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Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust Paperback – January 28, 1997

4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars 640 ratings

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This groundbreaking international bestseller lays to rest many myths about the Holocaust: that Germans were ignorant of the mass destruction of Jews, that the killers were all SS men, and that those who slaughtered Jews did so reluctantly. Hitler's Willing Executioners provides conclusive evidence that the extermination of European Jewry engaged the energies and enthusiasm of tens of thousands of ordinary Germans. Goldhagen reconstructs the climate of "eliminationist anti-Semitism" that made Hitler's pursuit of his genocidal goals possible and the radical persecution of the Jews during the 1930s popular. Drawing on a wealth of unused archival materials, principally the testimony of the killers themselves, Goldhagen takes us into the killing fields where Germans voluntarily hunted Jews like animals, tortured them wantonly, and then posed cheerfully for snapshots with their victims. From mobile killing units, to the camps, to the death marches, Goldhagen shows how ordinary Germans, nurtured in a society where Jews were seen as unalterable evil and dangerous, willingly followed their beliefs to their logical conclusion.



"
Hitler's Willing Executioner's is an original, indeed brilliant contribution to the...literature on the Holocaust."--New York Review of Books


"The most important book ever published about the Holocaust...Eloquently written, meticulously documented, impassioned...A model of moral and scholarly integrity."--Philadelphia Inquirer
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Editorial Reviews

Review

... a tour de force ... will stimulate fresh research -- The New York Times Book Review, V.R. Berghahn

From the Inside Flap

This groundbreaking international bestseller lays to rest many myths about the Holocaust: that Germans were ignorant of the mass destruction of Jews, that the killers were all SS men, and that those who slaughtered Jews did so reluctantly. Hitler's Willing Executioners provides conclusive evidence that the extermination of European Jewry engaged the energies and enthusiasm of tens of thousands of ordinary Germans. Goldhagen reconstructs the climate of "eliminationist anti-Semitism" that made Hitler's pursuit of his genocidal goals possible and the radical persecution of the Jews during the 1930s popular. Drawing on a wealth of unused archival materials, principally the testimony of the killers themselves, Goldhagen takes us into the killing fields where Germans voluntarily hunted Jews like animals, tortured them wantonly, and then posed cheerfully for snapshots with their victims. From mobile killing units, to the camps, to the death marches, Goldhagen shows how ordinary Germans, nurtured in a society where Jews were seen as unalterable evil and dangerous, willingly followed their beliefs to their logical conclusion.



"
Hitler's Willing Executioner's is an original, indeed brilliant contribution to the...literature on the Holocaust."--New York Review of Books


"The most important book ever published about the Holocaust...Eloquently written, meticulously documented, impassioned...A model of moral and scholarly integrity."--Philadelphia Inquirer

Product details

  • ASIN ‏ : ‎ 0679772685
  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Vintage (January 28, 1997)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 656 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 9780679772682
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0679772682
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.3 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.18 x 1.41 x 7.91 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars 640 ratings

