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How Linux Works, 2nd Edition: What Every Superuser Should Know

How Linux Works, 2nd Edition: What Every Superuser Should Know

byBrian Ward
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Top positive review

All positive reviews›
Louis S. Carrozzi
5.0 out of 5 starsA Solid Foundation on Linux Architecture
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on January 14, 2015
I found out that I love this book in about 30 seconds of flipping through the chapters and looking at what the author was trying to do. This is EXACTLY (one of) the books I was looking for!

I have several other Linux books and they all start to approach their content the same way: Introducing the Linux BASH command line, and then jumping into doing various tasks and explaining what you are doing. This is fine, and there are several other books that I think do this very well, but what I was REALLY looking for was an explanation of how the whole operating system actually is structured, how it works, how it is built, how it boots, what it boots, and how all the different pieces of software fit together. In other words, the "architecture" of Linux/GNU. Not only does this book cover all of these topics in detail, but it does so in a very straight forward, no nonsense, no fluff way. There is also a lot of detailed explanation of how the software works in conjunction with hardware. There is actually a section that explains hard drive geometry and how that works with various file systems. The author goes into enough detail about RAM that you can almost picture in your head what the 1s and 0s look like in a stack of RAM and how the Linux kernel directs traffic to and from devices and into user space. Run levels are also discussed in detail. I've been working as a computer professional for over 2 decades now, but have only recently switched my focus over to Linux, and since most of my training has been in Windows architecture, there isn't a lot of that I could transfer to Linux 1 for 1. POSIX systems are quite a bit different from MS OSs.

If you are already a Linux guru and know how everything works, then this book probably isn't for you, but I was surprised that I learned about 10 new things in just the first chapter! Even the first chapter made "lightbulbs" go off in my head and I found myself saying "Now I get it! Why couldn't anyone else explain it THAT way?"

Don't worry, if all of what I have written is "Greek" to you, the author does an excellent job of explaining how things work in a way where you don't need a math degree or be a "programmer" to "get it". You can start from square one.

To use the (often worn out) "car" analogy, a lot of Linux books teach you how to drive the car, how to change the oil, how to put in wiper fluid, how to put gas in the car, how to work a stick shift etc. All of those things are very useful and for a lot of sysadmins and regular users, you don't need to examine things any further to "get the job done", and that's how a lot of these books are. But THIS book tells you what the engine is, how it is assembled, and how all the parts in it work. How the engine connects to the drive shaft, how that connects to the axle and how power is transferred to the wheels. It explains how the steering wheel is connected to the steering column which is attached to the power assist system which helps turn the wheels and change the direction of the car. How the power buttons for the windows are wired to the servo motors for the windows which turn the windows up or down. But not only does the author explain how everything is put together, but he gives examples of how to control all those elements through the command line!

So, in summary, this book may not give you all the specific knowledge on passing the RHCSA or RHCE exams, but it will give you a solid foundation and a solid understanding of the actual architecture of Linux so that you aren't just blindly punching in commands at the command line without understanding what's going on "under the hood".

I can recommend this 100% for beginners, and for people who are familiar working with Linux but want more concrete knowledge about how the computer actually works, and how Linux runs it.

If you want to know how the whole darn thing works so you have a solid foundation to build on, this is the book for you.
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16 people found this helpful

Top critical review

All critical reviews›
Dan Yavorsky
3.0 out of 5 starsA lot of good info, but be ready to work
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on June 30, 2020
I think one passage from this book exemplifies what the reader is in for: good information that is not presented particularly clearly, but with some effort, the new-to-linux user can get there. Here's the passage I have in mind:

Page 22: "An environment variable is like a shell variable, but it's not specific to the shell. All processes on Unix systems have environment variable storage. The main difference between environment and shell variables is that the operating system passes all of your shell's environment variables to programs that the shell runs, whereas shell variables cannot be accessed in the commands that you run."

To someone familiar with shell and environment variables, this is obvious, especially because the idea is simple. But when you're new, nothing is obvious. Let's take a closer look from the perspective of a new-to-linux user (who, by the way, is the target audience for this book):

The first sentence compares shell and environment variables: "An environment variable is like a shell variable, but it's not specific to the shell." Great intro. I'm ready to learn more about their comparison.

