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Helgoland: Making Sense of the Quantum Revolution

Helgoland: Making Sense of the Quantum Revolution

byCarlo Rovelli
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Aran Joseph CanesTop Contributor: Philosophy
TOP 100 REVIEWERVINE VOICE
5.0 out of 5 starsA Deep, Broad and Brief Guide to the Most Difficult Topic in Science
Reviewed in the United States on May 25, 2021
It shows how superficially journalism views popular writing on physics when a major newspaper calls Carlo Rovelli the next Stephen Hawking. Hawking’s works tried to provide an accessible account of astrophysics to the wider public. A mathematical genius, he also had a lively wit and devil’s advocate spirit for the most counterintuitive parts of modern physics.

Rovelli is not the next Stephen Hawking but it’s not because he’s lesser of a physicist or writer. Rovelli contains a philosophical and cultural depth that Hawking just didn’t have. He also has a style that is closer to free style poetry than publications in a peer reviewed journal.

All of that is on display in Helgoland. He begins describing quantum physics by an imaginative retelling of its birth. The title is actually taken from the rather foreboding isle where Heisenberg first reached tentative theories of the quantum world.

The rest of the book, its majority, discusses Rovelli’s idea that relations, not substances, are at the core of reality. In a well chosen metaphor, Rovelli describes the real as simply images reflecting and rereflecting in a hall of mirrors.

He then argues that this helps our understanding of mind/body dualism. If the mind is simply a matter of relations, then its understanding of the world is just one more relation. There is no need to answer the question of consciousness if there is no substance at its root.

While no theoretical predictions are made for Rovelli’s interpretation, as a popular understanding of perhaps the most difficult topic in science, it stands proudly in a tradition that stretches back to Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the World’s Two Chief Systems. If you are open minded enough to consider radical reinterpretations of reality and broadminded enough to see parallels in everything from Shakespeare to Buddhism, you will enjoy this book. Highly recommended.
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114 people found this helpful

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science writer
3.0 out of 5 starsNot his best...
Reviewed in the United States on May 29, 2021
PROS

1. Rovelli gives a visionary, almost spiritual, interpretation of quantum mechanics, while at the same time avoiding hazy idealism.

2. Who wouldn’t love a physicist who admits that: “I, too, once had long hair, tied with a red bandanna and sat cross-legged next to Allen Ginsberg chanting “Om”?

3. He uses literature, metaphor, history, science and philosophy to shed light on quantum mechanics.

4. Sometimes he's poetic and lyrical: “Watching what appears to be as solid as rock melt into air makes lighter, it seems to me, the transitory and bittersweet flowing of our lives."

5. He loves cats.

CONS

1. The book is advertised as being 252 pages (print edition). On my kindle, it was 203 pages, with the rest consisting of the acknowledgements and notes.

2. Speaking of cats, In every single one of the hundreds of versions of Schrodinger’s thought experiment I’ve read, the fate of this particular pussycat is a life and death matter. In fact, that’s the whole point: quantum mechanics isn’t trivial. Yet, in a misguided attempt to protect this poor (but altogether fictional) feline, Rovelli indulges in Disneyfication. He suggests that the choice is between an awake, although undoubtedly bored, animal and a gently snoozing one. He thereby totally undermines the significance of the choice. One star off for that offense alone.

Rovelli does something similar when elucidating entanglement. Photons don’t have color but, for the sake of simplifying the thought experiment, that’s the attribute he gives them. I’m sure that will confuse many readers.

3. If you already understood the double-slit experiment before reading Rovelli, you’ll recognize his particular version of it. If not, you may find his explanation confusing and muddled.

4. Did Rovelli really need to put in that long digression about Lenin and Bogdanev? Here’s a typical sentence: “Through the cybernetics of Norbert Wiener and the system theory of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, these ideas will have a little-recognized but profound influence on modern thought, on the birth of cybernetics, on the science of complex systems, down to contemporary structural realism.” Tedious and mind-numbing.