About the author

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Daniel Jonah Goldhagen
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When in 1996 I published Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, I was transformed unexpectedly, and almost instantly, into the author of a #1 international bestseller of a book published in 15 languages, and the unwitting progenitor of an impassioned international "Goldhagen Debate," which has since become a fixed part of the western, and especially the German, cultural landscape. The book, about the perpetrators of the Holocaust and ordinary Germans' role in it, told buried truths about the tens upon tens of thousands who carried out Hitler's plan to exterminate the Jews: these perpetrators were willing executioners, willing because they were antisemites who believed that exterminating Jews was right and necessary. Survivors of the Holocaust -- the people who learned of the perpetrators' beliefs firsthand from the perpetrators themselves -- heartily applauded the book, as did younger Germans and people elsewhere who hankered for these tabooed subjects to be finally discussed openly, even as some others clung to various untenable positions with the effect of denying the humanity of the killers and of exonerating them. Immediately, upon its publication, its contributions were recognized. The New York Times wrote: "Masterly...One of those rare new works that merit the appellation landmark." The Philadelphia Inquirer judged it: "The most important book ever published about the Holocaust...Eloquently written, meticulously documented, impassioned...A model of moral and scholarly integrity." It was honored as a National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist and Time named it one of the two best non-fiction books of the year. In country after country, similar views and admiration greeted Hitler's Willing Executioners -- as the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in Germany conveyed with its summation of the effect of the publication of Hitler's Willing Executioners, which it endorsed as "The most spectacular nonfiction success of this year." With time, as a flood of scholarly studies have come out which have substantiated Hitler's Willing Executioners' conclusions, more and more who have read the book's vast amount of new research and evidence and its challenging perspectives have come to appreciate and accept what the Holocaust's survivors had known all along. And so, a front page article in the New York Times on 15 October 2010 announced that the revolution in understanding that Hitler’s Willing Executioners produced about the Holocaust has unequivocally become, just fifteen years after the book’s publication, the consensus view in Germany. The establishment German Historical Museum in Berlin has opened a major exhibition that confirms and builds upon the conclusions of Hitler’s Willing Executioners: “This exhibition is about Hitler and the Germans — meaning the social and political and individual processes by which much of the German people became enablers, colluders, co-criminals in the Holocaust,” said the authoritative Constanze Stelzenmüller, until recently the director of the German Marshall Fund Berlin Office. “That this was so is now a mainstream view, rejected only by a small minority of very elderly and deluded people, or the German extreme right-wing fringe. But it took us a while to get there.”

Thus I became a public intellectual, the startling winner of Germany's prestigious Democracy Prize (there have been only six since it was established) awarded only when someone earns it (the previous winner, seven years earlier, was the East Germany democracy movement), with a debate forever a suffix to my name. I have always been determined to write and speak forthrightly about important topics-topics about which many want to hear, even if many others desperately do not want the truth to be heard. Whether it is about Nazism and the Holocaust, powerful institutions' moral duties, or the dangers of Political Islam, I have never held my tongue out of fear of what people, including powerful people, might say.

My most recent project, Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity, has issued both in a book (which is being published already in eight languages) and a feature length documentary (the first ever to focus on the phenomenon of genocide itself) that had its national broadcast premiere on PBS on April 14. Worse Than War tells people what I have learned about genocides and genocide in my three decades of studying them, explaining not just how to understand their many complex facets, but also how to stop the killing. As Hitler's Willing Executioners did for the Holocaust, Worse Than War poses a powerful challenge to deeply entrenched myths about why genocides happen. It fundamentally reconfigures our understanding of genocide as a global phenomenon and reconceptualizes it as one aspect of a more fundamental form of politics that can be called "eliminationism." I am gratified that Worse Than War, more than a decade in the writing, has already garnered enormous praise, with words such as "magisterial," "pathbreaking," "masterful," "monumental," and "wholly convincing" gracing the reviews.

I hope that you choose to have a look at it. Whether or not you end up agreeing with every conclusion and proposal in Worse Than War, the book and the film offer a plethora of new information and perspectives not just on genocide or eliminationism but on critical aspects of humanity and modernity, society and politics. I hope to rouse your intellect and conscience, even if I at the same time challenge your views about the most foundational matters of politics, society, and human nature.

For more information, please visit http://goldhagen.com/.

Customer reviews

4.5 out of 5 stars
640 global ratings

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Customers say

Customers find the book well-researched and compelling. They describe it as an important, important read that answers an unfathomable question. However, opinions differ on the writing style - some find it well-written and methodical, while others consider it repetitive and difficult to read. There are mixed reviews regarding its value for money - some find it impressive and worth the effort, while others feel it's boring and predictable.

AI-generated from the text of customer reviews

48 customers mention "Knowledge"46 positive2 negative

Customers find the book well-researched and informative. They find the premise compelling and the analytical comments insightful. Readers describe it as an important work that should be required reading.

