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Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle Paperback – October 5, 2010
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An instant bestseller, Empire of Illusion is a striking and unsettling exploration of illusion and fantasy in contemporary American culture. Traveling to the ringside of professional wrestling bouts at Madison Square Garden, to Las Vegas to write about the pornographic film industry, and to academic conferences held by positive psychologists who claim to be able to engineer happiness, Hedges chronicles our flight from an ever-worsening reality.
The cultural embrace of illusion and celebrity culture have accompanied a growing system of casino capitalism, which creates vast wealth for elites. Corporations have ruthlessly dismantled and destroyed our manufacturing base and impoverished our working class. Hedges exposes the mechanisms that undermine our democracy and divert us from the economic, environmental, political, and moral collapse around us. A culture that cannot distinguish between reality and illusion dies, Hedges argues, and we are dying now.
- Print length240 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherBold Type Books
- Publication dateOctober 5, 2010
- Grade level11 and up
- Reading age13 years and up
- Dimensions5.5 x 0.85 x 8.25 inches
- ISBN-101568586132
- ISBN-13978-1568586137
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From the Publisher
Editorial Reviews
Review
"Remarkable, bracing and highly moral, Empire of Illusion is Hedges' lament for his nation."―Macleans
"Thoroughly documented and written in a measured but take-no-prisoners tone.... It's bound to stir up its share of interest-generating controversy."―Booklist
"Each chapter of Empire of Illusion makes a strong case for how different illusions...taken together are destroying the American mind, culture and the nation itself."―National Post
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Bold Type Books; Reprint edition (October 5, 2010)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 240 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1568586132
- ISBN-13 : 978-1568586137
- Reading age : 13 years and up
- Grade level : 11 and up
- Item Weight : 2.31 pounds
- Dimensions : 5.5 x 0.85 x 8.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #86,358 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #104 in Sociology of Class
- #175 in Communication & Media Studies
- #238 in Popular Culture in Social Sciences
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Chris Hedges is a cultural critic and author who was a foreign correspondent for nearly two decades for The New York Times, The Dallas Morning News, The Christian Science Monitor and National Public Radio. He reported from Latin American, the Middle East, Africa and the Balkans. He was a member of the team that won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting for The New York Times coverage of global terrorism, and he received the 2002 Amnesty International Global Award for Human Rights Journalism. Hedges, who holds a Master of Divinity from Harvard Divinity School, is the author of the bestsellers American Fascists: The Christian Right and the War on America, Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle and was a National Book Critics Circle finalist for his book War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning. He is a Senior Fellow at The Nation Institute and writes an online column for the web site Truthdig. He has taught at Columbia University, New York University, Princeton University and the University of Toronto.
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Customers find the book easy to read and engaging. They appreciate the insightful and vital information it provides about our society. However, opinions differ on the writing quality - some find it well-written and intelligent, while others feel the author abandons coherent explanations in favor of progressive epithets and uses inaccurate prose.
AI-generated from the text of customer reviews
Customers find the book easy to read and engaging. They describe it as a powerful and important book that should be required reading for educators. The viewpoint is well-stated and worth considering. Readers consider it one of the best "wake up" books they have read recently.
"...Chapter four is my favorite. It is about positive thinking...." Read more
"...agree with all of what Hedges has to say, but I do believe it is worth reading, thinking about and discussing his views...." Read more
"...Other than that, I thought it was a great read...." Read more
"Provocative and compelling. This book did not disappoint me...." Read more
Customers find the book insightful and educational. They say it makes good points about our society and is well-informed. The themes expressed in the book, namely that the US has become a circus for the rich, are important to wake up people. The book predicts many current aspects of our culture.
"...My biggest issue with the book is that it is a powerful denunciation, but it does not offer much in terms of suggestions on how to fix the problems..." Read more
"...While I found the book to be thought provoking and in line with my own beliefs, I was not entirely pleased with the chapter on positive psychology...." Read more
"Provocative and compelling. This book did not disappoint me...." Read more
"...an important and exceptional book based on self-sustaining and most admirable ethics." Read more
Customers have different views on the writing quality. Some find it well-written, readable, and concise. Others feel the author abandons coherent explanations in favor of progressive epithets. They also mention the book reads like a collection of overly long articles.
