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Ethics of Spying: A Reader for the Intelligence Professional, Volume 2 (Scarecrow Professional Intelligence Education) 1st Edition

3.7 3.7 out of 5 stars 16 ratings
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Ethics of Spying: A Reader for the Intelligence Professional, Volume 2 picks up where the first book ended, but, with a twist. The book begins with an historical perspective of the expectations of moral and ethical conduct of personnel working in intelligence. In a previously classified memo from 1941 and a report from 1954, the reader gets a sense of both the history and perception of what was expected of professional conduct as viewed from government officials. The first half of this book seeks to define an intelligence professional, while the second half of the book seeks to utilize various theoretical and practical perspectives.

The richness of this publication is aided by the international views of its authors, which hail from Israel, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and the United States, among others. These prominent scholars explore ethics through the intelligence cycle and how ethics is evolving and viewed in a post-9/11 world. The book concludes with a survey on ethical conduct by interrogators, a brief history of intelligence reform, and a bibliography on this subject. The history and international perspectives provided in this book lay the foundation for further study in this increasingly prominent field of interdisciplinary study.
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  1. ISBN-10
    0810861984
  2. ISBN-13
    978-0810861985
  3. Edition
    1st
  4. Publisher
    Scarecrow Press
  5. Publication date
    December 17, 2009
  6. Part of series
    Security and Professional Intelligence Education
  7. Language
    English
  8. Dimensions
    6.16 x 0.63 x 9.08 inches
  9. Print length
    264 pages
  10. See all details
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3.7 out of 5 stars
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Ethics above all
5 out of 5 stars
Ethics above all
Exceptional review of the dilemma of ethics vs statecraft (tradecraft). It is all the more helpful to me as I used a lot from it in doing my Masters thesis.
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  • David B. O'Connor
    5.0 out of 5 stars Ethics above all
    Reviewed in the United States on December 2, 2016
    Verified Purchase
    Exceptional review of the dilemma of ethics vs statecraft (tradecraft). It is all the more helpful to me as I used a lot from it in doing my Masters thesis.
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    David B. O'Connor
    5.0 out of 5 stars Ethics above all
    Reviewed in the United States on December 2, 2016
    Exceptional review of the dilemma of ethics vs statecraft (tradecraft). It is all the more helpful to me as I used a lot from it in doing my Masters thesis.
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  • Daniel Myska
    1.0 out of 5 stars No page numbers
    Reviewed in the United States on January 19, 2022
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  • I Don't Read Much Fiction
    5.0 out of 5 stars A Nation's Espionage Branch Does not Exist to do the Dirty Work
    Reviewed in the United States on October 10, 2017
    Espionage is not a game. It can and should follow a rule of ethic. However, the world’s second oldest occupation is often misconstrued as unethical by the fancies of writers and movie makers to the chagrin of citizens. Scholarship on the ethical approaches to irregular warfare, espionage and even the conflict gray zone (describing an atmosphere of unrest often found in zones outside of central government authority) is growing. The Ethics of Spying is a collection of essays that seeks to explore not just the ethical restraints incumbent on espionage but in many cases, argues for the advantages that a moral compass affords not only to the practitioner but also the standing of a nation.

    Espionage scholars and writers love to introduce an extreme viewpoint of irregular warfare by quoting the Doolittle Report’s findings on the CIA, commissioned by President Eisenhower in the heat of the cold war. The famous Doolittle report of 1954 and its infamous recommendation to throw all rules out the window and “subvert, sabotage and destroy” before our enemy does the same to us is not a guideline today as much as a warning against the temptations of desperation. To make no effort in searching out information that could be vital to national security is equally imprudent. The middle answer, however, is flogged by divergent philosophies of international relations. Like most social science topics, the starting point of study must first deal with existential questions of humanity and universal values.

    The clear majority of thinkers argue that the justification to espionage is assured through the moral responsibilities of government. The role of a legitimate government is to protect and prosper its citizens (pg. 84). To do so requires an educated study of potential threats; internal and external. Broadly speaking, intelligence operations are simply defined as actions to gather necessary information and analyze it. This analysis, checked by various organizations, then serves to inform policy that will protect a nation’s people.

    However, contributor Tony Pfaff takes one step back and reminds the reader that the first rule of intelligence ethics is that all lives have value (pg. 73). What happens when the focus is placed on the value of an individual regardless of race, creed, religion, culture or nationality? The responsibility of governments, the state system and even the patriotism that comes with it is second to the value of every human being. It then follows that these individual lives should be protected and the current/natural/latest/best form through which to do so (depending on one’s philosophical school) is the government. At the level of nation-state even The Hague Convention allows the acquisition (spying) of information held by an opponent that is vital to a country’s survival (pg. 84).

    Since it is almost universally accepted that governments have not only the right but responsibility to acquire information in order to protect individuals, the next logical question asked concerns the ethical extent of intelligence activities. The just war tradition, initiated through St. Augustine, refined by Thomas Aquinas and adapted by succeeding Western scholars through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance offers one such tool to justify and limit the practice of war, and could possibly apply to espionage. A topic for another time, the reader should ask, what moral philosophies inform other nations that may not follow Western thought? (Try “Just War in Islam” 112 book reviews ago).

    Espionage is conducted not only against sworn enemies in a time of war but since it is a constant means to gather information, it is executed in times of peace, against competitors and would-be enemies and in extreme cases, against allies. While Arthur Hulnick and Daniel Mattausch quip that there is “Little solace in just war theory… (pg. 44)” as it applies to espionage, other contributors like James Barry and Chomeau and Rudolph explore the comparisons more closely. Not offered in this collection is the recent work of Darrell Cole on the merits of just war thinking in relation to irregular warfare (47 reviews ago); Cole’s work is worth a look.