"...annotate it, take notes; this book is going to change your entire understanding of the Final Solution...." Read more

"...of Goldhagen's narrative nor to deny that this is a work of great historical importance, being quite as authoritatively written and documented as it..." Read more

"Goldhagen's book is brilliant. He goes to primary sources. His logic is flawless...." Read more

"...into this phenomenon, and what he brings us in these pages is a painstaking analysis, showing that much of the conventional wisdom imparted through..." Read more

28 customers mention "Word choice"11 positive17 negative

Customers have different views on the writing style. Some find it well-written, with a clear vision and methodical approach. Others find the language repetitive and difficult to understand, making it challenging to read.

"...individual sentences that take up half a page or more; sentences are heavy with parentheses, dashes and semicolons, far more than the average..." Read more

"...His choice of words as such is so remarkable that when he is done writing, you realize that you could not have said it better yourself if you had a..." Read more

"...It's not easy to read, for many reasons, but it is well worth the time taken to do so...." Read more

"...this is a work of great historical importance, being quite as authoritatively written and documented as it is, and based on the evidence he provides...." Read more

16 customers mention "Value for money"11 positive5 negative

Customers have different views on the book's value for money. Some find it impressive, good, and worth reading. Others feel it's not worth their time and predictable.

"...this or the fact that Goldhagen reaches conclusions that are quite uncompromising and very well substantiated, I believe that ultimately he failed..." Read more

"...It's not easy to read, for many reasons, but it is well worth the time taken to do so...." Read more

"...It was empty, pointless work -- e.g. carrying 50-lb bags of wet salt from one end of the camp to the other, while being beaten and verbally harassed..." Read more

"I loved this book! It went beyond the surface of what is normally taught about the Holocaust...." Read more

Repetitive, ridiculous bias
1 out of 5 stars
Repetitive, ridiculous bias
Let me start with this: early in the book there's a passage where the author essentially compares the belief in God with the belief that blacks are inferior, or that foreigners are not human (see attached image). He lists these as examples of nonsensical, silly things people believe - the implication being that a belief in God is intellectually/morally comparable to the belief that blacks are inferior humans. Let's be honest - this was a purposeful swipe at religious people, and the author's narrative is dripping with contempt, bias, and naivete. Miraculously, the author (just a few pages later) extols the virtues of the west by illustrating that we take democracy and freedom for granted because it's ingrained in our culture...seemingly unaware of the fact that Christianity/Judaism were largely responsible for creating western civilization. Amazing. This is an astounding oversight/contradiction. In full disclosure, I stopped reading at page 30 because of how repetitive this book is - the author could have made his point in half as many pages. There's probably some truth to his hypothesis, but it's presented in the worst possible way. Glad I found this for a couple bucks at a thrift store instead of paying full price. Don't waste your time reading this pretentious garbage.
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Top reviews from the United States

  • Reviewed in the United States on October 3, 2012
    How could a book like this be a page turner? How could it be riveting? You read it, and then you wish you could abandon everything else and finish it. Have a pen in your hand to annotate it, take notes; this book is going to change your entire understanding of the Final Solution.

    There is something else that is perhaps unique about this book that I have found very rarely in reading. As a writer Goldhagen has the ability to say in a sentence what many writers require paragraphs to say. He can say in a paragraph what others require pages to say. His choice of words as such is so remarkable that when he is done writing, you realize that you could not have said it better yourself if you had a year to think about it. At the same time, there are problems with the organization of the book and it seems it could have been substantially shorter had the author wished it to be. Having said the aforesaid, let's get into it.

    Just when you thought you had read all the necessary books on the holocaust including the required biographies of Hitler by William Shirer, Ian Kershaw and Allan Bullock, you come across Daniel Goldhagen's work on Ordinary Germans And The Holocaust, and everything you thought you knew is turned upside down.

