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The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy Paperback – August 25, 2013
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Why American democracy favors the affluent and educated
Politically active individuals and organizations make huge investments of time, energy, and money to influence everything from election outcomes to congressional subcommittee hearings to local school politics, while other groups and individual citizens seem woefully underrepresented in our political system. The Unheavenly Chorus is the most comprehensive and systematic examination of political voice in America ever undertaken―and its findings are sobering.
The Unheavenly Chorus is the first book to look at the political participation of individual citizens alongside the political advocacy of thousands of organized interests―membership associations such as unions, professional associations, trade associations, and citizens groups, as well as organizations like corporations, hospitals, and universities. Drawing on numerous in-depth surveys of members of the public as well as the largest database of interest organizations ever created―representing more than thirty-five thousand organizations over a twenty-five-year period―this book conclusively demonstrates that American democracy is marred by deeply ingrained and persistent class-based political inequality. The well educated and affluent are active in many ways to make their voices heard, while the less advantaged are not. This book reveals how the political voices of organized interests are even less representative than those of individuals, how political advantage is handed down across generations, how recruitment to political activity perpetuates and exaggerates existing biases, how political voice on the Internet replicates these inequalities―and more.
In a true democracy, the preferences and needs of all citizens deserve equal consideration. Yet equal consideration is only possible with equal citizen voice. The Unheavenly Chorus reveals how far we really are from the democratic ideal and how hard it would be to attain it.
- Print length728 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherPrinceton University Press
- Publication dateAugust 25, 2013
- Dimensions6 x 1.75 x 9.25 inches
- ISBN-100691159866
- ISBN-13978-0691159867
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- Reviewed in the United States on August 30, 2016Very good book
- Reviewed in the United States on March 7, 2015I know. This is an academic work. But zero reviews? I find that puzzling.
This volume is a classic--as have been other volumes by one or more of these authors. A must read for students of politics interested in democracy, political participation, the effects of people's participation on government decisions. . . .
The book uses a number of data bases to explore key issues. The title of the book is a word play on a famous statement by E. E. Schattschneider in his book "The Semisovereign People": ""The flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-class accent." Sidney Verba has been interested in the impact of people's political participation and what factors shape participation for many years. One of his classics (co-authored with Norman Nie) appeared in 1972--"Participation in America." Thus, he has been exploring issues along these lines for over forty years.
Bottom line? The United States deems itself a democracy, but our system is structured so that political officials--even if they want to represent all their constituents--will listen to thiose who participate in politics in some way--voting, writing letters or sending e-mails, joining a group, donating money, protesting, and so on. And the evidence is overwhelming that the more educated and better off participate more. Hence, the democratic chorus speaks with a higher stratum voice.
The book explores the many dimensions of inequality in voice by different types of people. Results are disconcerting--and will doubtless be disregarded by those who do not want to hear this. Key issues addressed in this book: growing economic inequality in the United States, why inequality matters in politics, the intergenerational nature of political inequality, organized interests and a further inequality in voice across different sectors of society.
Is this good? Or bad? Each person would have to make a judgment on that. But unequal voice by social status seems to me to be a threat to democracy. The book ends with some suggestions as how to address political inequality as a function of economic inequality.
- Reviewed in the United States on May 10, 2015The Unheavenly Chorus is sure to be the new standard on participatory inequality in the U.S. Schlozman, Verba, and Brady marshal a mountain of evidence to document how various forms of political participation – both individual and organized – are strongly shaped by socioeconomic status (SES). This thesis is nothing new, of course, and these authors have documented the strong impact of SES on participation in previous work. But this volume does offer a number of interesting findings. For instance, the authors show that at the individual level, participatory inequality has persisted over time, although it hasn’t increased in recent years despite growing income inequality. Many of the most interesting findings, however, deal with organized interest group activity in Washington. The authors gather data on thousands of organizations active in Washington to trace out patterns in the interest group pressure community.
The book does have some drawbacks. First, its length may make its assignment as a class text prohibitive, even for graduate seminars. The authors at times go out of their way to give extended literature reviews, seemingly in a conscious effort to make this book – their crowning magnum opus – the definitive statement on the subject. Those looking for the boiled down version should read the concluding chapter, which provides a nice summary. Second, and more substantively, the analysis of interest groups may grow tedious for some readers towards the latter part of the book, as the authors focus (perhaps excessively) on counting the number of organizations in different categories. Finally, some of the research in the book has been published before, so readers who follow the literature on political participation closely will find that some chapters have previously appeared as journal articles.
With all that said, this is an important contribution to the study of political participation and political equality, synthesizing some of the authors’ previous research while adding some significant new findings.


