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Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya Paperback – March 1, 2013

4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars 19 ratings

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In this incisive account, scholar Horace Campbell investigates the political and economic crises of the early twenty-first century through the prism of NATO’s intervention in Libya. He traces the origins of the conflict, situates it in the broader context of the Arab Spring uprisings, and explains the expanded role of a post-Cold War NATO. This military organization, he argues, is the instrument through which the capitalist class of North America and Europe seeks to impose its political will on the rest of the world, however warped by the increasingly outmoded neoliberal form of capitalism. The intervention in Libya—characterized by bombing campaigns, military information operations, third party countries, and private contractors—exemplifies this new model.
Campbell points out that while political elites in the West were quick to celebrate the intervention in Libya as a success, the NATO campaign caused many civilian deaths and destroyed the nation’s infrastructure. Furthermore, the instability it unleashed in the forms of militias and terrorist groups have only begun to be reckoned with, as the United States learned when its embassy was attacked and personnel, including the ambassador, were killed. Campbell’s lucid study is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand this complex and weighty course of events.

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Product details

  • ASIN ‏ : ‎ 1583674128
  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Monthly Review Press (March 1, 2013)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 208 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 9781583674123
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1583674123
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 13.6 ounces
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.3 x 1 x 8.2 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars 19 ratings

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  • Reviewed in the United States on February 13, 2014
    Horace Campbell has demonstrated an amazing grasp of the multi-dimensional geopolitical dynamics involved in the new, Global NATO's attempts at hegemony. He lays out beautifully how, as Noam Chomsky puts it, consent is manufactured by Western governments, through controlling of narratives with the help of subservient media (taking care of course, to allow the media wriggle room to leave in place at least a veneer of holding government to account).

    Beyond this point however, Campbell digs deeper into the the complex games being played out in the African continent to assure Western domination, largely (a) to undermine selling power on the part of the owners of Africa's natural resources, and (b) to head off non-Western blocs such as those of the BRICS in any competition for those same resources. Most tellingly he refers to the financial-military complex that has superseded the old industrial-military complex in the West (having ceded the industrial part to China among others). He also picks apart in detail the linkages and motivations that led to NATO's intervention in Libya, culminating in a convincing argument that far from being a capture gone awry, Mu'ammar Gaddafi was, in fact executed for his role in promoting a united Africa and in seeking to wrest control of oil, gas, and water assets from Western powers while denying egregious proportions of their economic value to Western financial institutions.

    Perhaps the most troubling aspect of Campbell's analysis is that the well-worn strategy of divide-and-conquer continues to work and always will. But instead of its modern manifestation being to capture and hold territory, the focus has shifted to "capturing" and controlling natural resources through Somalianization of resource producing countries. In short, subverting national cohesion, impeding the formation of continent-wide economic, social, political, monetary, and military union, and the deployment of small contingents of Special Ops and mercenaries to protect those relatively few locations at which resources are extracted, but in today's vogue, under the guise of either an endless war on terror or a "humanitarian" intervention - rubber stamped by the UN. I could go on but one really has to read this book to grasp the depth and breadth of its scope, which is truly magnificent. It is all the more so, given Campbell's lucid style and digestible rendition of the often bewilderingly many and not always coherent factors influencing events.

    There are a few issues however, that I would take with the author.

    First, he has not elaborated the commercial dimensions of media's abetting neoconservative and neoliberal agendas, producing in effect a financial-military-communications complex where the profit incentives among the media conglomerates are not to be discounted. These are not explored as deeply as I would have wished.

    Second, I think he would have served his argument better by dedicating a chapter to a more nuanced profile of Gaddafi and cataloging his well documented excesses. This would have added credibility to his claims of demonization of Gaddafi carried out by Western powers, though he does masterfully pick apart precisely how this demonization took place. Bad people can also be demonized and we don't get a really clear sense of the real demon Gaddafi versus the fabricated one, with the work sometimes bordering on being apologist.