    A half century ago the philosopher Hannah Arendt was a writer based in New York. She went to Israel and was an observer at the trial of Adolph Eichmann who was discovered by the Mossad living in Argentina. He was living in Argentina where Israeli agents discreetly spirited him away to Israel to stand trial as one of Hitler's chief organizers of the concentration camps. His specific responsibility was for the transportation system used in the holocaust. Arendt spent day after day looking at Eichmann in a glass booth during the trail and trying to understand what was unique about this man that allowed him to be involved in such mass killing? She could not figure it out.

    She finally came up with a famous concept which she referred to as the BANALITY OF EVIL. This man was nothing special. He could have been a cook or a dishwasher, or a tailor. He was simply plucked to do a job and he tried to do it well, with no thought whatsoever to the moral issues involved. Eichmann was a product of the German culture, and in the end this culture provided the impetus for the Final Solution and it is this culture which Goldhagen explores for 461 pages and 125 pages of well-crafted footnotes. The book is divided into six parts and 16 chapters. Goldhagen presents a detailed history of German anti-Semitism going back two centuries, and it this history which changes our understanding and perspective on this terrible event.

    Much has already been written good and bad about the author's narrative on this website. This reader's problem with so much that has been written is that it certainly appears that the reviews are being colored by the reader's subjective opinions on this subject before they even read the book. The only subject that has generated as much anger on both sides in my opinion is the subject of the JFK assassination where pro and non-pro conspiracy theorists rant and rave against each other without either side legitimately searching for truth.

    Goldhagen's research and book deserve an objective reading before people form opinions. This reader for one has no axe to grind on this subject as having been born after this tragedy took place, I have tried to look at this as history and figure out what really happened and how. Goldhagen has added demonstrably to literature and should be applauded for his efforts. Now having said this, here are a few of the highlights of the book in case you never read it, frankly this is a painful book to read. This is not a walk in the park. Having said that, this is what you need to know:

    * Hitler and his followers were the only future mass murderers to be FREELY elected into office. It never happened with Mao, Lenin, Stalin, Attila the Hun, Vlad the Impaler, or anyone to my knowledge.

    * It is a myth that Germans who refused to participate in the mass killings had no choice but to participate. The evidence demonstrates that they could have asked to be re-assigned. They could have walked away. In certain instances superiors specifically told their underlings if you can't handle this, step forward. Very few took that step.

    * It is a myth that the common German was not aware of the mass killing that was taking place (page 8). Soldiers and police who were highly active in the slaughter constantly sent back pictures that were taken of the slaughter to their sweet hearts, wives and families. They were proud of the Final Solution.

    * It is a myth that Hitler only dreamed of creating this killing apparatus late in the war during the 1940's. Hitler during every step of his leadership constantly tried to stay in tune with the German people and not get too far out in front of them. As an example he instituted a euthanasia program for the infirm, mentally imbalance, and others during the 1930's. He was forced to back away from it because of the public backlash against it. There was not such backlash in his campaigns and operations against those who were Jewish.

    It was only with the war that Hitler found himself with constrains removed against his pursuit of the Final Solution. It was then that he was able to gain control of territories with millions of Jews as in Poland and the western Soviet Union. He was then able to act upon his already embedded philosophy of KILLILNG the Jewish race. Page 376

    * It was a myth that only the most dedicated of Nazis performed the killing tasks. These were ORDINARY Germans as personified by the members of the police battalions who were older men in their mid to late 30's, not eligible for military service who volunteered for the task of following the German troops into Poland and the Soviet Union once the areas were secured and executed hundreds of thousands of Jewish men, women, and children who were not part of the war effort.

    There were certain things exposed by Goldhagen that this reader personally found amazing. As an example there came a point shortly before the end of the war where Himmler was attempting to negotiate an end to the war with the Americans. He gave the order no more killing of the Jews. Himmler simply did not want the continued killings to interfere with his negotiations.

    German guards nevertheless continued to slaughter Jewish people on forced marches in the last days of the war exercising their zeal and lust for killing even while under orders not to kill. This one act alone blows out the door the argument that the Germans only killed out of fear of reprisals of their leaders, and for their careers and families. In many instances officers brought their wives along on their killing sprees to watch the executioners in action. There were pictures of this activity in the book.