5. Rovelli focuses on interactions and relationships. He says: “All objects are relational in nature.” He says: “Properties of an object (such as a chair) become manifest when the object interacts with others.” OK. He seems to be saying that the chair is nothing but a collection of properties. I agree that the chair is in some sense entangled with a mental perception of it. But can a blind rabbit just ignore the repercussions of jumping over an unmanifested (to him) cliff? Something is there, isn’t it?

6. The limitations of language seem to get in the way. Rovelli says that “The external point of view is a point of view that does not exist.” And yet he relies on “an external point of view” and on visualization to explain himself. He calls mind and matter “natural phenomena generated by complex structures of interactions.” A structure implies elements arranged in space. He says (on page 182 of the kindle edition): “The set of properties relative to the same object forms a perspective.” He refers to the electron as “a dotted manifestation of events, one here and another there.” These are all visual, spatial descriptions.

I basically agree with Rovelli. I just think he hasn’t totally grappled with all the implications of his ideas.

For a deeper dive into this topic read THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY by Bertrand Russell.
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From the United States

Aran Joseph CanesTop Contributor: Philosophy
TOP 100 REVIEWERVINE VOICE
5.0 out of 5 stars A Deep, Broad and Brief Guide to the Most Difficult Topic in Science
Reviewed in the United States on May 25, 2021
Verified Purchase
It shows how superficially journalism views popular writing on physics when a major newspaper calls Carlo Rovelli the next Stephen Hawking. Hawking’s works tried to provide an accessible account of astrophysics to the wider public. A mathematical genius, he also had a lively wit and devil’s advocate spirit for the most counterintuitive parts of modern physics.

Rovelli is not the next Stephen Hawking but it’s not because he’s lesser of a physicist or writer. Rovelli contains a philosophical and cultural depth that Hawking just didn’t have. He also has a style that is closer to free style poetry than publications in a peer reviewed journal.

All of that is on display in Helgoland. He begins describing quantum physics by an imaginative retelling of its birth. The title is actually taken from the rather foreboding isle where Heisenberg first reached tentative theories of the quantum world.

The rest of the book, its majority, discusses Rovelli’s idea that relations, not substances, are at the core of reality. In a well chosen metaphor, Rovelli describes the real as simply images reflecting and rereflecting in a hall of mirrors.

He then argues that this helps our understanding of mind/body dualism. If the mind is simply a matter of relations, then its understanding of the world is just one more relation. There is no need to answer the question of consciousness if there is no substance at its root.

While no theoretical predictions are made for Rovelli’s interpretation, as a popular understanding of perhaps the most difficult topic in science, it stands proudly in a tradition that stretches back to Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the World’s Two Chief Systems. If you are open minded enough to consider radical reinterpretations of reality and broadminded enough to see parallels in everything from Shakespeare to Buddhism, you will enjoy this book. Highly recommended.
114 people found this helpful
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science writer
3.0 out of 5 stars Not his best...
Reviewed in the United States on May 29, 2021
Verified Purchase
PROS

1. Rovelli gives a visionary, almost spiritual, interpretation of quantum mechanics, while at the same time avoiding hazy idealism.

2. Who wouldn’t love a physicist who admits that: “I, too, once had long hair, tied with a red bandanna and sat cross-legged next to Allen Ginsberg chanting “Om”?

3. He uses literature, metaphor, history, science and philosophy to shed light on quantum mechanics.

4. Sometimes he's poetic and lyrical: “Watching what appears to be as solid as rock melt into air makes lighter, it seems to me, the transitory and bittersweet flowing of our lives."

5. He loves cats.

CONS

1. The book is advertised as being 252 pages (print edition). On my kindle, it was 203 pages, with the rest consisting of the acknowledgements and notes.