    Aside from the decision framework of the just war tradition, a number of contributing authors give currency to what is known as expectation theory as justification for specific intelligence methods. Every social convention develops into an expected series or socially approved system of interactions. The exchange of diplomats, for instance, is a convention that developed over time. Diplomats serving in their embassy abroad are expected to not only represent their own countries but also gather information that best allows them to understand the country in which they serve.

    Expectation theory as applied to espionage maintains that a certain level of information gathering is expected between nations. The how and to what extent depends on the conflict situation or the degree of cultural similarity. Countries like the US, Canada, England, Australia and New Zealand have more linguistic and cultural similarity which translates to a higher degree of trust and an expectation that information between the five will be more freely shared as opposed to each being spied upon by the other.

    Theory does not just belong to the scholars. The contributing authors all argue for bringing more ethical discourse not only into the practitioner’s classroom but into the daily patterns of field operations. James Olson’s “Fair Play” (2007) appears to have taken the advice of contributor Kent Pekel by writing a book that directly meets the need. Olson’s book first presents a few main ethical approaches to espionage. Second, Olson introduces fifty true-to-life examples of possible moral dilemmas and summons a host of former CIA case officers, university professors, businessmen, journalists even religious leaders from various confessions to comment on the moral justification of each case or the lack thereof.

    “Fair Play” immediately reveals two conclusions. First, there is rarely consensus on some of the more morally compromising case studies, even between former CIA case officers. Disagreement can be healthy and at least highlights the necessity to discuss such sensitive ideas between supervisor and subordinate at the risk of not only misrepresenting the profession but fumbling an operation. Second, despite the various ethical theories first presented, very few respondents to the case studies show a methodological understanding or even a consistent application of any.

    In no particular order, the following is a list of the oft-used justifications for a number of the fifty case studies in “Fair Play”. Some of them could align with a just war, Kantian, utilitarian or realist theory of ethic but many may not. 1. No one will get hurt 2. The potential of the intelligence gathered is of great importance 3. Targets like these are very hard to come by and should be exploited when given the chance 4. The number of lives saved is much greater than the number inconvenienced 5. It's what our enemies do to us anyway 6. It is legal to do in America 7. No Americans will be injured 8. The target should have known they were part of the "game" 9. The chances of the operation succeeding are very high 10. Technological, economic prosperity/stability 11. American citizens agree with the act 12. Ticking time bomb: the threat is imminent so more drastic actions are morally necessay 13. All other avenues of securing the vital information have been exhausted 14. If there is plausible deniability then the operation is moral.

    Like in any group of people, differing philosophies of life will influence different opinions on what is moral or ethical (another reason to study the philosophies of other cultures). What becomes obvious, however, is that the nation-state system heavily influences the train of logic. What is the balance between the value of every individual and the responsibility of governments to protect? Collaboration is one suggestion where information sharing between states mutually ensures the safety of all. Common threats can have a unifying force.

    Down to the practical level, contributors David Perry and Loch Johnson explore the long-term benefits to a seemingly restrained approach to espionage. First, Perry argues that in societies oppressed by tyranny, the knowledge of an enemy nation’s spy services can be a hope. At the same time, abusing an agent or giving them false hope can either be regrettable realpolitik or simply a short-sighted gain. As a recent Asia Society publication reminds its readers in “Preserving the Long Peace in Asia”, the idealist’s view of cooperation is hampered by the reality that realpolitik is alive and well.

    Practically speaking, hope motivates. Realpolitik at the social level misses an important detail at the individual level. Coerced agents are less effective. Willing agents expend creativity to go beyond the needs of a given tasking. At the individual level where amoral politics is less easily argued, moral methods of recruitment are simply more effective espionage strategies in almost every case (pg. 229).

    Loch Johnson, on the other hand, reviews the ethics of espionage through the lens of culture and history. War is never merely a physical battle, it has lasting psychological effects. The same goes for espionage. Many just war thinkers have recently argued that a third layer beyond the justification of going to war and the proper execution of that war must be added: a just post-war ethic. Eric Patterson is one such scholar in the just war tradition and Loch Johnson mentions a similar concern for espionage. But to fully plan for the recovery from war requires more than money and physical reconstruction. It requires a deep knowledge of culture and language, an analysis of atmospherics and a true empathetic understanding of the players on all sides.

    The Ethics of Spying addresses a host of other topics to include interrogation and torture. While the book includes several opposing ideas to balance each argument there is a noticeable tone against higher thresholds of covert action. As Pfaff argues, “national security” is too easily confused with “national interest” which becomes overgeneralized in the term “self-interest”. At the most sensitive levels of covert action, the ethics of espionage swirl directly into the hurricane of competing international relations theories. Scholars must study both at the same time.

    In addressing the earlier discussion regarding the Doolittle report where anything goes, ethics are not just barriers for the sake of rules. As Pastor Tommy Nelson puts it in Fair Play, "Morality does not put a nation in a cul-de-sac (pg. 211)." There is a benefit to ethical restraint. Even if realism describes a nasty world, clandestine activities can find greater success not just through greater restraint but through an informed, morally astute, educated and culturally attuned practitioner. Contrary to popular opinion, a nation’s espionage branch does not exist to do the dirty work.
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  • Latin Traveler
    3.0 out of 5 stars Bought it for school. Clearly for those specialized within ...
    Reviewed in the United States on December 6, 2014
    Verified Purchase
    Bought it for school. Clearly for those specialized within this field.
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