The second sentence then let's us know that "all processes on Unix" (Um, what? I thought we were talking about variables, not processes) "have environment variable storage." OK. Why do I care? What does variable *storage* have to do with the differences or similarities between shell and environment variables? And can a process have storage? Is that even a thing? If so, what about those shell variables - do any processes have shell variable storage? Maybe this is information worth including in the book, but not as the second sentence in this paragraph. It's off topic and it introduces more questions (and terminology) than it answers.

Third sentence gets back on track. "The main difference between environment and shell variables is..." and I'm thinking 'yes - please tell me!' "...that the operating system passes all of your shell's environment variables" I'm sorry - what? I thought there were shell variables and (separately) environment variables. Apparently there's a hybrid 'shell environment variable'. Hmmm... After unnecessarily re-reading the paragraph 4 times and I now see that the 'shell's environment variables' are just 'environment variables' with a probably-technically-correct-but-unhelpful prefix. Let's move on.

The third sentence finishes with "...the operating system passes all of your <s>shell's</s> environment variables to programs that the shell runs, whereas shell variables cannot be accessed in the commands that you run." So variables are now either passed or accessed, either by the OS or the shell, when working with either a process or a program, and then run by either the shell or you. Ah! Which is it? Who's doing the passing, accessing, and running? Me, the shell, or the OS? And what's the difference between a process and a program - and does that matter here?

So, where does all of this leave us with this review? On one hand, I simultaneously agree with many of the 5-star reviews that shower praise on this book, as the author covers a variety of important topics and -- for the initiated -- provides a nice amount of detail. On the other hand, a famous quote goes something like "write not so the reader can understand, but so that they cannot possibly misunderstand." This book is the former.
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38 people found this helpful

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From the United States

Louis S. Carrozzi
5.0 out of 5 stars A Solid Foundation on Linux Architecture
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on January 14, 2015
Verified Purchase
I found out that I love this book in about 30 seconds of flipping through the chapters and looking at what the author was trying to do. This is EXACTLY (one of) the books I was looking for!

I have several other Linux books and they all start to approach their content the same way: Introducing the Linux BASH command line, and then jumping into doing various tasks and explaining what you are doing. This is fine, and there are several other books that I think do this very well, but what I was REALLY looking for was an explanation of how the whole operating system actually is structured, how it works, how it is built, how it boots, what it boots, and how all the different pieces of software fit together. In other words, the "architecture" of Linux/GNU. Not only does this book cover all of these topics in detail, but it does so in a very straight forward, no nonsense, no fluff way. There is also a lot of detailed explanation of how the software works in conjunction with hardware. There is actually a section that explains hard drive geometry and how that works with various file systems. The author goes into enough detail about RAM that you can almost picture in your head what the 1s and 0s look like in a stack of RAM and how the Linux kernel directs traffic to and from devices and into user space. Run levels are also discussed in detail. I've been working as a computer professional for over 2 decades now, but have only recently switched my focus over to Linux, and since most of my training has been in Windows architecture, there isn't a lot of that I could transfer to Linux 1 for 1. POSIX systems are quite a bit different from MS OSs.

If you are already a Linux guru and know how everything works, then this book probably isn't for you, but I was surprised that I learned about 10 new things in just the first chapter! Even the first chapter made "lightbulbs" go off in my head and I found myself saying "Now I get it! Why couldn't anyone else explain it THAT way?"

Don't worry, if all of what I have written is "Greek" to you, the author does an excellent job of explaining how things work in a way where you don't need a math degree or be a "programmer" to "get it". You can start from square one.

To use the (often worn out) "car" analogy, a lot of Linux books teach you how to drive the car, how to change the oil, how to put in wiper fluid, how to put gas in the car, how to work a stick shift etc. All of those things are very useful and for a lot of sysadmins and regular users, you don't need to examine things any further to "get the job done", and that's how a lot of these books are. But THIS book tells you what the engine is, how it is assembled, and how all the parts in it work. How the engine connects to the drive shaft, how that connects to the axle and how power is transferred to the wheels. It explains how the steering wheel is connected to the steering column which is attached to the power assist system which helps turn the wheels and change the direction of the car. How the power buttons for the windows are wired to the servo motors for the windows which turn the windows up or down. But not only does the author explain how everything is put together, but he gives examples of how to control all those elements through the command line!

