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The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology Hardcover – September 22, 2005

4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 1,955 ratings

The great inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil is one of the best-known and controversial advocates for the role of machines in the future of humanity. In his latest, thrilling foray into the future, he envisions an event—the “singularity”—in which technological change becomes so rapid and so profound that our bodies and brains will merge with our machines.

The Singularity Is Near portrays what life will be like after this event—a human-machine civilization where our experiences shift from real reality to virtual reality and where our intelligence becomes nonbiological and trillions of times more powerful than unaided human intelligence. In practical terms, this means that human aging and pollution will be reversed, world hunger will be solved, and our bodies and environment transformed by nanotechnology to overcome the limitations of biology, including death.

We will be able to create virtually any physical product just from information, resulting in radical wealth creation. In addition to outlining these fantastic changes, Kurzweil also considers their social and philosophical ramifications. With its radical but optimistic view of the course of human development, The Singularity Is Near is certain to be one of the most widely discussed and provocative books of 2005.

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Editorial Reviews

From Publishers Weekly

Starred Review. Renowned inventor Kurzweil (The Age of Spiritual Machines) may be technology's most credibly hyperbolic optimist. Elsewhere he has argued that eliminating fat intake can prevent cancer; here, his quarry is the future of consciousness and intelligence. Humankind, it runs, is at the threshold of an epoch ("the singularity," a reference to the theoretical limitlessness of exponential expansion) that will see the merging of our biology with the staggering achievements of "GNR" (genetics, nanotechnology and robotics) to create a species of unrecognizably high intelligence, durability, comprehension, memory and so on. The word "unrecognizable" is not chosen lightly: wherever this is heading, it won't look like us. Kurzweil's argument is necessarily twofold: it's not enough to argue that there are virtually no constraints on our capacity; he must also convince readers that such developments are desirable. In essence, he conflates the wholesale transformation of the species with "immortality," for which read a repeal of human limit. In less capable hands, this phantasmagoria of speculative extrapolation, which incorporates a bewildering variety of charts, quotations, playful Socratic dialogues and sidebars, would be easier to dismiss. But Kurzweil is a true scientist—a large-minded one at that—and gives due space both to "the panoply of existential risks" as he sees them and the many presumed lines of attack others might bring to bear. What's arresting isn't the degree to which Kurzweil's heady and bracing vision fails to convince—given the scope of his projections, that's inevitable—but the degree to which it seems downright plausible. (Sept.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From Bookmarks Magazine

Kurzweil is one of the world’s most respected thinkers and entrepreneurs. Yet the thesis he posits in Singularity is so singular that many readers will be astounded—and perhaps skeptical. Think Blade Runner or Being John Malkovich magnified trillion-fold. Even if one were to embrace his techno-optimism, which he backs up with fascinating details, Kurzweil leaves some important questions relating to politics, economics, and morality unanswered. If machines in our bodies can rebuild cells, for example, why couldn’t they be reengineered as weapons? Or think of singularity, notes the New York Times Book Review, as the "Manhattan Project model of pure science without ethical constraints." Kurzweil’s vision requires technology, which we continue to build. But it also requires mass acceptance and faith.

Copyright © 2004 Phillips & Nelson Media, Inc.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ The Viking Press; First Edition (September 22, 2005)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 672 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0670033847
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0670033843
  • Reading age ‏ : ‎ 18 years and up
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 2.14 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.35 x 2.09 x 9.52 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 1,955 ratings

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Ray Kurzweil
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Ray Kurzweil is a world class inventor, thinker, and futurist, with a thirty-five-year track record of accurate predictions. He has been a leading developer in artificial intelligence for 61 years – longer than any other living person. He was the principal inventor of the first CCD flat-bed scanner, omni-font optical character recognition, print-to-speech reading machine for the blind, text-to-speech synthesizer, music synthesizer capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments, and commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition software. Ray received a Grammy Award for outstanding achievement in music technology; he is the recipient of the National Medal of Technology and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He has written five best-selling books including The Singularity Is Near and How To Create A Mind, both New York Times best sellers, and Danielle: Chronicles of a Superheroine, winner of multiple young adult fiction awards. His forthcoming book, The Singularity Is Nearer, will be released June 25, 2024. He is a Principal Researcher and AI Visionary at Google.

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4.4 out of 5 stars
1,955 global ratings

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Customers say

Customers find the book thought-provoking and informative. They describe it as a fantastic read with convincing data. Readers appreciate the detailed explanations and narratives. The book covers computing power and exponential growth, providing a gripping overview of future trends.

