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Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age Hardcover – June 10, 2010
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For decades, technology encouraged people to squander their time and intellect as passive consumers. Today, tech has finally caught up with human potential. In Cognitive Surplus, Internet guru Clay Shirky forecasts the thrilling changes we will all enjoy as new digital technology puts our untapped resources of talent and goodwill to use at last.
Since we Americans were suburbanized and educated by the postwar boom, we've had a surfeit of intellect, energy, and time-what Shirky calls a cognitive surplus. But this abundance had little impact on the common good because television consumed the lion's share of it-and we consume TV passively, in isolation from one another. Now, for the first time, people are embracing new media that allow us to pool our efforts at vanishingly low cost. The results of this aggregated effort range from mind expanding-reference tools like Wikipedia-to lifesaving-such as Ushahidi.com, which has allowed Kenyans to sidestep government censorship and report on acts of violence in real time.
Shirky argues persuasively that this cognitive surplus-rather than being some strange new departure from normal behavior-actually returns our society to forms of collaboration that were natural to us up through the early twentieth century. He also charts the vast effects that our cognitive surplus-aided by new technologies-will have on twenty-first-century society, and how we can best exploit those effects. Shirky envisions an era of lower creative quality on average but greater innovation, an increase in transparency in all areas of society, and a dramatic rise in productivity that will transform our civilization.
The potential impact of cognitive surplus is enormous. As Shirky points out, Wikipedia was built out of roughly 1 percent of the man-hours that Americans spend watching TV every year. Wikipedia and other current products of cognitive surplus are only the iceberg's tip. Shirky shows how society and our daily lives will be improved dramatically as we learn to exploit our goodwill and free time like never before.
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- Print length256 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPenguin Press
- Publication dateJune 10, 2010
- Dimensions6 x 0.85 x 8.5 inches
- ISBN-101594202532
- ISBN-13978-1594202537
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Product details
- Publisher : Penguin Press; Edition Unstated (June 10, 2010)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 256 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1594202532
- ISBN-13 : 978-1594202537
- Item Weight : 13.6 ounces
- Dimensions : 6 x 0.85 x 8.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,227,299 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #3,634 in Communication & Media Studies
- #4,720 in Cultural Anthropology (Books)
- #9,377 in Business Management (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Clay Shirky teaches at the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University, where he researches the interrelated effects of our social and technological networks. He has consulted with a variety of groups working on network design, including Nokia, the BBC, Newscorp, Microsoft, BP, Global Business Network, the Library of Congress, the U.S. Navy, the Libyan government, and Lego(r). His writings have appeared in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Times (of London), Harvard Business Review, Business 2.0, and Wired.
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Customers find the book insightful and interesting. They describe it as a great, fun read with an easy-to-read writing style that blends academic and journalistic writing styles.
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Customers find the book insightful and clear. They say it explores the potential of social groups enabled by the internet. The book is a remarkably human exploration of how we think and what we do with our free time. It sparks ideas for practical application.
"...The book provides a thoughtful discussion of the principles that drive social media and give the reader a framework that they can apply to their own..." Read more
"Although it is a very good topic, I think it could have been written in article form instead of a book...." Read more
"...Age, possessed the power to stimulate my imagination, energize my creative thinking and require me to embrace the prospects for the possible, well..." Read more
"...Great points, but in fact pretty much what was between the lines in Here Comes Everybody. 2...." Read more
Customers find the book engaging and enjoyable. They say it's worth reading and one of their favorite books of their grad school experience. The book seems interesting at first but after getting into it, they understand its value.
"...These principles are among the best in the book...." Read more
"...This is unequivocally one of my favorite books published in 2010 (I read about 100 a year)...." Read more
"...Shirky's writing is lively and engaging, and uses relevant anecdotes and humor to make his points accessible, but each point is significant and..." Read more
"...If you're looking for some ideas and inspiration, this is good book for that...." Read more
Customers appreciate the writing style. They find it well-written, easy to read, and organized. The author explains things in an easy-to-digest way. Overall, customers find the book a quick and good read.