    Third, I would have welcomed a chapter in which Campbell directs his conclusions to awaken his Western readers' moral obligation to reconsider what the "[American][European] way-of-life" costs the underdeveloped world and Africa in particular. He seems to stop just a bit short of stirring those particular emotions, possibly to retain the scholarly representation of the book. And that brings me to my last point.

    Campbell occasionally indulges in something of an unwarranted polemicist tone when he almost always describes wars as being "against the people of..." any country to which he refers. In so doing without parsing how he concludes that the populace and not the regime of the given country were the targets reveals a lack of detachment which I believe does not serve him well.

    All small points against the big messages of this book though, so I have no hesitation in giving it 5 stars and would love to see a future edition reflect unfolding events since the time of this one's publication.
    10 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on April 4, 2015
    Nice book with extensive information of what happened in 2011, also confirmed by recent leaks on the media about the conflict inside the US Administration (DoD and DoS). By saying that the results were catastrophic in not enough; it was more than that. However, the book appears to be too much oriented against the intervention and does not present the position of the opposite side. Pierpaolo Lunelli
    One person found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on December 24, 2020
    The book laid out in detail what really happened in the Libyan conflict and who the players were.
  • Reviewed in the United States on August 18, 2013
    It is a wonderful book that differs from other books on Libyan Civil War and support of Nato. Great to know how things were managed, organized and failed by Nato!
    3 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on June 4, 2019
    Bon produit...
  • Reviewed in the United States on June 27, 2013
    In his book the author argues that Nato is "the instrument through which the capitalist class of North America and Europe seeks to impose its political will on the rest of the world, however warped by the increasingly outmoded neoliberal form of capitalism". Within the peace and justice movement, the author argued that although Muammar al-Gaddafi should be opposed, "it was equally necessary to oppose the NATO intervention" (p. 10). For the author, Nicolas Sarkozy was the champion of the "uprisings" but at the end it has not paid off politically for him. Although colonialism has formally ended some decades ago, France is still considered the gendarme of Europe in Africa. It is against the reality of the NATO intervention in Libya, like Nicolas Sarkozy's statement shows: "We will fight to save the euro." (p. 29) In September 2012, the media reported that "Gaddafi was killed by a French secret serviceman on orders of Nicolas Sarkozy". (p. 11) Was this the thanks for the 50 million U.S. Dollars to Sarkozy's election campaign in 2007?

    According to Campbell, the NATO intervention has served to speed up awareness in Africa that the African Union must be strengthened to be able to meet the political, diplomatic, and military requirements to resist external military missions such as that of NATO in Libya. Gaddafi had to go because he was more a champion of African than Arab unity. Therefore, the Arab League took revenge and called for Gaddafi's overthrow. In the case of Syria, the Arab League shows the same vile attitude and collaborates with the Western colonial powers against the interest of their own peoples. The coup against Gaddafi was aimed at the"destruction of the ideas of African unity" (p. 32) and African freedom. Gaddafi had supported the speedy creation of the African Central Bank and the building of an African Monetary Union.

    When the uprising started, young Western-minded intellectuals hijacked the protest in Libya. Some of them had been closely associated with Gaddafi's oldest son Saif al-Islam. These reformers had internalized neoliberal economic thinking and wanted Libya to become like Kuwait or the Gulf States - basically client states of Western capital. They were the opponents of the defenders of "Libyan
    resources nationalism". These nationalists promoted policies designed to increase Libyan government control over and share of revenue from hydrocarbon resources. (p.256) The increasing presence of Russia, Brazil, and China in Libya challenged the old world order from the view of Western multinationals.

    Besides the destruction of African unity and freedom, the other main objective was to get, especially, the Chinese out of Libya. (p. 188) The U. S-led Nato wanted to deny China's free access to long-term oil imports from Africa and the Middle East. As Appendix 4 shows, China was by far the largest investor in the country. (p.289) Militarily, AFRICOM was created to contain China and contribute the "Global war on terror" to Africa.