    CONCLUSION:

    Hitler's Willing Executioners is a book we must read to begin to understand the underlying anti-Semitism that was pervasive to the German culture that set the whole ambience for how Hitler was able to harness the energy of the German people to support him in what anyone living today should view as insanity run wild. It is precisely because this happened in an advanced civilization and culture that was 20th century Germany that this tragedy must be studied again and again. Where were the churches and the doctors, the lawyers, the intellectuals, the people of good cheer while the atmosphere of killing was developing and then took place? How did the guards spend their days activating their most primitive instincts for one on one cruelty and then go home and have dinner with their families? Read Daniel Goldhagen's work and find out, and thank you for reading this review.

    Richard Stoyeck
    40 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on December 11, 2000
    In one of the most controversial and sensational books published in the last decade, Harvard professor Daniel Goldhagen forwards a provocative thesis regarding the culpability of the German people at large for the execution of the Holocaust. In a massively documented, carefully argued, and enormously researched effort that was in fact culled from his doctoral dissertation on the same subject, the author weaves together a stunning indictment of millions of Germans who, through their active participation and willing consent, helped in the achievement of the Nazis' so-called "Final Solution". However, while this is truly a fascinating and often spellbinding argument, in the end Goldhagen fails to sustain the argument with enough evidence to prove the German people were active, willing, and even enthusiastic executioners of its Jewish citizens.
    This is neither to deny the power of Goldhagen's narrative nor to deny that this is a work of great historical importance, being quite as authoritatively written and documented as it is, and based on the evidence he provides. Nor is it to deny that "Hitler's Willing Executioners" is a titanic work that has fundamentally changed the reading public's perception of both the Holocaust itself and of the German people during the reign of the Nazi regime. However, while there is no denying this or the fact that Goldhagen reaches conclusions that are quite uncompromising and very well substantiated, I believe that ultimately he failed to provide adequate actual evidence that the German people, as racist and as predisposed as they might be toward scapegoating, vilifying, and victimizing the Jews among them, actually were actively aware and consciously and deliberately and voluntarily involved in the systematic murder of the Jewish population in the Holocaust.
    One of the primary problems that is evident in this work is the fact that most of the European Jews exterminated were in fact not German. So too, the vast majority of the extermination camps were located in other countries, especially in Poland. Moreover, it does not appear that the movement toward the systematic campaign of murder of either the German Jews or their European brethren was as organized or as well thought-through as Goldhagen maintains. Other scholars, many of them Jewish themselves (as is Goldhagen) argue that the Holocaust appears to have evolved from a number of factors, including the lack of coherent and cohesive control over the Nazi bureaucracy, especially in conquered territories. What transpired seems as much the consequence of exigent circumstance (lack of food, potable water, and lack of space to house refugees) as it was the deliberate decision to systematic murder the Jews. This isn't to suggest that the Nazis were intending to spare either the German Jews or the indigenous Jewish population in the conquered areas, but rather that they originally intended to starve and work them to death, in concert with teir general plans to so use all the so-called "sub-humans" that they considered the subjugated populations of the Eastern Front to be. As secretive as the Nazis were, much of what happened did in fact appear to occur without a great deal of publicity or public knowledge. To my mind, Goldhagen never successfully counters this fact with evidence showing the German people at large knew what was going on, or that they participated in its execution.
    While I consider this a monumental work of tremendous importance, I do not believe Goldhagen has proven his thesis that the German people at large were active and willing participants in the Holocaust here. What he has accomplished, however, is to provide a well-documented roadmap to further meaningful research regarding this issue. My own suspicion is that we will find that the German people...did in fact succumb to a disturbing degree to the rampant racism prevalent in Germany during the 1920s and 1930s. Moreover, they were also guilty of moral indifference, a striking self-interested disinterest in what was happening around them to non-Aryan Germans, and a craven cowardice that resulted in an "every creep for himself" attitude that turned a deaf ear to all the horrors transpiring around them. They may not have been the willing executioners Goldhagen claims them to be, but they certainly were un-indicted co-conspirators in the horrific deliberate campaign to disenfranchise and victimize the Jews. I recommend this book to anyone who is a serious student of the Holocaust, and to the general public as an immensely educational book.
    84 people found this helpful
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Top reviews from other countries