"...The book has a gentle blend of academic and journalistic writing. There is real depth of thinking in the book...." Read more
"...Shirky's writing is lively and engaging, and uses relevant anecdotes and humor to make his points accessible, but each point is significant and..." Read more
"...For the most part, he wrote in a lucid style and I blew through the book and made some notes...." Read more
"I like Clay Shirky's presentations and writing style...." Read more
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on June 27, 2010Clay Shirky captured the ethos of social media with his book "Here comes everybody." He follows that book up with one that concentrates on the fundamentals of turning our cognitive surplus into value. Cognitive Surplus provides a compelling and clear description of the fundamentals of social media and collaboration as well providing principles that are guiding developments and innovation in this space.
There are many books out there that either describe the social media phenomenon or profess to provide a `recipe' for success. Neither of these approaches can provide you with the insight needed to effectively experiment and deploy social media for the simple reason that social media is changing too fast.
The book is organized into seven chapters that outline a complete way of thinking about social media.
Chapter 1: Gin, Television and Cognitive Surplus sets the context of social change and evolution of free time. This chapter sets the context for the rest of the story giving you the perspective to think through the issues.
Chapter 2: Means discusses the transition of the means of production from one of scarcity controlled by professionals to abundance and the participation of amateurs.
Chapter 3: Motive captures the essence of the reasons why people contribute their time, talent and attention to collective action. Here Shirky talks about issues of autonomy, competence, generosity and sharing.
Chapter 4: Opportunity recognizes the importance of creating ways of taking advantage of group participation. This chapter contains discussions of behavioral economics and the situations which generates group participation.
Chapter 5: Culture discusses the differences between extrinsic rewards - where people are paid to perform a task and the culture of intrinsic rewards - where compensation comes outside of a formal contracted pay.
Chapter 6: Personal, Communal, Public, Civic this chapter brings it all together giving the book a solid foundation illustrated by compelling examples.
Chapter 7: Looking for the Mouse is as meaty a chapter as any in the book. Normally the final chapter wraps up, but here Shirky discusses 11 principles associated with tapping into cognitive surplus. These principles are among the best in the book.
This book gives you a way to thinking about how people contribute their time, attention and knowledge and therefore how you can think about social media. In my opinion, this is THE BOOK to read if you are new to the subject of mass collaboration, social media, Web 2.0 etc. Here is why:
Strengths
Shirky provides a comprehensive discussion of the fundamentals of cognitive surplus and how those fundamentals have changed over time. This provides the reader with a solid foundation to translate their experiences and understanding into a new media.
The book does not talk about specific technologies. I do not think I read the term blog or wiki too often. This is strength, because frankly the technology is changing is too fast. Shirky does discuss the reasons why applications like Napster met with such success.
The book has a gentle blend of academic and journalistic writing. There is real depth of thinking in the book. One example is the discussion about the fallacy of Gen X being different or irrational. At the same time the writing is clean, well organized and easy to read.
The book provides a thoughtful discussion of the principles that drive social media and give the reader a framework that they can apply to their own situation. A word of warning, you will have to think about your situation and these ideas
Challenges
Readers looking for a recipe will be somewhat disappointed as Shirky recognizes that social media solutions will continue to depend on design principles more than detailed processes.
The book occasionally falls back into a policy mode as it describes social trends and societal implications. This can draw you off the main argument from time to time.
This book is dense with great insight and thinking. I list this as a challenge for people who are looking for quick read. You will get more than a simple 12-step process from reading this book.
Overall
Overall recommended for anyone who wants to understand the social media and mass collaboration phenomenon. This book is strongly recommended as a first book to start reading about social media.
Business executives reading the book can gain a deeper understanding of social media that will help them avoid the - we're on Facebook so therefore we are social solution.
Technologists will initially be disappointed as this is not a technical book, but I ask them to read the book carefully and think about how technologies create the means to bring collaboration together. After all, successful social collaboration involves a unique blend of social and technical systems. The technical piece is significantly more straightforward than getting the right social systems and this is what this book is all about.
- Reviewed in the United States on June 28, 2010Although it is a very good topic, I think it could have been written in article form instead of a book. He has many different examples of how the internet has changed social media as a whole but basically comes to the same conclusion with every example. "Instead of consuming media we can now produce and consume."
The first chapter is very illuminating as Shirky takes you through London at the very start of the industrial revolution. Most of the citizens of London were commuting from the suburbs to the city for work. To meld into this new social setting and lifestyle they drank gin. A lot of gin. This was their "social lubrication" to get through life in dirty, polluted, new city life. They were using their free time to drink. 8 hours of work, 8 hours of drinking, and 8 hours of sleeping.