    In his afterword, Ali Mazrui, Director and Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities at Binghamton University in New York, mentions that the war on Libya was the second aggression by the north against the south. The first was the attack against Egypt by France, Great Britain, and Israel in 1956. Mazrui mentions the numerous killings of black persons in Libya. Most of them were ordinary civilians rather than "mercenaries" fighting for Gaddafi. "These racist incidents and the reaction of the mainstream Western media brings to the fore the issues of race in international relations." (p. 268) Mazrui quotes the notorious Samuel P. Huntington who was at "his best" when he discussed how the West masquerades as "the world community," and uses the United Nations to give universalist credentials to Western interests. "The very phrase " world community" has become the euphemistic collective noun (replacing `Free World') to give global legitimacy to actions reflecting the interests of the United States and other Western powers", writes Huntington. In Mazrui's words, the United Nations has become the collective fig-leaf for rapacious Western actions.

    The war of aggression against Libya was anything but a success. Thousands of civilians were killed, the infrastructure destroyed, and the country fell into the hands of extremist militias and terrorist groups. Just a few months ago, the U. S. ambassador and some American diplomats were killed in Bengasi. The book also shows that the important decisions are made at Wall Street, at Goldman Sachs, the FED, and perhaps in the ECB. The politicians need to perform. They are the puppets of the international financial complex and the transnational capitalist class and have to use the tool of "humanitarian intervention" or (R2P) to advance the neo-liberal economic model.

    Campbell's lucid analysis shows that the overthrow of "dictator" Gaddafi had nothing to do with humanitarianism; instead it was an ice-cold power play of politicians on behalf of the global financial elite. The book is highly recommended.

    Dr. Ludwig Watzal works as a journalist and editor in Bonn, Germany.
    14 people found this helpful
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Top reviews from other countries

  • Luc REYNAERT
    5.0 out of 5 stars Silencing one voice of anti-imperialism
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 25, 2015
    In this dramatic book, Horace Campbell exposes the main goal of the international policies of the US and its Western vassals (united under the NATO flag) and the real objectives of their ‘humanitarian’ intervention in Libya.

    The economic and strategic importance of Libya
    The strategic importance of Libya is its location at the intersection of the Mediterranean, African and Arab worlds.
    Economically speaking, it has 4 major resources: solar energy (the desert), water (the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer), oil and gas with high quality crude (less than 30 % of these resources are tapped), and the labor and mental facilities of its people.
    Moreover, it has financial clout through its Libyan Investment Authority, which dominated the Arab Banking Group and which wanted to move it out of its servile position to Western banking interests.
    And last but not least, its leader, Colonel Gaddafi, had one main political aim: the freedom of Africa.

    US national and international policies
    As H. Campbell clearly explains, the US evolved from a military-industrial to a military-financial complex, a tripartite alliance between big oil companies, the US political system and the Wall Street oligarchs. The aim of this complex is to maintain global world hegemony through perpetual warfare (on terrorism). Another paramount goal is to control its main rivals: China and Russia.

    NATO’s intervention in Libya, the hypocrisy of the Western ‘intelligentsia’
    The Western powers hijacked a genuine protest in a country with a political underdevelopment of its social forces.
    NATO’s ‘responsibility to protect’ did in no way protect the civilian population in Libya. To the contrary, it multiplied the number of deaths and most of all of black-skinned Libyans seen as Gaddafi’s natural allies (a racist ethnic cleansing). The only aim of its intervention was at all costs regime change: silencing an enemy, who defended the freedom of all African nations.
    The international official comments on the intervention revealed blatantly the extreme hypocrisy of the Western political and ‘intellectual’ establishment. They considered as the French president F. Mitterrand did in an utmost cynical way, that in countries like that, genocide is not so important; in other words, ends justify all means.

    Possible counter effects
    It is also obvious that the NATO intervention spurred the pace of the unity of Africa.
    For the author, the peace movement must become a new liberation movement.
    China and Russia must have been taken completely off-guard by the Western reaction after both countries abstained in the UN Security Council: an extremely hard, but crystal clear lesson.

    This is an extremely well researched analysis of an eye opening deathly political intervention by foreign powers in an independent country. It is written by a superb free mind and should be a model for all genuine and open-minded political investigators / commentators.
    A must read.