AI-generated from the text of customer reviews

155 customers mention "Insight"144 positive11 negative

Customers find the book thought-provoking and informative. They appreciate its interesting approach and compelling charts and data that provide contextual information for decision making. The core ideas are valid and humanity is set on a journey, they say. Overall, readers describe it as highly relevant and a tour-de-force in futurism with detailed projections.

"...This book, regardless the very detailed explanations, held my interest all the way to the end...." Read more

"...Once the process gets underway, the evolving super-intelligence keeps expanding until it permeates the entire planet and, still accelerating,..." Read more

"...I was surprised to find out how many advances occurred in the brain science, neural modelling, prosthetics and the proliferation of artificial parts..." Read more

"..."intuitive linear view of history" is absolutely fascinating, and compelling. He believes that the rate of change is accelerating...." Read more

132 customers mention "Readability"118 positive14 negative

Customers find the book easy to read and enjoyable. They appreciate the narration and graphs that help explain key concepts. The book is well-written and fast-paced, providing entertainment value. Overall, readers consider it worth the price.

"...Once again the narration was superb and no doubt added to hold my interest in this lengthy material." Read more

"...The book is large in both number of pages and area of human knowledge it covers...." Read more

"...find that rare book where there is something on every page that is outstanding, motivating, even framework changing...." Read more

"...If nothing else, the book is dynamite to any serious reader who likes to ponder the future and technological change...." Read more

66 customers mention "Research quality"64 positive2 negative

Customers find the book's research quality good. They find it packed with convincing data and references to technological advances. The author has researched the subject carefully and is among the greatest experts in this type of research.

"...For the large majority of the book it is implied that incredible technological advances in the very near future will allow mankind to end many..." Read more

"...good writer, and while staying true to what is in fact pretty complex science, describes it all in a way that makes it reasonably clear to lay..." Read more

"This book is dense and large. It is packed with references to many technological advances, especially in the area of computing, biology,..." Read more

"...in the near future, due to the relentless and overpowering reach and march of technology, and an extrapolation of where that journey is taking..." Read more

22 customers mention "Detail"16 positive6 negative

Customers appreciate the book's detail and narratives. They find the notes section helpful, providing a gripping overview of the future and explaining how science fiction will become reality. The theory is presented well, providing psychological relief and an escapist fantasy from a messy world. Readers describe the book as a thoughtful extrapolation of the history of evolution as information processing.

"...It describes, in quite explicit detail, the willful and deliberate extinction of mankind...." Read more

"...These three chapters have so many arguments; they are so detailed and eloquent that I started loosing interest in the book...." Read more

"...They are extremely complex, requiring vast financial, physical, organizational, and intellectual resources...." Read more

"...And his Notes section includes fascinating narratives along with references to relevant material...." Read more

11 customers mention "Computing power"11 positive0 negative

Customers find the book interesting. They mention that computing power is growing exponentially, doubling about every year. The book provides an insightful look at computing, genetics, and nanotechnology.

"...explains in fairly understandable detail where the exponential growth in computer processing, microelectronic and medical advancements are taking us..." Read more

"...is not simply increasing, but increasing exponentially, so fast that we will soon reach a point where man and machine have..." Read more

"...What may be difficult to realize is that the rate of change itself is exponential, so that in the 100-year span between 2000 and 2099 we will..." Read more

"...This vast growth in computational power is the central element on which much of the remaining speculation of the book rests; it's an awe-inspiring..." Read more

9 customers mention "Visual quality"9 positive0 negative

Customers find the book visually engaging with its stunning exposition of current trends. They appreciate the imaginative and whimsical writing style, as well as the extensive graphical illustrations that enhance the text. The author's background is praised as impeccable, though some readers would not take dozens of pills as he does. Overall, the book provides a unique and credible perspective on the consequences of current trends.

"...For all his hardcore materialism, Kurzweil also has a whimsical streak...." Read more

"...The book is worth buying just for its stunning exposition of current trends in GRN...." Read more

"...His background is impeccable, but I wouldn't take dozens of pills as he does, but then I've given up living long enough to see The Singularity...." Read more

"...In addition to the copious graphical illustrations, Kurzweil adds to the text some imaginary conversations with historical, present, and future..." Read more

102 customers mention "Pacing"61 positive41 negative

Customers have different views on the book's pacing. Some find it insightful and concise, providing solid science with easy to follow explanations. Others feel the author is dogmatic in his predictions and boldly gives specific dates, which are mostly unfulfilled. The book is also described as verbose, speculative, and full of words you'll struggle to pronounce.

