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Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate Paperback – April 11, 2010

4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars 75 ratings

The impact on climate from 200 years of industrial development is an everyday fact of life, but did humankind's active involvement in climate change really begin with the industrial revolution, as commonly believed? Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum has sparked lively scientific debate since it was first published--arguing that humans have actually been changing the climate for some 8,000 years--as a result of the earlier discovery of agriculture.

The "Ruddiman Hypothesis" will spark intense debate. We learn that the impact of farming on greenhouse-gas levels, thousands of years before the industrial revolution, kept our planet notably warmer than if natural climate cycles had prevailed--quite possibly forestalling a new ice age.

Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum is the first book to trace the full historical sweep of human interaction with Earth's climate. Ruddiman takes us through three broad stages of human history: when nature was in control; when humans began to take control, discovering agriculture and affecting climate through carbon dioxide and methane emissions; and, finally, the more recent human impact on climate change. Along the way he raises the fascinating possibility that plagues, by depleting human populations, also affected reforestation and thus climate--as suggested by dips in greenhouse gases when major pandemics have occurred. While our massive usage of fossil fuels has certainly contributed to modern climate change, Ruddiman shows that industrial growth is only part of the picture. The book concludes by looking to the future and critiquing the impact of special interest money on the global warming debate. In the afterword, Ruddiman explores the main challenges posed to his hypothesis, and shows how recent investigations and findings ultimately strengthen the book's original claims.

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4.5 out of 5 stars
75 global ratings

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Customers say

Customers find the book's logical and informative approach to climate change compelling. They appreciate the clear, concise writing style that makes it easy to understand. The book provides an accessible introduction to climate science and history, helping readers increase their climate literacy.

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12 customers mention "Logicalness"10 positive2 negative

Customers appreciate the logical approach to science presented in the book. They find the hypotheses compelling and informative, with simple explanations that are better than words. The book is described as an exemplary approach to science refined through years of teaching and investigation. Readers appreciate the interdisciplinary scientific findings and the way the hypothesis is presented as a story.

"...energy polluters, ignore this book -- it is too clear, concise and logical to be of use in the current extremist global warming debates...." Read more

"...Throughout this book, Ruddiman gels science with history, and proposes his very plausible hypothesis that humans change the climate, and have since..." Read more

"...This text is an important and well-executed pivot point in the framing of global climate change...." Read more

"...This is an exemplary approach to science, and while the hypotheses certainly need testing, this seems like a very productive line of thought that..." Read more

8 customers mention "Climate change"8 positive0 negative

Customers find the book helpful for understanding climate change over the long term. They say it explains how the climate system works and why climate changes. The book also covers history of climate science and ways to reduce CO2 and temperature temporarily through reforestation.

"...for anyone interested in learning more about human history, climate change hypotheses, or many interdisciplinary scientific findings...." Read more

"...Rather, the book’s strength lies in reorienting conventional understanding of climate change and effectively reframing the historiography and..." Read more

"...sufficient die-offs, abandoment of farms, and reforestration to temporarily lower CO2 and temperature...." Read more

"...It's an easy read and does a great job explaining some of the histories of climate science...." Read more

6 customers mention "Written content"6 positive0 negative

Customers find the book well-written and accessible. They say it's a clear and concise read that provides an easy way to understand climate change from a comprehensive perspective. The book is also described as engaging and enjoyable to read.

"...a flack for energy polluters, ignore this book -- it is too clear, concise and logical to be of use in the current extremist global warming..." Read more

"...It is written for all audiences; and was honestly difficult for me to put down...." Read more

"...This is an important text to include in your reading if you are earnestly trying to understand climate change, but I don’t think it is intended to..." Read more

"...It is clearly written, accessible to non-experts, and of my 3-feet-wide bookshelf on climate issues, if somebody wanted one book, this is what I..." Read more

Top reviews from the United States

  • Reviewed in the United States on August 31, 2011
    WARNING: If you are a politician, tree hugger or a flack for energy polluters, ignore this book -- it is too clear, concise and logical to be of use in the current extremist global warming debates.

    For people open to reason based on facts, it is superb. I grew up in an area that would still be under the ice sheets if not for global warming; I now live in a desert that was temperate forest some 10,000 years ago. Global warming and cooling has occurred for millions of years, as Ruddiman clearly shows; and so, we'd likely be cooling now if not for human intervention.