For the past 50 years, post-industrial revolution; post war era, the educated population of the world has been using most of their free time to consume television. This 8 hours of work, 8 hours of TV, and 8 hours of sleep has been our social lubrication and use of most free time. Over 1 trillion hours of TV is watched per year when it could be used for other, more productive activities.
This is where the rest of the book takes off with example after example of how the internet has given ordinary people the opportunities to speak back to the media and government. With camera phones being owned by millions of people, anyone can take a picture or video of anything they are near and post it on the web.
There really are many good examples of how new technologies have given the lay man the opportunity to 'be heard' or produce media that they otherwise would not have been able to. But as I said earlier he always comes to the same conclusion after each example. Anyone who reads this review is utilizing the power of new technologies and communications. As more and more people write reviews for books, others can decide which book they want to buy or if the particular book they've been thinking about buying is not what it is hyped up to be. This is the beauty of the internet. Not only can we read reviews and see what other people are saying, we can order a book that would have been otherwise difficult to obtain. These are the beauties of new communication technologies that are going to revolutionize the future.
I canceled my cable subscription a long time ago because it is a waste of time and money, after you read this book you may be tempted to do the same. And this book actually inspired me to write this review, its my first :) The pooling of information and opinions is going to revolutionize society as a whole, and we are the children of this revolution my friends. Heck, the computer I am typing this review on was built a few months ago. I researched computer parts for almost a month on the internet, ordered the parts off of the internet, learned how to build it by going to google and typing in "how to build a computer" then connected it to the internet and can communicate instantly with any of my friends who are also online, send an email, order books for further knowledge, order another telescope (when I can afford it) to see more of the heavens, and even go to college online, online dating, online streaming movies. We have access to the worlds super library at the click of a mouse and the touch of our fingertips.
God Bless AMERICA!!!!! WOOOOO
Top reviews from other countries
Jimmy LaFleurReviewed in Canada on August 24, 20175.0 out of 5 stars I Did It For The Gram
This book is the key to fully understand the growth of social media. How did a change us? Is the medium more important than the message?
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cesar carneiro pennaReviewed in Brazil on October 31, 20173.0 out of 5 stars Como a sociedade pode fazer bom uso dos poderes das novas tecnologias?
Este livro deixa a desejar em relação ao "Here comes everybody". Se for ler apenas uma obra do autor, por favor leia a outra.
Toda a abordagem é construída em cima do conceito de que a incorporação dos avanços tecnológicos criou um "tecido de conectividade" que representa um potencial de benefícios ainda pouco explorado. Pode ser criado mais conhecimento e inovação, podem ser tonadas melhores decisões e prevenidos abusos. Tudo leva tempo e esse processo é detalhado pelo autor. Interessante, mas tímido e morno comparado com o Here Comes Everybody.
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Miguel Angel Alonso PulidoReviewed in Spain on July 26, 20153.0 out of 5 stars Buen libro, aunque no tanto como el primero
Cognitive Surplus es un libro de los que te abren los ojos. En este caso, Shirky nos presenta el concepto del excedente cognitivo, que es todas las horas de tiempo libre que tenemos los ciudadanos de las sociedades civilizadas y que, gracias a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, ahora podemos poner en común para tareas tan triviales como comentar vídeos de gatitos o tan importantes como combatir el machismo violento en la India. Todo eso y más lo explica Shirky en este libro que, aunque es bueno, no llega en mi opinión a la altura de su primer libro, Here Comes Everybody. Aún así, una lectura muy recomendable para comprender la nueva sociedad hiperconectada en la que vivimos.
Hélène PouilleReviewed in France on August 3, 20135.0 out of 5 stars Must read !
Another great book from Clay Shirky. It describes the social media & collaborative phenomenon with positive vibes. Welcome to the 2.0 (soon 3.0) world !
Paperback writerReviewed in the United Kingdom on May 15, 20125.0 out of 5 stars Overwhelming but worth it!
I decided to read this book as it was recommended by a fellow web professional as a must read for people in our field. He was right on as there are so many books available on the subject, it can get confusing.
It's not a how to guide to social media - more of a philosophy about the digital age. I gained loads of insights and so will you, hence me writing this review so that I am social networking the good word!
It also made me stop and think about my 'free time' and how I choose to use it.