"...This book could be the basis for a taut psychological thriller or a science fiction horror story...." Read more

"...He is an extremely good writer, and while staying true to what is in fact pretty complex science, describes it all in a way that makes it reasonably..." Read more

"...His failure to make the distinction is misleading and disingenuous. It makes me wonder about the veracity of the rest of the book...." Read more

"...It talks about warfare, fundamentalism, etc and it uses a systematic classification of potential critics with appropriate responses to each of them...." Read more

7 customers mention "Humor"3 positive4 negative

Customers have different views on the humor in the book. Some find it amusing and a good read, while others find it too outrageous or unrealistic.

"...(the sudden dialogues are out of place and seem silly) and even boring...." Read more

"...It's like walking through a swamp - fun, scenic, but slow and demands a lot of energy...." Read more

"...That is outrageous! Ray gets four stars. Penguin, you get none. Please fix the digital images and stop price gouging your consumers!..." Read more

"...It was a fun read...." Read more

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Top reviews from the United States

  • Reviewed in the United States on October 17, 2017
    This review is for the Kindle version and Audible

    This book could be the basis for a taut psychological thriller or a science fiction horror story. It describes, in quite explicit detail, the willful and deliberate extinction of mankind. Let me say right here in the beginning that the author does not consider what he describes as the extinction of mankind because he believes that everything that makes us human resides in our brain and that will inevitably be understood, mapped and duplicated in an AI neural network, consciousness included. Therefore he considers the resulting Superintelligent AI, albeit non-biological, as completely human and therefore mankind simply transformed from biological to non-biological. He even uses the theory of evolution to describe the transformation of mankind from biological to biotechnical and finally to completely non-biological. I disagree with him that such a change in mankind has anything to do with evolution because evolution is considered to be a process inherently void of any external or internal construction, direction, or influenced by an intelligent agent. His stretch of the term evolution inserts into the normal process of evolution the development and final transformation of mankind from biological to non-biological, which is constructed, directed, and influenced by an external intelligent agent, man.

    The author seems quite comfortable with the process he describes in his book to the point that he has drastically modified his diet to try and ensure that he is alive when the early miraculous stage arrives so he may be technologically modified that he might live much longer than normal, and be cured of any biological deficiencies e.g., diabetes. He meticulously details how this process began, because it already has, but also how it will be supported and progressed and accepted by industry, the sciences, philosophies, and the majority of mankind, which is probably why the book is more than 500 pages or over 20 hours of narration. He has thought this out very extensively to the point of not just presenting his ideas but also addressing the critics of either part of his plan or the entire plan. Furthermore, he has not neglected to study and also detail the many societal institutions that are necessary to move this plan along. He notes that they already have thrown their support and money towards the current narrow forms of AI that will lead to the next acceptable stage and so on until it becomes too late to stop or take control of the process.

    There is an irony that pops up very late in the book of which I cannot tell if the author himself is fully aware. For the large majority of the book it is implied that incredible technological advances in the very near future will allow mankind to end many biological problems and diseases that will lead to an almost utopian existence. I want to impress upon you that I am heavily stressing the word "almost" in the previous sentence. The author never even comes close to explicitly expressing a utopian concept. However, and this is where the irony enters, he does stress the phenomenal benefit that this incredible soft AI will have on mankind in all areas philosophical, intellectual, medical, etc. areas of human existence. With the elimination of disease, via Nano-bot technology, various levels of biotechnical humans i.e., trans-humans or "enhanced humans," will continue the march towards a Superintelligent AI, that is, an AI that has not only equaled the intelligence of man but far surpasses the intelligence of man. This Superintelligent AI will be the point of no return, the same as crossing the event horizon of a black hole, which is why the word "singularity" is in the title. It will be fully autonomous able to replicate itself and to improve itself. This leads to the extinction of mankind in that only fully conscious technological AI far smarter than a man can ever be will be in existence. However, are you ready for the irony, what his idea ultimately leads to is first the huge benefits to mankind in all areas, then to enhanced humans, and finally to completely technological Super intelligent machines, is a completely new set of problems and diseases, albeit technological diseases, also come into existence. These technological problems/diseases will also be autonomous and self-replicating which will force the new "machinekind" to create technology to fight these threats e.g., Nano-bot autoimmune systems, along with many other technological "medical" and "environmental" protection systems. All the author's idea accomplishes is removing all threats to biological humanity through extinction and replacing it with a completely technological entity with very similar, although completely technological, problems and technological diseases akin to that which it has replaced.