"...The prose never screams, even when the author levels his most devastating critical comments at our current state of affairs: "..." Read more
"...When interpreting, Hedges writes in highly condensed sentences that are so overloaded with wisdom wrought through historical synthesis that many..." Read more
"...book is that it is a powerful denunciation, but it does not offer much in terms of suggestions on how to fix the problems it is decrying...." Read more
"...This book is a deprogramming manual that trims away the folly and noise from our troubled society so that the reader can focus on the most pressing..." Read more
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Top reviews
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on September 26, 2011I must say I was captivated by the author's passion, eloquence and insight. This is not an academic essay. True, there are few statistics here and there and quotes from such and such person, but this is not like one of those books that read like a longer version of an academic research paper. The book is more of author's personal observations about American society. Perhaps that is where its power comes from.
Some might dismiss the book as nothing more than an opinion piece, but how many great books and works out there are opinion pieces enhanced with supporting facts and statistics?
The book is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is about celebrity worship and how far people are willing to humiliate themselves and sacrifice their dignity for their five minutes of fame. But this is not just about those who are willing to make idiots out of themselves just to appear on television. This is about how the fascination with the world of rich and famous distracts the society from the important issues and problems and how it creates unhealthy and destructive desire to pursue wealth and fame. And even for those few who do achieve it, their lives are far from the bliss and happiness shown in movies. More than one celebrity had cursed her life.
Chapter two deals with porn. It offers gutwrenching, vomit inducing descriptions of lives and conditions in the porn industry. But the damage porn does goes far beyond those working in the "industry". Porn destroys the love, intimacy and beauty of sex. Porn reduces sex to an act of male dominance, power and even violence. Unfortunately, many men, and even women, buy into that and think that the sex seen in porn is normal and this is how things should be.
After reading this chapter, I will never look at porn the same way again. In fact, I probably will never look at porn at all.
Chapter three is about education. It focuses mostly on college level education and how in the past few decades it had increasingly changed focus from teaching students how to be responsible citizens and good human beings to how to be successful, profit seeking, career obsessed corporate/government drones. The students are taught that making money and career building are the only thing that matters. This results in professionals who put greed and selfishness above everything else and mindlessly serve a system that destroys the society and the whole planet. And when they are faced with problems (like the current economic crisis) and evidence that the system is broken, rather than rethink their paradigm and consider that perhaps they were wrong, they retreat further into old thinking in search of ways to reinforce the (broken) system and keep it going.
Chapter four is my favorite. It is about positive thinking. As someone who lives with a family member who feeds me positive thinking crap at breakfast, lunch and supper, I enjoyed this chapter very much. For those rare lucky few who do not know what positive thinking is, it can be broadly defined as a belief that whatever happens to us in life, it happens because we "attracted" it to ourselves. Think about it as karma that affects us not in the next life, but in this one. The movement believes that our conscious and unconscious thoughts affect reality. By assuming happy, positive outlook on life, we can affect reality and make good things happen to us.
Followers of positive thinking are encouraged/required to purge all negative emotions, never question the bad things that happen to them and focus on thinking happy thoughts. Positive thinking is currently promoted by corporations and to lesser extent governments to keep employees in line. They are rendered docile and obedient, don't make waves (like fight for better pay and working conditions) and, when fired, take it calmly with a smile and never question corporate culture.
Chapter five is about American politics and how the government and the politicians had sold themselves out to corporations and business. It is about imperialism and how the government helps the corporations loot the country while foreign wars are started under the pretext of defense and patriotism, but their real purpose is to loot the foreign lands and fill the coffers of war profiteers. If allowed to continue, this system will result in totalitarianism and ecological apocalypse.
I have some objections with this chapter. While I completely agree about the current state of American politics, the author makes a claim that this is a relatively recent development dating roughly to the Vietnam War. Before that, especially in the 1950s, things were much better. Or at least they were for the white men. (The author does admit that 1950s were not all that great to blacks, women or homosexuals.)
While things might have gotten very bad in the last few decades, politicians and governments have always been more at the service of Big Money rather than the common people.