So, in summary, this book may not give you all the specific knowledge on passing the RHCSA or RHCE exams, but it will give you a solid foundation and a solid understanding of the actual architecture of Linux so that you aren't just blindly punching in commands at the command line without understanding what's going on "under the hood".

I can recommend this 100% for beginners, and for people who are familiar working with Linux but want more concrete knowledge about how the computer actually works, and how Linux runs it.

If you want to know how the whole darn thing works so you have a solid foundation to build on, this is the book for you.
16 people found this helpful
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Unitive News Reporter
5.0 out of 5 stars An Absolute MUST for Pen Testers and Hackers
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on December 12, 2014
Verified Purchase
I've read reviews all over the web of Brian's new edition, and I'm frankly confused. The range of opinions go from "This is very basic, don't bother if you're advanced" to "Don't bother if you're a beginner, way too much detail on the inner workings than you need." 3 bears? Just right for... who? Part of the problem might be the subtitle: "What every superuser should know." In Brian's usual dry sense of humor, this refers to the $ vs. # prompt difference between user and "superuser" (kernel access) at the command prompt. It does NOT mean (goodness no) that you have to be some kind of superuser in the programming sense to understand or greatly enjoy this book.

In one fell swoop Ward does a number of things with the specialized term in unix/linux (superuser is simply what Windows folk would call a sysop or administrator, or hackers would look at with rootkits/kernels as privilege escalation): 1. Letting casual users know they will be using the command line rather than graphic interface 2. Demonstrating the major update from the first edition: this book is a LOT more about the kernel than the first edition, thankfully so!

This is a TOTAL update, so even though I frequently advise going back to a previous edition for unethical publishers and authors that do a cosmetic update and call it a new edition, this is NOT the case here-- Brian has totally reworked the book to bring it up to date with many features Linux was missing (especially in Ubuntu dists) when the first edition was written. This new edition is a MUST, as 10 years has been a lifetime in the Linux world-- frankly the first edition is a paperweight now. And, since this edition includes numerous detailed steps for playing along with your own IDE/SDK throughout as well as complete code on the site, it is now dist independent as much as possible. I've tried the code with Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora and RHEI so far, and found ZERO problems with only teensy adjustments. That is unusual for a newly released title, but not for No Starch, who have technical editors who actually TRY the code, unlike a lot of publishers out there in this field.

If you're a beginner, there is no better introduction to operating systems than this book, period. Brian takes the time to explain in painstaking detail the INTUITIVE workings of nearly every o/s-- things you must know to go forward in any kind of programming. In my areas of robotics, embedded and security, many new candidates (some with Masters degrees in IT) flunk the interview because of lack of basic "what's really going on?" answers. These talented candidates know how to program, but when asked very basic questions like "What's the kernel doing here?" or "What does object oriented vs. functional or imperative mean at this level of system call?" their eyes glaze over.

This is why, unlike some other reviewers, I strongly advise reading this book for BOTH beginners and advanced programmers. You do not have to have an objective of designing compilers either! Even basic security and hacking, when using tools like IDA Pro, require you to be able to look at the command line and "see" what state the kernel is in, what it is doing and calling, and what certain interrupt/resume sequences really mean regardless of sequential, parallel or virtual memory paradigms. It is not enough to "let the legacy software" (or in the case of sploits, the rootkit) do the work anymore-- even basic scripters are now modifying vm's and rootkits with Python, and the typical sploit, whether pen, hack, forensics or just system admin, involves sophisticated user/kernel interactions by malware that can now not only inject sequences, but also install entire new o/s donuts around your kernel and control the entire o/s!

Finally, this book is radically fun if you have any interest in computers, at any level, including high school AND grad school, as well as seasoned practicing programmers. At over 350 pages and extremely up to date, Ward packs each page with SO much information and detailed knowledge, with deeply intuitive examples, that you can either study every sentence numerous times like a text, looking up details in his many external resources, or just read casually and get a "gist" that is rare as an overview of what's really going on between kernel and user abstraction levels (or in the operational sense, interfaces).