    This book, regardless the very detailed explanations, held my interest all the way to the end. It never became stale, static, repetitious, or dull and never even approached boring. The previous statement is true even though I do not support his so-called "transformation" of man from biological to a Super intelligent non-biological entity. Once again the narration was superb and no doubt added to hold my interest in this lengthy material.
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  • Reviewed in the United States on February 10, 2015
    I remember several years ago telling people I had just subjected myself to the scariest book of my life after reading one about the supposedly inevitable nuclear implosion of Pakistan. Well, now I've found something that tops it, even though author Ray Kurzweil seems to imagine his book as a bolt of optimism.

    Anyone who has ever played around with the arithmetic of compounding and exponential growth knows how crazy the numbers get as growth feeds on itself. The phenomenon is quite real in the world, and it describes everything from viral epidemics to Warren Buffet's fortune. Kurzweil applies the exponential growth paradigm to the future of technology. He sees not only change itself accelerating, but the rate of change too, if you can go back to your high school calculus and wrap your mind around that stomach-churning concept. The math starts quickly approaching infinity, which is why it's so weird.

    "Singularity" is a common term-of-art among theoretical physicists, who apply it to a variety of seemingly irrational constructs, such as an infinitely large mass compressed towards an infinitely small point. Kurzweil co-opts the term for his own purpose here to mean the point in time where artificial intelligence starts exceeding human intelligence. Thereafter, it takes over its own programming and, being so powerful, does a better and better job of it. Because things are already moving so fast today, the accelerating rate of change means that Kurzweil's Singularity is closer than even optimists might imagine - hence the book's title. He projects it to occur somewhere in the middle of this century. Afterwards, nothing will ever again be the same.

    In physics, unimaginable things start happening at singularity points, like energy explosions within black holes. Following Kurzweil's Singularity, the most garish science fiction fantasies start becoming commonplace. The combination of genetics, nanotechnology and robotics - which he refers to collectively as GNR - will transform all aspects of human existence. He believes, for example, that nanobots released into a person's bloodstream, will facilitate a comprehensive (that is to say, 100%) map of that person, including genetic code and nervous system, that can be uploaded and downloaded at will onto new "substrates". In other words, robotic copies of human beings - body, mind, memories, and (one presumes) soul - can be made that will appear indistinguishable from the originals. And for that matter, those originals themselves can be re-shaped at will, giving us all the opportunity to become brilliant, strong, happy, and beautiful.

    Kurzweil tells us that artificial circuits replicating themselves at a molecular level will merge with the biological circuits that constitute our nervous systems, giving rise an "enhanced" human super-intelligence. Once this starts happening, what we now call the Internet will in effect become telepathic, giving these enhanced humans instantaneous access to all available knowledge and information as they fashion their brave new world. You see how explosive this gets? And it's just the beginning.

    Once the process gets underway, the evolving super-intelligence keeps expanding until it permeates the entire planet and, still accelerating, eventually the universe. Kurzweil suggests that movement though time-space "wormholes" should one day facilitate rapid travel beyond our own galaxy, taking the process literally everywhere.

    I realize that my amateur's survey of Kurzweil's thinking here makes him sound like a crank. However, let there be no mistake: he is an accomplished scientist and a highly sophisticated thinker. MIT-trained, he's an expert in artificial intelligence and has put his ideas into practice as a successful tech entrepreneur. Most of this book is not even devoted to prognostications, but to an in-depth review of research currently underway that lays the practical groundwork for virtually everything he talks about (except maybe the wormhole business). While he makes numerous leaps of faith in taking us from here to there, none of his forecasts represent sheer fantasy. He is an extremely good writer, and while staying true to what is in fact pretty complex science, describes it all in a way that makes it reasonably clear to lay readers.

    For all his hardcore materialism, Kurzweil also has a whimsical streak. Every 50 pages or so, he breaks up his text with imaginary light-hearted debates among himself (appearing as "Ray"), various historical figures - Darwin, Freud, etc. - and a person named "Molly", who seems to be a student. Molly is bright, curious, skeptical, and not in the least bit awed by Ray or the others. The thing about Molly is that she appears in two separate guises: Molly 2004 (the year this book was being written), and Molly 2104, which is of course well beyond the Singularity. One of Kurzweil's key forecasts is that future science will learn how to arrest and even reverse the aging process, allowing people more-or-less to live forever at whatever age they choose. So Molly has made it through the Singularity and returned as a still-young woman to speak about it from experience.