And Vietnam was not the first imperialistic American war. What about the conquest of Cuba and Philippines at the turn of the 20th century? And about all those American "adventures" in South America in the 19th century. And what about the westward expansion and extermination of Native Americans that started the moment the first colonists set their foot on the continent?
But this is a minor issue. My biggest issue with the book is that it is a powerful denunciation, but it does not offer much in terms of suggestions on how to fix the problems it is decrying. Criticizing is good and necessary, but offering solutions is even more important. You can criticize all you want, but if you cannot suggest something better, then the old system will stay in place.
The author does write at the end a powerful, tear inducing essay on how love conquers all and that no totalitarian regime, no matter how powerful and oppressive, had ever managed to crush hope, love and the human spirit. Love, in the end, conquers all.
That is absolutely true. But what does it mean in practice? That we must keep loving and doing good? Of course we must, but some concrete, practical examples of what to do would be welcome.
- Reviewed in the United States on April 13, 2013Chris Hedges is angry.
Angry at the decline of America. Hedges writes that the country he "loved and honored" was at once imperfect and sometimes cruel, and yet always a land where workers were paid fairly; decent public education was available; human rights, democratic values and the rule of law -- including international law -- were respected and upheld, and above all else where these things did not exist there was hope that someday they would.
In Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle, Hedges' anger is never far below the surface as he addresses our relatively recent decline, but his words are crafted with iciness and precision. The prose never screams, even when the author levels his most devastating critical comments at our current state of affairs:
"We are a culture that has been denied, or has passively given up, the linguistic and intellectual tools to cope with complexity, to separate illusion from reality. We have traded the printed word for the gleaming image. Public rhetoric is designed to be comprehensible to a ten-year-old child or an adult with a sixth-grade reading level. Most of us speak at this level, are entertained and think at this level.
...
A third of high-school graduates never read another book for the rest of their lives, and neither do 42 percent of college graduates. In 2007, 80 percent of the families in the United States did not buy or read a book."
--Hedges, Chris (2009-07-14). Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle (p. 44). Perseus Books Group. Kindle Edition.
Hedges lays blame for this decline primarily on the shoulders of what he calls the "educated elites" who created and now exist to serve the corporations that are the real power in America. Corporations, as any first-year university business student can tell you, solely exist to make money for their shareholders. Corporations do not care about the well-being of you or I, beyond their need for us to be able to pay for their products and services.
In chapters examining the Illusions of Literacy, Love, Wisdom, Happiness and ultimately America itself, Hedges shines a dazzlingly bright light at how far the country has fallen. He visits World Wrestling Federation events, the Adult Video News Awards, Ivy League schools and training seminars for the unbelievable-that-it-is-considered-an-actual science of Positive Psychology. His dire predictions of collapse are at times somewhat off-putting, but there is unsettling power in the questions he asks and the facts he presents to support his claims about our decline.
When did the slide begin? When America stopped being a country that produces and became instead a nation that consumes. Our culture now insists anyone can be rich, anyone can be a movie star, and anyone can live in a mansion, despite the fact that real wages have shrunk and jobs are disappearing. The political parties and media don't address the real facts, instead relying on spectacles designed to confirm our delusions and distract us from seeking the ugly truth -- a truth that would hasten the inevitable collapse of our culture.
"The earth is strewn with the ruins of powerful civilizations that decayed-- Egypt, Persia, the Mayan empires, Rome, Byzantium, and the Mughal, Ottoman, and Chinese kingdoms. Not all died for the same reasons. Rome, for example, never faced a depletion of natural resources or environmental catastrophe. But they all, at a certain point, were taken over by a bankrupt and corrupt elite. This elite, squandering resources and pillaging the state, was no longer able to muster internal allegiance and cohesiveness. These empires died morally. The leaders, in the final period of decay, increasingly had to rely on armed mercenaries, as we do in Iraq and Afghanistan, because citizens would no longer serve in the military. They descended into orgies of self-indulgence, surrendered their civic and emotional lives to the glitter, excitement, and spectacle of the arena, became politically apathetic, and collapsed.
The more we sever ourselves from a literate, print-based world, a world of complexity and nuance, a world of ideas, for one informed by comforting, reassuring images, fantasies, slogans, celebrities, and a lust for violence, the more we are destined to implode."
