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Partnership for the Americas: Western Hemisphere Strategy and U.S. Southern Command Paperback – November 1, 2010
Purchase options and add-ons
- Print length286 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherMilitary Bookshop
- Publication dateNovember 1, 2010
- Dimensions6 x 0.6 x 9 inches
- ISBN-101780392273
- ISBN-13978-1780392271
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- Reviewed in the United States on September 13, 2016This is a great book by one of the most respected ADMIRALS. He makes a great analysis of the benefits of a good and healthy relationship with the countries to the south.
- Reviewed in the United States on May 23, 2012I have to admit that I haven't read it yet, but I plan to read it.
The book is available for FREE download from NDU and the GPO in mobi, pdf, and epub formats. Google the author's name and the book title. If you don't mind reading on a computer or a Kindle, I think free is a better option. :)
- Reviewed in the United States on August 13, 2011In 15th century, the Americas were one vast thinly populated undeveloped land, with resources distributed relatively evenly across both parts. Half a millennium later, the 400 million people at the Northern hemisphere live at standard which their Southern neighbors can only dream of. Admiral Stavridis, person in charge of the U.S. Southern Command changed the way of thinking from traditional military model to the model of partnership.
We are all in this together, is the name of the first chapter, and its mission is nothing smaller than to change mindset of Americans to start thinking about Latin America more like about a shared home rather than America's backyard. According to the 2008 census, approximately 15%, that is 46 million people are of Hispanic descent. It has to be reminded that just about 50% of crude oil imports come from direct neighborhood, and another 34% from Latin America; compared to some 22% imported from the Middle East. Another strategic interest of the USA is the Panama Canal, which literally serves as a heartbeat of the region. Latin American countries also contributed to the war in Iraq by sending troops. Even though state-on-state violence is not a concern, there are still significant challenges, such as narcoterrorism and crime related to drug trafficking. Natural disasters have to be reckoned with, too. According to 2007 UN ECLAC report, roughly 40% (180 million) people in Latin America live in poverty. Anguish and resentment against the conquistadors are deeply embedded in Latin American culture. The biggest security concern coming from South America is production of cocaine. Every year, 6 to 10 thousand U.S. citizens die of cocaine abuse and associated criminality. Drug industry generates $65 billion a year in profits, and the total societal cost on the USA exceeds $240 billion a year. The industry is also highly innovative, as demonstrated on the example of self-propelled semi-submersible (SSPS) vehicles. Crime associated with illegal drug trade is perceived as worse problem than poverty, as the numbers of murders per 100.000 people resemble a war zone. In many states, the military had to be called to deal with tasks which are usually domain of the police. Colombia successfully got its Marxist/Leninist FARC group under control, and even managed to turn the tide of public from support to open opposition.
The plan for the Americas as described by Admiral Stavridis is based on promoting of American values and democracy, to tackle extremist change agents. The most interesting is the part where the author explains strategic military planning and offers analogy with jellyfish, and lessons organizations can learn from its functioning with regards to sensing and communication of strategic messages. On the example of Greek mythology, Stavridis explains the quest for the perfect strategy, and the advantages of a plan open to criticism from both inside and outside what allows identifying any flaws in the concept. Critical element of learning organization is culture which fosters education. To allow any innovative ideas to succeed, it is necessary to give them a try, and to do this the zero-tolerance mentality for failure has to change. Recent study on personality profile of new Navy Admirals compared their personal characteristics to the civilian sector, and revealed surprising outcomes. The generation of military leaders scored very high across the board in decisiveness, determination, intelligence, and vision, but ranked at the bottom in the category risk-taking. This makes sense when one considers what the military is good at - assessing and mitigating risk. This very mindset stalls innovation and prevents organizations from learning. Systematic approach to strategic planning considering possible scenarios seeks to avoid institutional failures. Strategic Planning Process model is explained in detail, including the way how it is supposed to work between agencies, and very robust assessment phase.
In chapter three, Pull the Oar together, Stavridis explains roles of different agencies in strategic planning and execution of the approved plan. The primary role of the military is to defend the nation's interests by fighting, or preferably, by diplomatic efforts which do not involve military operations. Here he discusses the role of USAID and the State Department, and points out the need for Interagency Planning Process. To intervene effectively, it is necessary to fully grasp the sources of grievance, and identify the critical points that drive political, cultural, and economic instability, to fully comprehend the sources of conflict and make sure that US intervention does not trigger unintended consequences. As there is a substantial difference in the way of thinking between military and civilian humanitarian missions, Stavridis suggests creation of Humanitarian Service Group as new type of deployment group, what would facilitate inter-agency coordination and training. President Barack Obama in his address to the NDU in March 2009 noted that the burden of US foreign policy cannot continue to push the burden on the military alone, nor leave dormant any aspect of the full arsenal of American capability. Joint Interagency Taskforce - South which comprises of 4 branches of the military, 9 agencies, and 11 nations, fights narcoterrorism and illicit drug trafficking, and is responsible for 50% of total world seizures of cocaine.