The information in this book is pertinent for both Geek Squad repair folk and MIT PhD malware designers. I guarantee, as an old professor who teaches Kali Linux to hackers and pen testers at both of these levels, and in assembly reverse engineering detail including memory forensics, that there is something delightful for everyone in this new edition... highly recommended.
378 people found this helpful
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Dan Yavorsky
3.0 out of 5 stars A lot of good info, but be ready to work
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on June 30, 2020
Verified Purchase
I think one passage from this book exemplifies what the reader is in for: good information that is not presented particularly clearly, but with some effort, the new-to-linux user can get there. Here's the passage I have in mind:

Page 22: "An environment variable is like a shell variable, but it's not specific to the shell. All processes on Unix systems have environment variable storage. The main difference between environment and shell variables is that the operating system passes all of your shell's environment variables to programs that the shell runs, whereas shell variables cannot be accessed in the commands that you run."

To someone familiar with shell and environment variables, this is obvious, especially because the idea is simple. But when you're new, nothing is obvious. Let's take a closer look from the perspective of a new-to-linux user (who, by the way, is the target audience for this book):

The first sentence compares shell and environment variables: "An environment variable is like a shell variable, but it's not specific to the shell." Great intro. I'm ready to learn more about their comparison.

The second sentence then let's us know that "all processes on Unix" (Um, what? I thought we were talking about variables, not processes) "have environment variable storage." OK. Why do I care? What does variable *storage* have to do with the differences or similarities between shell and environment variables? And can a process have storage? Is that even a thing? If so, what about those shell variables - do any processes have shell variable storage? Maybe this is information worth including in the book, but not as the second sentence in this paragraph. It's off topic and it introduces more questions (and terminology) than it answers.

Third sentence gets back on track. "The main difference between environment and shell variables is..." and I'm thinking 'yes - please tell me!' "...that the operating system passes all of your shell's environment variables" I'm sorry - what? I thought there were shell variables and (separately) environment variables. Apparently there's a hybrid 'shell environment variable'. Hmmm... After unnecessarily re-reading the paragraph 4 times and I now see that the 'shell's environment variables' are just 'environment variables' with a probably-technically-correct-but-unhelpful prefix. Let's move on.

The third sentence finishes with "...the operating system passes all of your <s>shell's</s> environment variables to programs that the shell runs, whereas shell variables cannot be accessed in the commands that you run." So variables are now either passed or accessed, either by the OS or the shell, when working with either a process or a program, and then run by either the shell or you. Ah! Which is it? Who's doing the passing, accessing, and running? Me, the shell, or the OS? And what's the difference between a process and a program - and does that matter here?

So, where does all of this leave us with this review? On one hand, I simultaneously agree with many of the 5-star reviews that shower praise on this book, as the author covers a variety of important topics and -- for the initiated -- provides a nice amount of detail. On the other hand, a famous quote goes something like "write not so the reader can understand, but so that they cannot possibly misunderstand." This book is the former.
38 people found this helpful
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Todds Books
5.0 out of 5 stars The most used book on your Linux bookshelf
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on November 22, 2014
Verified Purchase
Let's face it, if you are mostly a casual computer user doing email and surfing the web, then what operating system you are using is going to matter very little. Linux desktop, MS Windows, Max OS X, and Android are all going to do those tasks pretty much in the same way, and you may not really care about what's under the hood. You can go years using Linux and never see the command line. On the other hand, if you are a technoid as I am, then you are going to be curious about how your operating system works. The net result of this curiosity is gaining an order of magnitude in usability and control over your computer by understanding how it works. I have a number of books about Linux, especially Linux server administration, but none of them make the workings of Linux accessible like this book does. Mr. Ward has put together a wealth of key information about what's going on under the hood and more importantly, how to use it, and done so in easy to understand language.

But let me warn you - this is not a book full of dry, passive pages; this is a lively tutorial! Mr. Ward suggests having a Linux system in front of you and trying the various explorations as you go through the book. I cannot recommend that highly enough. I also recommend having a notebook next to you and taking notes. Above all - do not fear the command line. Mr. Ward's explanations and examples are well done. You have no more excuses for not rolling up your sleeves and getting your hands dirty. I think you are going to find that this book becomes the most used of those sitting on your computer bookshelf.