  • Amazon Customer
    5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent
    Reviewed in India on December 7, 2019
    Excellent book, must read
  • Ian Mellor
    1.0 out of 5 stars The print is tiny and on most pages and also appears for fuzzy/blurred.
    Reviewed in Australia on June 1, 2024
    The print is tiny and on most pages and also appears for fuzzy/blurred.

    Such a pity, because it seems like a very interesting subject.
  • Reader
    5.0 out of 5 stars A must read
    Reviewed in Canada on February 19, 2017
    Very insightfulad to how ordinary people become killing machines through coercion.
  • Ivan
    5.0 out of 5 stars A much needed book
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on November 19, 2015
    A brilliant and damning exposure of anti-Semitism in Germany even before the rise of the Nazis. It is also a damning indictment of the German churches that failed to speak up. However, it is important to set the record straight regarding the origins of anti-Semitism. The Early Church started life as a (persecuted) sect within Judaism. It was only in the second half of the first century that Messianic Jews were excluded from the synagogue and placed under an anathema in the formal synagogue liturgy. From the second century onwards during persecutions Jews frequently denounced Christians to the Roman authorities thus leading to their deaths. The Jews became the bitter enemies of Christianity and not the other way round, at least at that stage. This was the beginning of anti-Semitism which eventually, during the Middle Ages, grew into a hysterical and irrational phenomenon actively encouraged by popular Catholic teaching. At the Reformation, things were not helped by Luther’s anti-Semitic outbursts. Then in the 19th century it was Hegelianism (a revival of pagan aristotelianism) and its outgrowth, Darwinism, which gave the movement a racial flavour, which coincided with the rise of German nationalism. The author well summarizes the situation at the end of the 19th century, when he says that: “It is thus incontestable that the fundamentals of Nazi anti-Semitism which had deep roots in Germany,…..were integral to German political culture.” From then on it was but a short step to the horrors of the holocaust, which the author documents in such damning detail. However, the author further reveals that “Anti-Semitism was endemic even to Weimar Germany, so widespread that nearly every political group in the country shunned the Jews”, and that “The centrality of anti-Semitism to the (Nazi) Party’s world view …..mirrored the sentiments of German culture.”
    The remaining two thirds of the book are really about how the killing machine worked and which excuses the Germans appealed to in trials after the war. This section contains much original material on the execution squads, the camps and the death marches. What transpires is that many of those involved were not Nazis but “ordinary” Germans and that in many cases, they did not have to kill, were given the option of opting out, and could easily have got away with disobeying orders. They were often aided in their gruesome tasks by “Catholic” Poles or Lithuanians who were equally anti-Semitic. Investigations indicate that “no one was ever executed or sent to a concentration camp for refusing to kill Jews.” Some say that the Germans were conditioned by their culture to blindly obey orders, but this is not so as there were many cases in the 20th century of Germans disobeying orders. Germans were wantonly cruel because they perceived Jews to be subhuman. Killing the Jews was for many a deed done not for Nazism but for Germany.
    The book wisely ends, in the foreword to the German edition, with the observation that a new generation has now grown up in Germany with a democratic mindset. However, the book needs to be slightly updated as in the Eastern part of Germany, where the problem of the holocaust was never honestly faced during the period of communist rule, there have been disquieting revivals of anti-Semitism.
  • Amazon Customer
    5.0 out of 5 stars Thought provoking
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on January 1, 2024
    Thought provoking and intriguing book. Covers a lesser studied part of the Holocaust. Will be valuable for teaching my secondary school students.