    Actually, I hope he's wrong on his pessimism about the future. To quote: "To reduce current and future greenhouse-gas emissions to levels that would avoid most of the projected future warming, draconian economic sacrifices would have to be enacted that almost everyone would find intolerable: much more expensive fuel for travel and heating, much lower/higher thermostat settings in houses and workplaces, and extremely costly upgrades (or total replacements) of power plants."

    He is "...optimistic that we will discover new technologies." Such is the ultimate American faith: the ability to technologicize our way out of any physical, social or religious problem. Personally, I'm pessimistic (age sometimes does that to a person). My expectation is succinctly outlined in 'The End of the Wild' by Stephen Meyer who concludes, "Today the guiding hand of natural selection is unmistakably human."

    Meyer and Ruddiman agree a similar conclusion: we must act to save what's left. Ruddiman touches briefly on the fall of the Roman Empire, and the reality of requiring almost 1,500 years to restore the technological expertise of the Romans. In my view, a superior technology couldn't save the Romans; Rome fell because too many people stopped caring about Rome and instead became utterly absorbed in their own genius.

    This book is too factual to serve much use in the current global warming shouting matches; my great hope is that it accurately expresses the knowledge of relevant decision makers guided by facts instead of fantasy. If so, there is still hope of avoiding disaster -- even if not avoiding a very different social and physical world within a few hundred years.

    By all means, buy it. But, be prepared to be educated instead of insulted, berated or patronized.
    4 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on September 17, 2012
    As a scientist, I appreciate the amount attention put into this book and into this life-long study of climate change. As a person, I appreciate even more the way in which the thesis is presented as a story. This book takes you through the journey of Ruddiman's hypothesis and investigations, bringing you to his ultimate conclusion that "Before we built cities, before we invented writing, and before we founded the major religions, we were already altering the climate. We were farming.... A glaciation is now overdue, and we are the reason."

    Throughout this book, Ruddiman gels science with history, and proposes his very plausible hypothesis that humans change the climate, and have since the beginning of agriculture. All of his hypotheses are supported by historical and statistical evidence; however, some aspects need to be further explored statistically to further support his claims, which is candidly admits at certain points throughout the book. Additionally, some of his historical interpretations are patchy, though most seem to be pretty well on point. For example, in the fourth section of the book ("Disease enters the picture"), Ruddiman shows that, over the past 2000 or so years, there have been some significant "wiggles" in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Many have suggested that these CO2 concentration wiggles are due to natural causes. Throughout these chapters, Ruddiman finds and explains flaws in the natural hypothesis, and proposes an interesting counter-hypothesis that large pandemics (thus larger human population declines) correlated with the CO2 changes. These large pandemics become even larger as Europeans begin to spread across the planet, bringing diseases to the Americas and Mexico. However, as we have learned from basic statics, correlation does not equal causation. Furthermore, some of the historical evidence makes large leaps to support his hypothesis. It is a very interesting and plausible hypothesis, but it definitely needs further mechanistic and statistical exploration (which he candidly admits in chapter 13).

    In my opinion, this book is a must read for anyone interested in learning more about human history, climate change hypotheses, or many interdisciplinary scientific findings. It is written for all audiences; and was honestly difficult for me to put down. I must note, however, as a scientist, I would have preferred him include citations on many of the studies he referenced for further learning and easier validation purposes. Beyond that, it was well thought out, well written, and quite intriguing.
    5 people found this helpful
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Top reviews from other countries

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  • Nestor Acosta
    5.0 out of 5 stars Imperdible
    Reviewed in Mexico on May 20, 2023
    Si buscas entender de una manera objetiva el fenómeno del cambio climático, este libro es el indicado, sin caer en fanatismo. Visión objetiva de este fenómeno
  • Amazon Customer
    5.0 out of 5 stars essential to climate and carbon relationship understanding
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on December 7, 2020
    a must-read book for any person working on climate and carbon relationship which does NOT start from 1850 as currently shown. This book can also be related with the « 4 per 1000 » COP21 French proposal
  • Amazon Customer
    5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
    Reviewed in Canada on April 24, 2017
    Excellent book for whoever wants to know more about global warming from a different perspective.
  • Nick Morgan
    5.0 out of 5 stars Good book
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on January 11, 2019
    Good book
  • David T.
    5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on July 25, 2016
    Good text