Trafficking in drugs, dangerous goods, counterfeit items, money and people is a great concern throughout Latin America, which undermines democratic institutions and the rule of law. The fact that war on drugs disappeared from front pages of newspapers does not mean that the problem vanished. Virtually all cocaine comes from Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, and the total production estimate in 2006 was 984 metric tons, what represents $21 billion in wholesale. Major legislative milestones were the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the 1989 National Defense Authorization Act. National Drug Control Strategy has three key parts - stopping use before it starts, intervening and healing drug users, and disrupting the market. Even though the agencies stopped approximately 475 metric tons of cocaine at sea between 2007 and 2008, traffickers still managed to deliver four times that amount to global markets during that time. Admiral Stavridis describes in detail practices used by the smugglers and tactics used by the law enforcement agencies to tackle. As explained on example of Colombian FARC narcoterrorists, drug trafficking is directly linked to international terrorism. Terrorists' military skills, weapons supply, and access to clandestine organizations provided to the traffickers are exchanged for access to revenue, and expertise in money laundering and illicit money transfers. Illicit trafficking in persons was characterized by the U.S. government as a contemporary manifestation of slavery, and issued the Executive Order 13257, and passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act.
The National Security Strategy of the USA (2006) states that The United States must defend liberty and justice...and work to advance human dignity in word and deed, speaking out for freedom and against violations of human rights and allocating resources to advance these ideals. Stavridis rightly pointed out, that human rights are distinct from civil rights, and defines this relationship as reciprocal. In chapter five, the author discusses in detail legal background in human rights arena, and adds some remarkable comments regarding its practical enforceability in environment where violation of human rights is very profound and very common. For the U.S. Southern Command, human rights are the strategic core of all Defense Department personnel. States often have difficulty determining the legal status of people accused of perpetrating terrorist acts, as some can be classified as civilian criminals and others as lawful enemy combatants entitled to protections as any other prisoner of war, whilst unlawful combatants can be denied many basic protections. Human Rights Initiative is a key component to the Partnership for the Americas.
In chapter six, Admiral Stavridis presents holistic approach to national security issues in South America, and close cooperation between diplomacy and the military, as "National security in this region is not vested in war, but in intelligent management of conditions of peace in volatile era". State of public health is one of the indicators of failed states, which in turn, can create conditions for development of pandemics and is breeding ground for serious conflict. Lack of access to health care arising from poverty is linked to the levels of violent crime. The Copenhagen Consensus which was composed in 2008 laid out 30 priorities for increasing global welfare, of which 12 addressed malnutrition and disease. The panel's findings were deemed to be highly cost-effective in the prevention of conflict. The exercises and projects directed at improvement of public health in the host nations is then discussed in thorough detail, especially when it comes to contributions of SeaBees and the USS Comfort, Kearsarge, and Boxer.
There are no clear transitions between war and peace, or combat and law enforcement, and the conflict has to be managed through the entire spectrum of international relations conditions. As the illicit drug trade and related criminality is a highly innovative industry, the U.S. Southern Command had to respond by change of culture towards culture of creativity, innovation, and change. Failure, which inevitably accompanies innovation, should not adversely affect careers of those who dare to come forward with new creative ideas and solutions. Fear of consequences of failure stall innovation more than anything else. Programmatic risk can't be confused with operational risk. Prototyping of weapons systems, platforms, vehicles, devices, etc allows failure without causing large scale damage which could occur if an untested system was used on a large scale straight away. This approach would shorten the time from development to transition.
Gang violence in Latin America is closely connected to criminal and drug trafficking networks in the USA, and is fuelled by poverty and lack of education. In addition to high homicide rate, Latin America starts feeling consequences of declining birth rate and emigration of educated people. Due to lack of viable opportunities, limited access to social services, and structural unemployment, many young people simply join gangs as a survival mechanism.
In addition to economic and demographic ties to Latin America, the USA has to get involved in promoting of democracy as well. Disenchantment with the system rooted in corruption and distrust in politicians and political parties leads to confusion what democracy really means, and tendency towards backsliding into an authoritarian rule once again.