2. Speaking of cats, In every single one of the hundreds of versions of Schrodinger’s thought experiment I’ve read, the fate of this particular pussycat is a life and death matter. In fact, that’s the whole point: quantum mechanics isn’t trivial. Yet, in a misguided attempt to protect this poor (but altogether fictional) feline, Rovelli indulges in Disneyfication. He suggests that the choice is between an awake, although undoubtedly bored, animal and a gently snoozing one. He thereby totally undermines the significance of the choice. One star off for that offense alone.

Rovelli does something similar when elucidating entanglement. Photons don’t have color but, for the sake of simplifying the thought experiment, that’s the attribute he gives them. I’m sure that will confuse many readers.

3. If you already understood the double-slit experiment before reading Rovelli, you’ll recognize his particular version of it. If not, you may find his explanation confusing and muddled.

4. Did Rovelli really need to put in that long digression about Lenin and Bogdanev? Here’s a typical sentence: “Through the cybernetics of Norbert Wiener and the system theory of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, these ideas will have a little-recognized but profound influence on modern thought, on the birth of cybernetics, on the science of complex systems, down to contemporary structural realism.” Tedious and mind-numbing.

5. Rovelli focuses on interactions and relationships. He says: “All objects are relational in nature.” He says: “Properties of an object (such as a chair) become manifest when the object interacts with others.” OK. He seems to be saying that the chair is nothing but a collection of properties. I agree that the chair is in some sense entangled with a mental perception of it. But can a blind rabbit just ignore the repercussions of jumping over an unmanifested (to him) cliff? Something is there, isn’t it?

6. The limitations of language seem to get in the way. Rovelli says that “The external point of view is a point of view that does not exist.” And yet he relies on “an external point of view” and on visualization to explain himself. He calls mind and matter “natural phenomena generated by complex structures of interactions.” A structure implies elements arranged in space. He says (on page 182 of the kindle edition): “The set of properties relative to the same object forms a perspective.” He refers to the electron as “a dotted manifestation of events, one here and another there.” These are all visual, spatial descriptions.

I basically agree with Rovelli. I just think he hasn’t totally grappled with all the implications of his ideas.

For a deeper dive into this topic read THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY by Bertrand Russell.
35 people found this helpful
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Amazon Customer
1.0 out of 5 stars Read Wikipedia articles instead.
Reviewed in the United States on May 30, 2021
Verified Purchase
Utter waste of my time and money.

I learned absolutely nothing I didn't already know from reading this book, apart from maybe some small historical trivia.

If you want to learn about quantum mechanics, and especially its relational interpretation, just start from Wikipedia and go from there. You'll learn more in a few hours than from this book. Carlo actually provides some internet links in the book too. Probably because he knows how superficial this book ended up... feels like he was more selling a simple child's book rather than a science book.
22 people found this helpful
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Andasol
1.0 out of 5 stars Rambling nonsense
Reviewed in the United States on May 28, 2021
Verified Purchase
It's a short book but it could have been aa quarter of the length. Just nonsensical ramblings of someone trying to make something they don't understand sound weighty. In fairness, no one else understands it either but let's just say that and stop there.
21 people found this helpful
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GL
1.0 out of 5 stars Insufferable
Reviewed in the United States on June 4, 2021
Verified Purchase
It is true that physicists tend to be arrogant, but Rovelli is in a class by himself. In this book, he solves the problems of time (=relationships), material things (=relationships), entanglement (=relationship), evolution (=relationships), and, best of all, human consciousness (=relationships). In the process he discusses meaning (as relationships) and sums up the thought of Nāgārjuna incorrectly. He also shows us his erudition: Greek, German, French, Sanskrit.... We learn he likes Bach cantatas and Shakespeare and that he's read a lot some books by modern and not-so-modern philosophers. What we don't learn is much about quantum physics. He does have some interesting material on some of the quirkier aspects of the subject, but it is far too little, and one ends up thirsting for more physics and less demonstration of the author's enormous and all-encompassing erudition. After reading the book I have no idea what it means when Rovelli tells us that nothing exists on its own, only in relationship to everything else. He says that the theory of branching universes (Everett's original idea, though his name is not acknowledged) is ridiculous, but surely it is no stranger or more ridiculous than Rovelli's idea of relationships. And Everett's idea has the great advantage of being comprehensible (more or less), while for me at least Rovelli's idea is not.
9 people found this helpful
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benji
5.0 out of 5 stars Top Notch
Reviewed in the United States on May 27, 2021
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Being a fan of Rovelli's work, I definitely this is his finest work yet. There are three sections, the first two are more scientific-y. However, the last third is the gem, where he combines the best of metaphysics and philosophy. Easy read. Awesome.
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Ryan Boissonneault
5.0 out of 5 stars The relational interpretation of quantum mechanics that finally makes some sense of the subject
Reviewed in the United States on August 10, 2021
Verified Purchase
The bizarre behavior of the quantum world can be best exemplified by the “measurement problem.” To understand the measurement problem, think of an electron orbiting the nucleus of an atom. Well, it turns out that electrons do not exactly orbit the nucleus; rather, they exist in superpositions, which is to say, they have no real-world position or trajectory until you measure them—only probabilistic tendencies to be in one location or another.

