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Norms of Liberty: A Perfectionist Basis for Non-Perfectionist Politics Paperback – November 15, 2005
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How can we establish a political/legal order that in principle does not require the human flourishing of any person or group to be given structured preference over that of any other? Addressing this question as the central problem of political philosophy, Norms of Liberty offers a new conceptual foundation for political liberalism that takes protecting liberty, understood in terms of individual negative rights, as the primary aim of the political/legal order.
Rasmussen and Den Uyl argue for construing individual rights as metanormative principles, directly tied to politics, that are used to establish the political/ legal conditions under which full moral conduct can take place. These they distinguish from normative principles, used to provide guidance for moral conduct within the ambit of normative ethics. This crucial distinction allows them to develop liberalism as a metanormative theory, not a guide for moral conduct. The moral universe need not be minimized or morality grounded in sentiment or contracts to support liberalism, they show. Rather, liberalism can be supported, and many of its internal tensions avoided, with an ethical framework of Aristotelian inspiration―one that understands human flourishing to be an objective, inclusive, individualized, agent-relative, social, and self-directed activity.
- Print length358 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPennsylvania State University Press
- Publication dateNovember 15, 2005
- Dimensions9.26 x 6.12 x 0.81 inches
- ISBN-100270780033
- ISBN-13978-0271027012
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Rasmussen and Den Uyl have produced a work of political philosophy that no one who wishes to discuss liberalism can afford to bypass."
--Philosophy of the Social Sciences
"Norms of Liberty . . . provides a seminal contribution to liberal political thought that will be of significant interest to Thomists as well as other classically trained Aristotelians and natural law theorists."
--The Thomist
"The book gives a very interesting and well articulated defence of liberalism."
--Political Studies Review
"The book is well written, drawing on a wide range of contemporary literature. Its controversial claims will be of keen interest to graduate students and scholars, and accessible to advanced undergraduates."
--Choice
About the Author
Douglas J. Den Uyl is Vice President of Educational Programs at Liberty Fund in Indianapolis.
Product details
- ASIN : 0271027010
- Publisher : Pennsylvania State University Press; First Edition (November 15, 2005)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 358 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0270780033
- ISBN-13 : 978-0271027012
- Item Weight : 1.06 pounds
- Dimensions : 9.26 x 6.12 x 0.81 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #3,142,613 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #4,202 in Democracy (Books)
- #5,071 in Political Conservatism & Liberalism
- #9,199 in Political Philosophy (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Douglas B. Rasmussen is Professor of Philosophy at St. John’s University. He received his B.A. from the University of Iowa and his Ph.D. from Marquette University. He has served on the Steering Committee of the Ayn Rand Society and the Executive Council of the American Catholic Philosophical Association. He has been awarded grants and fellowships from the National Endowment to the Humanities and the Earhart Foundation and has been a Visiting Research Scholar at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, Bowling Green State University, Ohio, on three occasions. His areas of research interest are epistemology, ontology, ethics, and political philosophy as well as the moral foundations of capitalism. He has authored numerous articles in such journals as American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, American Philosophical Quarterly, International Philosophical Quarterly, The New Scholasticism, The Personalist, Public Affairs Quarterly, Social Philosophy & Policy, The Review of Metaphysics, and The Thomist, and in many scholarly anthologies. He guest edited TELEOLOGY & THE FOUNDATION OF VALUE—the January 1992 (Volume 75, No. 1) issue of The Monist. He is coauthor (with Douglas J. Den Uyl) of Liberty and Nature: An Aristotelian Defense of Liberal Order (1991); Liberalism Defended: The Challenge of Post-Modernity (1997); and Norms of Liberty: A Perfectionist Basis for Non-Perfectionist Politics (2005). Finally, he is coeditor (with Den Uyl) of The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand (1984).
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- Reviewed in the United States on April 20, 2014This is a great work on human flourishing (individualist perfectionism), individual rights and providing a moral foundation for classical liberalism (non-perfectionist politics). This is one of the best books I have read and I give it my highest recommendation.
Rasmussen and Den Uyl begin by defining liberalism’s problem as: “What are the principles by which to establish a political and legal order whose structure will allow for the possibility that different individuals might be able to flourish and realize virtue in very different ways?”
They provide a solid background on the nature of liberalism and the natural rights tradition. The book then moves on to an initial discussion of individual rights with a very important discussion of the natural right to private property.
Two of my favorite chapters cover “Individualistic Perfectionism”. This is the part of the book where they discuss human flourishing or self-perfection. They provide an account of a perfectionist ethics that has 6 interrelated features:
• Objective
• Inclusive
• Individualized
• Agent-relative
• Self-directed
• Social
They point out that “flourishing is a continuous process of living well”. One of the most powerful parts of this discussion for me is their detailed discussion that flourishing must be directed by each individual and be applied in the context of their unique individual circumstances. While ethics can provide the general abstract principles, these principles need to be applied in the context of each individual’s life – therefore, they see practical wisdom as the central integrating virtue of their ethics. Here is a key quote:
“Indeed, practical reason properly used, which is the virtue of practical wisdom, is the intelligent management of one’s life so that all the necessary goods and virtues are coherently achieved, maintained, and enjoyed in a manner that is appropriate for the individual human being.”
The bridge between their perfectionist ethics and politics is individual rights. These are the “meta-normative” principles that allow individuals to flourish in the context of society. Chapter 11 gives their detailed argument for individual rights in the context of the material they have provided earlier in the book. This is a very powerful chapter and one I have already returned to several times.
Throughout the book, the authors also engage with their critics. This helped me to deepen my understanding of the material provided. There is also a lot of good material throughout the book on Natural Law, Natural Rights, and Self-Ownership that deepened my understanding of these key ideas.
I highly recommend “Norms Of Liberty” to all those who want to deepen their understanding of human flourishing, individual rights and establishing the social context within which each individual can strive to achieve their self-perfection. I believe that they have answered “liberalism’s challenge” in a thoughtful and compelling way!
P.S. – For those who want a more detailed discussion of non-perfectionist politics and the importance of dealing with the problems of knowledge, interest and power in a political context, I highly recommend Randy Barnett’s "The Structure of Liberty: Justice and the Rule of Law".
- Reviewed in the United States on March 20, 2006"Norms of Liberty is one of the most important works on liberalism in recent years. The fact that individuals have different views of the good life poses a fundamental dilemma for modern political philosophy. Liberals frequently adopt a stance of moral neutrality, suggestive of relativism, subjectivism, or skepticism, while their opponents advocate a substantive moral view at the expense of individual freedom. Rasmussen and Den Uyl present a brilliant solution by distinguishing between normative principles guiding individual moral conduct and metanormative principles that concern legislation. They argue compellingly that neo-Aristotelian perfectionist ethics can support liberal non-perfectionist politics." -Fred D. Miller Jr., Social Philosophy and Policy Center, Bowling Green State University
"This is a fine piece of work in several dimensions. First, it is among the most comprehensive surveys of modern liberalism of which I am aware. Virtually every major contributor to thought on liberalism, for and against, from the 17th century forward is discussed in illuminating and intelligent ways. Second, the authors have a well-developed point of view about the liberal tradition, what it is and what it is not, how they think it can best be articulated and defended. There is no doubt that it is a major, significant contribution to the political philosophy of the liberal tradition. Here is a work that both synthesizes a wide range of the literature, offers original views of the subject, and provokes renewed discussion of just what the character of liberal thought is." -Timothy Fuller, Colorado College