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Why Societies Need Dissent (Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures) Paperback – April 30, 2005
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In this timely book, Cass R. Sunstein shows that organizations and nations are far more likely to prosper if they welcome dissent and promote openness. Attacking "political correctness" in all forms, Sunstein demonstrates that corporations, legislatures, even presidents are likely to blunder if they do not cultivate a culture of candor and disclosure. He shows that unjustified extremism, including violence and terrorism, often results from failure to tolerate dissenting views. The tragedy is that blunders and cruelties could be avoided if people spoke out.
Sunstein casts new light on freedom of speech, showing that a free society not only forbids censorship but also provides public spaces for dissenters to expose widely held myths and pervasive injustices. He provides evidence about the effects of conformity and dissent on the federal courts. The evidence shows not only that Republican appointees vote differently from Democratic appointees but also that both Republican and Democratic judges are likely to go to extremes if unchecked by opposing views. Understanding the need for dissent illuminates countless social debates, including those over affirmative action in higher education, because diversity is indispensable to learning.
Dissenters are often portrayed as selfish and disloyal, but Sunstein shows that those who reject pressures imposed by others perform valuable social functions, often at their own expense. This is true for dissenters in boardrooms, churches, unions, and academia. It is true for dissenters in the White House, Congress, and the Supreme Court. And it is true during times of war and peace.
- Print length256 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarvard University Press
- Publication dateApril 30, 2005
- Dimensions5.5 x 0.64 x 8.5 inches
- ISBN-100674017684
- ISBN-13978-0674017689
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Learn more how customers reviews work on AmazonTop reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on February 8, 2013If you are interested in collective human behaviour, you will be interested in this. An eye opening collection of ideas and studies that make the dangers of conformity and the necessity of dissent transparently clear. A very satisfying insight into another of the Social Psychology, Sociological strands of research that are so ubiquitous primarily to American writing.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 17, 2020Huge, complex societies such as those we live in in the West benefit from information and input from a wide array of sources. Cass Sunstein examines the issue of dissent and its importance in "Why Societies Need Dissent." The author's main idea is that when those who think differently stay quiet, society is deprived of valuable information that could prevent mistakes or distortions.
Sunstein looks at the benefits and drawbacks of both conformity and dissent, noting that dissenters are often viewed as selfish and conformists not, but then showing how the opposite is often the case. Corporate boards, investor groups, presidential administrations, and other organizations get better results when there is freedom to disagree and dissent—too much conformity can lead to economic, social, or foreign policy going off the rails in one direction or another. Successful organizations and societies, the author asserts, find ways to reward dissent.
The author demonstrates how groups with no dissenting opinions often cascade toward distorted views of situations. He opines on how conformist the individualist United States is compared to other nations that are viewed as more conformist, notes characteristics in people that make it more likely that they will be dissenters, and shows the powerful effect even one effective dissenter can have on a situation.
Sunstein also examines group polarization and extremism in our legal and judicial systems and government, looks at what does and does not make one more likely to obey laws, and notes the vital importance of free speech for a free, open, successful society—in such places, independence of mind is encouraged. The author closes by defending affirmative action in admissions to higher education—he believes that students from different backgrounds benefit by getting to know people from other parts of society and hearing their opinions.
Dissent is something that is always fresh and topical, and Sunstein's volume is a good study of dissent, conformity, and the tension between the two. Those who read "Why Societies Need Dissent" would not only understand dissent and its importance more fully, but the book would aid the reader in dissenting more intelligently when the inevitable time comes to do so.
- Reviewed in the United States on April 7, 2023Dissent is the essential cornerstone and fuel required to support and advance freedom.
Without it, freedom crumbles.
As authoritarian forces impose and stifle--in the public place, workplace, and even the homeplace--dissent is vital. Without it the freedom to advance thinking, attitudes, beliefs, truths, ethics and empathy fade.
Dissent is a choice based in care and sparked by courage.
Please read this vital book and make your way.
Hoping yours is an upward, inclusive path based in Goodness.
- Reviewed in the United States on January 5, 2004Sunstein has produced a book that is at the same time quite intuitive and yet counterintuitive. You find yourself nodding yes to so many of the things he points out only to be completely surprised when the conclusion isn't what you expected. For example, one might expect a larger group with more information to be able to more easily make a correctly informed decision. But, in fact, depending on the group dynamics the larger group may make it more difficult for certain viewpoints to be expressed and may marginalize minority viewpoints so that a less informed decision is the result.
I enjoyed the discussion of cascades where a series of decisions are made based on previous decisions which may have less general validity than presumed. The result is a lemming-like run of bad decisions which no one seems to be able to stop or even look at objectively.
Group polarity is another area discussed at length in this book. Sunstein points out that groups with mixed viewpoints represented may coalesce to a consensus viewpoint with the right climate or facilitation or they may spin off into highly polarized subgroups barely able to interface with one another.
I would think this book would be an invaluable resource for group facilitators, organizational experts, and think tanks.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 7, 2016It presents both sides in why people "vote" the way they do. The book gets one thinking about things that probably would never cross your mind.
- Reviewed in the United States on July 1, 2004I really enjoyed this book. It was very readable and well written. I appreciated how the viewpoints and examples used were neutral and usable regardless of the reader's perspective on any issue.
Some of the more interesting points were: (1) an explanation of the pressure to conform, and why this pressure is surprisingly high even among those who consider themselves independent thinkers (2) the power of being first to speak in a group and the efficacy of a firm and confident tone (3) the two types of dissenters: contrarians and disclosers; and the importance of disclosing one's opinion and reasoning (4) discussion of "groupthink" and how group opinions form based on the group's members.
I appreciated Sunstein's frequent reference to psychological studies. That made this book much more credible and useful than one where an author merely formulates theories and writes about them.
- Reviewed in the United States on April 2, 2007If all we needed was dissent, then we could dissent all day! The problem is that we need something: 1) the right answer, and 2) with a limited amount of information to make the decision we want it 3) quickly and cheaply. Without knowing that the author begins with that background, the title of the book might lead a potential reader into judging that the author was a Bob Dylan wannabe.
The author makes a number of useful observations while dealing with the manifest observation of the most casual observer that the dissenter never profits from his dissent. In other words, dissent is costly from several points of view, so the question is: When is it worth it--if ever?
Top reviews from other countries
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RoyReviewed in France on March 16, 20084.0 out of 5 stars pas mal mais "un peu mou"
L'ouvrage développe un thème qui est d'importante, la capacité à s'opposer et à dire qu'on s'oppose, les mécanismes psychologiques à l'oeuvre et leur effets sont analysés de façon claire et pédagogique... ce qui est aussi le défaut majeure de l'ouvrage, les idées sont avancées au compte gouttes et l'auteur insiste parfois trop sur certains points. Dans l'ensemble cependant l'ouvrage est de très bonne facture et apporte une vue différente sur le problème de la liberté d'expression (tant il est vrai que les US et l'europe ont des approches différentes sur ce point).