The measurement problem, then, asks the following question: How do particles go from a mathematical state of possibilities when we’re not observing them (described via the wave function) to a single physical object with a definite position when we are observing them? How is it that our act of observation seems to change the properties of particles?

While the mathematics of superposition, entanglement, and the measurement problem is complex, in simple terms, interpreting the findings of quantum physics ultimately comes down to how you reconcile our apparent ability to alter physical states simply by the act of observation. Why would nature care whether or not we’re observing or measuring it?

This isn’t an issue, of course, for classical physics. If we know the current position and trajectory of a planet, for example, we can calculate its future position with a high degree of accuracy—whether we observe the planet on its entire journey or not. Our act of observation does not alter the path the planet takes. Why then, does our act of observation alter the path of the electron, as confirmed in countless experiments?

Some physicists attempt to solve the problem by postulating the existence of an infinite number of parallel universes or positing the existence of hidden variables, which are, by definition, beyond the reach of empirical verification. But what if the answer is simpler and more direct, an answer that takes the findings of quantum physics at face value without adding any extraneous theory or mathematical structures?

This is the brilliant path taken by Carlo Rovelli in his latest book, Helgoland: Making Sense of the Quantum Revolution. Rovelli explains why “the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics'' is most likely to be true and has the power to not only explain the findings of quantum physics but also to update our entire conception of the world. Relational quantum mechanics, as Rovelli describes it, is based on the following propositions:

1. Nothing exists independently without context. Any object or entity is fully dependent on its environment and the world around it—including historical processes—and cannot be understood except in terms of its effect on or its interactions with other entities.

2. The human body, mind, and brain are all part of nature, not separate from or above it.

3. There is no universal, objective perspective whereby one can view the totality of reality. Human beings, begin part of nature, observe nature from within nature.

4. Since everything is connected—and objects cannot be understood except in relation to the effects they have on other objects—the properties of objects arise only in the course of relations and interactions.

This is to say, the properties of an electron change when we observe them because the properties of objects only arise in the course of interactions with other objects. The other object, in this case, is the scientist making the measurement, but of course, the scientist is herself part of nature, not separate from it. Quantum mechanics describes the properties of interconnected objects—the electron, the measuring device, the scientist—all of which are part of nature and all of which are interacting with each other.

Whereas we can ignore the role of the observer in classical physics—the world of everyday objects—we cannot do so in the atomic realm because everything, including the observer, are part of the interconnected fabric of reality, a reality that is artificially fragmented in the macroscopic world of everyday objects but that does not differentiate between the observer and the observed at the smallest of scales. We impact the properties of electrons when we observe them because it cannot be any other way; at the smallest of scales, properties only exist in terms of relations.