    Kurzweil is fully aware of the potential downside to his vision. He devotes one long chapter to what he calls "The Deeply Intertwined Promise and Peril of GNR". He devotes another even longer chapter to responding to critics, who have attacked his ideas from every possible perspective. While he treats most criticisms respectfully, in the end he largely dismisses them all. One partial exception and the one specific fear he himself does seem to harbor is of self-replicating nanobots. He and other scientists who seriously debate such stuff even have a short-hand term for this specter: The Grey Goo Problem. Were self-replication somehow to spin out of control, Kurzweil explains to us that in a matter of days it could, in theory, consume the Earth's entire biomass and reduce it to "grey goo". This is indeed a troubling prospect, since this endangered biomass includes all of us.

    Interestingly, the cluster of criticisms that he responds to most gently are those arising from a spiritualist perspective. In one of his imaginary debates with "Molly", she repeatedly asks "Ray" if he believes in God. Ray surprises by dodging the question every time rather than saying no. Badgered into a corner, he finally avers: "For the sake of your question, we can consider God to be the universe, and I said that I believe in the universe." This sounds suspiciously like a yes, albeit with a twist. He then goes on to explain how his entire vision can be described as a picture of the universe "waking up" as enhanced human intelligence pervades its many corners. Religious people of an unorthodox bent might be tempted to embrace this image as God's self-realization. Fundamentalists of every stripe, however, were they to take K's cosmology seriously at all, would view it with disgust as the self-realization of God's Opposite Number.

    For me, the most unnerving question that this book triggers is who will control these accelerating technologies. Reading through many passages of the book, I found it hard not hard to be thinking about Nazi scientists beavering away at the design of their Master Race, or North Korean labs re-programming the neural patterns of citizens lacking enthusiasm for Kim Jong-Un. Kurzweil seems to trust in the pragmatic good will of the scientific community, buttressed by regulation. However, not all scientists have good will, and he says nothing about who he supposes will regulate the regulators. I also find it hard to see what joy or challenge there could be in a world where machines or enhanced humans dominate everything. People choosing not to become "enhanced" would either have it forced upon them or face life as a sub-species. The line between utopia and dystopia here is pretty fuzzy, and I find it a little scary that Kurzweil doesn't seem to care. Maybe I've seen too many science fiction movies.

    All that aside, I highly recommend this book. Decades ago when I was in college I used to describe about every other book I read as "changing my life", as we said in the day. Nowadays, no book changes my life, although the best ones still move the needle for me. Whether I like it or not, this one has me looking at things a little differently than I did before.
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  • Amazon Customer
    5.0 out of 5 stars i just received it and thumbing through it but it looks so far fascinating concept .
    Reviewed in Canada on March 7, 2021
    Looks like the author did his research very well! Some are tech related and very detailed. So those that like to know that will find it interesting and informative. I liked it even though too much tech but Ok the other information that follows in later chapters is worth the read! Unfathomable that society would go that far but not impossible that some will.
    I certainly do not want to live immortally.
    It would seem that feelings and personality would disappear eventually if out of hand with this replacement parts and so on?
    A bit extreme if it continues to upgrade in the far future like he suggests.
    it begs the question : when does a Human no longer a Human being"?
    Customer image
    Amazon Customer
    5.0 out of 5 stars i just received it and thumbing through it but it looks so far fascinating concept .
    Reviewed in Canada on March 7, 2021
    Looks like the author did his research very well! Some are tech related and very detailed. So those that like to know that will find it interesting and informative. I liked it even though too much tech but Ok the other information that follows in later chapters is worth the read! Unfathomable that society would go that far but not impossible that some will.
    I certainly do not want to live immortally.
    It would seem that feelings and personality would disappear eventually if out of hand with this replacement parts and so on?
    A bit extreme if it continues to upgrade in the far future like he suggests.
    it begs the question : when does a Human no longer a Human being"?
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    Customer image
  • Marlone
    5.0 out of 5 stars Excelente
    Reviewed in Brazil on May 14, 2020
    Produto de acordo com as especificações.
  • Eduardo
    5.0 out of 5 stars La información que contiene es extraordinaria.
    Reviewed in Mexico on November 11, 2019
    Muy interesante, el autor conoce de muchos temas.
  • Placeholder
    5.0 out of 5 stars A work of art.
    Reviewed in India on February 5, 2018
    Work of art. Except for the sections on Neuroscience and the chapters detailing the present day innovations of 2005. This book is a classic and will be revered in the coming decades.
  • Daniele
    5.0 out of 5 stars Quasi 15 anni e non sentirli.
    Reviewed in Italy on May 3, 2018
    È incredibile come sia ancora un testo folle ...e lo dico dopo 13 anni dalla sua uscita. Consigliatissimo. Specie dopo una maratona di Black mirror.