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Living within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos Hardcover – April 22, 1993
ecological philosopher, and keen student of human population control, Hardin now offers the finest summation of his work to date, with an eloquent argument for accepting the limits of the earth's resources--and the hard choices we must make to live within them.
In Living Within Limits, Hardin focuses on the neglected problem of overpopulation, making a forceful case for dramatically changing the way we live in and manage our world. Our world itself, he writes, is in the dilemma of the lifeboat: it can only hold a certain number of people before it
sinks--not everyone can be saved. The old idea of progress and limitless growth misses the point that the earth (and each part of it) has a limited carrying capacity; sentimentality should not cloud our ability to take necessary steps to limit population. But Hardin refutes the notion that goodwill
and voluntary restraints will be enough. Instead, nations where population is growing must suffer the consequences alone. Too often, he writes, we operate on the faulty principle of shared costs matched with private profits. In Hardin's famous essay, "The Tragedy of the Commons," he showed how a
village common pasture suffers from overgrazing because each villager puts as many cattle on it as possible--since the costs of grazing are shared by everyone, but the profits go to the individual. The metaphor applies to global ecology, he argues, making a powerful case for closed borders and an
end to immigration from poor nations to rich ones. "The production of human beings is the result of very localized human actions; corrective action must be local....Globalizing the 'population problem' would only ensure that it would never be solved." Hardin does not shrink from the startling
implications of his argument, as he criticizes the shipment of food to overpopulated regions and asserts that coercion in population control is inevitable. But he also proposes a free flow of information across boundaries, to allow each state to help itself.
"The time-honored practice of pollute and move on is no longer acceptable," Hardin tells us. We now fill the globe, and we have no where else to go. In this powerful book, one of our leading ecological philosophers points out the hard choices we must make--and the solutions we have been
afraid to consider.
- Print length352 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherOxford University Press
- Publication dateApril 22, 1993
- Dimensions6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches
- ISBN-10019507811X
- ISBN-13978-0195078114
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Thus far? All you need to know is this. Watch the movie "Kingsman: The Secret Service" Samuel L. Jackson's character 'Richmond Valentine' wants to control the world population problem as he sees it by killing off anyone who isn't rich, beautiful, powerful, and/or famous and you can save yourself the agony of reading this book. I haven't gotten there yet, but I'm sure the author is going to recommend population control in some way, shape, or form, and while extremely logical it's unrealistic.
Humans are going to reproduce, ravage the ecosystem, and think nothing of future generations for whatever cause currently consumes them be it self interest, political, or otherwise. Acting like it's going to change is nonsense.
Hey, here's another movie reference from The Matrix that will save you some time:
Agent Smith: I'd like to share a revelation that I've had during my time here. It came to me when I tried to classify your species and I realized that you're not actually mammals. Every mammal on this planet instinctively develops a natural equilibrium with the surrounding environment but you humans do not. You move to an area and you multiply and multiply until every natural resource is consumed and the only way you can survive is to spread to another area. There is another organism on this planet that follows the same pattern. Do you know what it is? A virus. Human beings are a disease, a cancer of this planet. You're a plague and we are the cure.
While artificial intelligence could be just around the corner, I doubt I'll see it in the next 50-years. But this quote from The Matrix and the plot of Kingsman sum up this book thus far for me.
Again, I'm stupid and I had to use movie references to make sense of it. I'll finish it, but this is a hard read for a jackass like myself.
P.S. People are still going to have sex and destroy any math and/or logic that comes into existence no matter what level of intelligence is behind population control. When you get to the "people are starving in 1949 China and ate the birds that ate the insects and screwed up the eco-system" part should you read this book, you will realize that all the logic in the world isn't going to stop self-interest. People who are starving will eat some birds, yes - the insects that don't get eaten are (were) a problem. But if you think anyone is going to starve to death to balance out the eco-system then you're nuts.
Maybe the next 200 pages will have better information, but I'm not counting on it.
05.22.17: Finally finished this thing. This was a chore. Here's some more observations from the book.
A. Homer Simpson is running every nuclear facility in the United States. The author actually infers this without bringing up Homer Simpson's name but he may as well have done so.
B. Poor people have nothing to do but reproduce.
C. Optimism and hoping for technology to improve anything for the long term is far fetched science fiction.
Again, I see the logic behind his thinking but I'll give the author credit for this: No politician is going to make population control their main point of emphasis when campaigning for a position.
I still like my two movie references above to describe this book. Planet Earth needs a lot of help and while I agree population will be - if it's not already a problem - the author doesn't do much other than point out a problem and offers very little solutions.
If you're into listening to people whine for hours upon end without providing solutions to the problem, then this book is perfect for you.
I thought I knew a little bit about 'real' economics until I read this book, boy was I wrong. If, like me, you thought that Freakonomics was cutting edge and savvy then you would definitely love this book. Hardin clearly has a firm grasp on what economics is actually about. He throws everything at you - natural selection, Thomas Malthus, carrying capacity, demographics, Unmanaged Commons and so much more that this book is sure to open your eyes to the growing problem around us.
The only negative thing (hence the -1 star from 100) I can say about the book is that there is little continuity or flow to it. Rather than any continuous theme, it seems more like his lecture notes stuck together in some kind of topical series. Besides that, I highly highly recommend everyone read this book - sadly though, I am a realist and know that few will (to society's detriment).
If you like this book, you will like Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed ; or if you liked Collapse, then you will like this book.
Much of the book is dedicated to defeating the same straw men, over and over, in particular economists/anti-Malthusians/"those who advocate growth". The reality of a carrying capacity for the Earth is not in dispute, and yet Hardin insists on harping on the perceived refusal of others to acknowledge it.
In dismissing growth, Hardin literally *never* discusses the idea of increased efficiency as a sort of economic growth, an oversight that I hold glaring. As a trivial modern example, peak internal combustion engine efficiency is somewhere around 40% (diesel), electric engines are commonly 80% to 90% efficient. Agricultural yield improvements over the last century are even more remarkable.
In chapter 8, Hardin conflates money with gold (in order to discredit compound interest) and the discussion of "enemies of perpetual interest" (eg, debtor default) effectively ignores inflation.
Hardin dismisses nuclear power as an option for fear of human failure and fails to address the possibility of entirely automated plants.
At one point late in the book, after reasonably long discussion of high birth rates among the world's poorest nations, Hardin reverses direction and does an impromptu comparison of the glories of living in Utah and the repression of living in New York City in order to state "fertility is directly proportional to well being, when wealth is correctly measured."
In short: Hardin discusses hard science questions around population in a superficial manner and relentlessly pushes his political agenda through turgid prose. The citations and references are repetitive in the extreme (playing a drinking game with references to Rachel Carson and/or Silent Spring will get you alcohol poisoning) and there is very little in the way of original thought.
Top reviews from other countries
Fascinating, wide-ranging erudition; sharp deductive thinking; fearless debunking of myths and intellectual laziness.
A joy to read; sadly, I will have to keep most of it for myself as the contents are just too far out for politically correct dinner partners...