-- Hedges, Chris (2009-07-14). Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle (pp. 189-190). Perseus Books Group. Kindle Edition.
I filled my Kindle copy of this book with highlighted text, and could fill several blog posts with passages. Do I agree with everything he writes? No. Maybe. The older I've gotten the more I view with skepticism anyone who believes in something -- religion, sports, politics, causes, theories -- too much. Where there is fanaticism, there is concern. Fanatics are not open to other views and so of course quotes and bibliographies are selected to bolster, not confront, their views.
I'm not sure I consider Hedges to be a fanatic, per se -- his biography reveals a highly educated man who has direct experience in the areas he addresses in Empire of Illusion. Holder of a Masters of Divinity degree from Harvard, Hedges was a foreign and war correspondent, winner of the Pulitzer Prize while a reporter with the New York Times, and has taught at Columbia University, New York University and Princeton. He left the Times after being reprimanded for denouncing the Bush Administration's invasion of Iraq -- abandoning the journalist's requirement to be impartial, something I hold dear.
Still, there is a powerful truth to statements such as this:
"Television journalism is largely a farce. Celebrity reporters, mas querading as journalists, make millions a year and give a platform to the powerful and the famous so they can spin, equivocate, and lie. Sitting in a studio, putting on makeup, and chatting with Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, or Lawrence Summers has little to do with journalism. If you are a true journalist, you should start to worry if you make $ 5 million a year. No journalist has a comfortable, cozy relationship with the powerful. No journalist believes that serving the powerful is a primary part of his or her calling. Those in power fear and dislike journalists-- and they should. Ask Amy Goodman, Seymour Hersh, Walter Pincus, Robert Scheer, or David Cay Johnston."
-- Hedges, Chris (2009-07-14). Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle (p. 169). Perseus Books Group. Kindle Edition.
I enjoyed this book, and believe I learned quite a bit from it. I don't agree with all of what Hedges has to say, but I do believe it is worth reading, thinking about and discussing his views. If you are interested in more from Hedges, he writes a weekly column at Truthdig.com.
Top reviews from other countries
alexander j karlsenReviewed in Italy on December 10, 20215.0 out of 5 stars the illusion are many ; affect ...infrastructure ...militarism...patriosm ....deviancy..
many will feel that Christopher Lynn Hedges focus to much on complications and challenges ...but we recall that in the book here being talked about ; empire of illusion , he also unveil little lives of little americans ..not small or little in the sense that they are dumb...no...simply that media never shine their attentions upon their hidden stories .... as in all nations and places ; many worthwhile contributions are ignored by those who outline agenda and quest..
many will feel that Christopher Lynn Hedges focus to much on complications and challenges ...but we recall that in the book here being talked about ; empire of illusion , he also unveil little lives of little americans ..not small or little in the sense that they are dumb...no...simply that media never shine their attentions upon their hidden stories .... as in all nations and places ; many worthwhile contributions are ignored by those who outline agenda and quest..5.0 out of 5 stars the illusion are many ; affect ...infrastructure ...militarism...patriosm ....deviancy..
alexander j karlsen
Reviewed in Italy on December 10, 2021
Images in this review
G-daniel AvenellReviewed in France on March 5, 20215.0 out of 5 stars Hits like a hammer
A pulsating read. You can feel the anger, frustrations and emotion simmering just under the surface.
Brother BorahReviewed in India on February 16, 20205.0 out of 5 stars Book that reveals fake things
The book has enormous information that every truth seeker must hold it and get to what is in the book. From fake WWE, Hollywood, Porn, Televangelists that deceiving people, corporate leaders that direct politician and state are very clearly written.... Low cost book with huge practical information
Amazon Stephen R. CReviewed in Japan on December 1, 20225.0 out of 5 stars Large sized paperback
Paperback arrived in excellent condition. Paperback is in a larger size than usual with larger print so easy reading.
BoethiusReviewed in Germany on September 9, 20135.0 out of 5 stars Hedges
Hedges is the most important chronicler and interpreter of the American scene today. He can not only see his way clearly to the truth of things, but he can also reveal that truth and its implications with honesty, courage, clarity, and skill.


