.
    2 people found this helpful
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  • ChasChan
    5.0 out of 5 stars From the distempered cauldron froths the Civil War
    Reviewed in Canada on August 12, 2020
    Format: KindleVerified Purchase
    Slavery versus Abolitionists and the race to the West, was that all that led to war? This book relates 3,700 pages of diary which witnessed the progress to civil war and its resolution. Wildly divergent customs and sense of honor between the North or the South defined the rhetoric of Congress and the threat of duelling to resolve matters of honor. Sensible in the South and abhorrent in the North, the threat of a duel was the South's bully tactic. How does one fight back? The whole story is here and it is fascinating.
  • Cosmo lang
    5.0 out of 5 stars Unputdownable!
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 21, 2020
    Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
    Due to my own fault I find books by female authors somewhat difficult to appreciate,however,not so this particular volume!
    It is stunning to the point of being unputdownable.It positively drips with erudition combined with an incisive delivery that holds the attention and caused me to think on the matters being discussed.I am so very pleased,thank you.
  • Dave the Rave
    5.0 out of 5 stars A good read
    Reviewed in Canada on May 11, 2019
    Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
    I gave this book as a gift to a history buff. He was delighted and references to it frequently popped up in his conversation.