I’ll pause to note two things: (1) This is my interpretation as a non-scientist of Rovelli’s argument, and (2) therefore I can’t claim to be capable of making any kind of sophisticated scientific defense or critique of his overall position. All I can say is, as an interested layman in the subject, and having read several books on the subject by many authors with varying positions, that this is the best explanation I have come across and one that almost makes me feel like I understand the subject. Almost.

Of course, this doesn’t mean that Rovelli has solved the problem and the case is now closed. One criticism of Rovelli’s position worth mentioning is the idea that the findings of quantum mechanics do not give us enough information to be making any kind of proclamations about the ultimate nature of reality in the first place. One might point out that our cognitive and perceptual limitations grant us only limited and superficial access to reality and that quantum physics—like all branches of science—provides us with rough approximations that allow us to make reasonably accurate predictions that we can then incorporate into various technological applications, but as for what this tells us about fundamental reality, we can’t really know.

This “instrumentalist” approach to quantum mechanics—memorably captured in the phrase “shut up and calculate”—is not particularly satisfying, but it doesn't mean that it’s wrong, either. If reality as we perceive it is like a computer interface outfitted with icons, then zooming in on the icons (objects) to view the pixels (particles) won’t tell us anything about the underlying operations of the computer itself (reality). It could be that reality at the deepest levels is entirely inaccessible to our senses or to the extension of our senses via technology. If I’m honest, I often find myself leaning in this direction.

But then I remind myself that this is not historically how science works. It is a defeatist position to conclude that certain aspects of nature are unknowable before we know them. While the instrumentalist approach may turn out to be true, we would do ourselves a favor by assuming that it isn’t, so that scientific investigation can continue. And if quantum mechanics can ever become comprehensible, it seems to me that it will do so based on some version of Rovelli’s relational interpretation.
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Richard Seltzer
5.0 out of 5 stars Brave new world view
Reviewed in the United States on June 8, 2021
Verified Purchase
Clear and convincing description and explanation of quantum theory.
"The discovery of quantum theory ... is the discovery that all the properties (variables) of all objects are relational, just as in the case of speed. Physical variables do not describe things: they describe the way in which tings manifest themselves to each other." p. 83
"the relationship between two objects is not something contained in one or the other of them: it is something more besides. This interconnection between all the components of the universe is disconcerting." p. 93
"... no universal set of facts exists." .. "the relativity of reality." p. 96
"... the world is not continuous but granular. There is no infinite in going toward hte small: things cannot get infinitely smaller. It tells us that the future is not determined by the present." p. 108
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Z Ricarditich
1.0 out of 5 stars The Mystery Remains A Mystery
Reviewed in the United States on June 9, 2021
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As a lay person I failed to grasp how the author’s theory of interactions and relationships aided in the understanding of the entanglement problem.

Specifically, how would his vision of reality explain the double-split mystery?

Maybe it did, but if so I missed the explanation of the solution.

Or maybe he avoided, via rhetoric, an attempt to explain it because his theory can’t.

The fact that I have these questions should be a signal to others that they may well be left with an unsatisfied feeling. In that regard, I would pay good money to read a critique by an equally prominent physicist of the author’s view of entanglement. If anyone knows of such, please provide a link.
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DPC
3.0 out of 5 stars Not on par with his other works but maybe worth the price
Reviewed in the United States on June 8, 2021
Verified Purchase
Loved Rovelli's other books. This one, not so much. Nothing here that is particularly enlightning about quantum theory itself. OK if your more interested in philosophy than physics. I got bored with the ramblings about Bogdanov, Lenin, Mach and others.

The main point of the book seems to be the focus on relations (interactions) rather than entities. He sums that up in a couple of pages in the middle of the book. Isn't that fundamental to QFT? Maybe I'm too naive.

There is some interesting history of quantum theory in the first chapters. Some details about the interactions between Heisenberg, Pauli, Schrodinger, and Dirac that are probably worth the price of the book if you're not already familiar with that. I wasn't, and would buy it again just for that.
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