Lastly, thanks, Mr. Ward, for writing this book!!
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Mrs.Potter
4.0 out of 5 stars Excellent book but needs more in some sections
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on October 27, 2020
Verified Purchase
This is a great book to learn the basics of how linux works. I wish some things were expanded on a bit more like the grub.cfg file. A lot of people have multiple iso images of linux and would like to know how to not only get grub in to a /boot directory on a usb drive but also how to configure those iso images to be selected from when starting up the computer. There are other things that need a little more like udev and the explanation of kernel images and how they work with the modules and hooks seemed a little light but for a first book to cut your teeth on this is excellent. I would say between this and a decent search engine you should be able to figure out pretty much whatever you want to do with linux.
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Detroit Customer
4.0 out of 5 stars Great contents, not so great book manufacture...
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on March 21, 2021
Verified Purchase
First time I opened this book, the lower half of the front cover came loose from the spine. A light application of Elmer's Glue fixed it wonderfully, but the customer shouldn't have to repair a brand new book. I bought two and had this issue with both. The other book I bought will have a review that reflects this.

Update: Publisher needs to upgrade their bookbinding techinques. Just had to glue the cover back on because a different page came loose this time. No Starch... this isn't even a hardcover book. I could understand concern over spine creasing if we were talking about a high quality hardcover. This is paperback. Calm down and make the books to last a little longer than a week of solid reading.
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Happy Valley Guy
5.0 out of 5 stars The Best Book on Linux for a (not-so casual) User / Developer - Don't Hesitate!
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on December 31, 2016
Verified Purchase
I've worked in software and systems for thirty plus years, and have used multiple flavors of Unix and Linux, both as a developer and user; I've installed and configured pretty much every operating system from MS-DOS to WIndows to OSX to Ubuntu / Red Hat / VxWorks / etc - this book is the resource I wish I had all along. I learned a dozen things in the first two (review) chapters that fundamentally changed my understanding of Linux and how to use it, and I've gained a much more fundamental understanding of operating systems in general. Mr Ward is an outstanding writer who informs and covers the basics without talking down to the reader. He takes pains to point out what material is fundamental and what is provided for depth and can be skimmed or skipped by a casual reader; he also goes to the trouble of identifying other books that can go even deeper should you wish to do so.
This book is probably too detailed for a novice linux user, but if you have some understanding as a user and a curiosity about how things work under the hood - do not hesitate. Whatever your focus - application development, system security, hardware configuration and development ... you will learn something useful here. I can't rate this highly enough - one of the best technical books I have read.
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Ryan McNamara
4.0 out of 5 stars Should have been called "Learn Linux Administration."
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on December 31, 2015
Verified Purchase
l'm torn on how to rate this. This is a great introduction to linux and all the major utilities it has to offer. I would recommend it to the geek new to Linux who wants a thorough survey with a focus on command line tools.

Unfortunately, it never actually explained what I bought it to explain: how Linux actually works, not just the tools that come with it. He briefly discusses inodes and page tables, but I was expecting an explanation of the datastructures and algorithms used, design considerations, references to the source code, that sort of thing. You know, the actual "how it works" bit, not a list of command-line tools and when and how to use them arranged by topic. It does a nice job of giving some background information on a topic, but it never really approached what the title implies (and the background information is stuff about how the internet works in the chapter about networking, not stuff about Linux specifically)..

But despite my disappointment, I can't deny the usefulness of the book if you're looking to be a sort of Linux power-user, but it still wouldn't quite get 5 stars because it does become a bit of a tedius "this is a list of arguments you can give rsync."
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Fred Fifield
5.0 out of 5 stars I like the fact that I have the ability to dig ...
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on July 8, 2015
Verified Purchase
I suspect I may be the exact target audience for this book. I've been using Linux Mint in a dual boot configuration with Windows 8.1 for about a year now. I like the fact that I have the ability to dig around this OS and I've been doing that in an aimless sort of way for a while now. This book has given direction to that aimlessness and it's helped me to enjoy Linux even more.

Since this is my first serious exploration of this topic I've just read through the book with my terminal open, entering the example commands when appropriate and discovering what they do. I will admit that some of this stuff goes over my head but I'm okay with that because the stretch means I'm learning something. I'm finding that by going with the plow-ahead method that something that doesn't seem to make sense at first falls into place later on.

This book has opened my Linux experience in such a way that I spend more and more time in Linux and have even made a list of more books to get based on some of the recommendations that are made along the way in this one. Any book that causes you to want to keep going when you get to the end of it is the best kind of book there is.
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William P Ross
5.0 out of 5 stars Superb bottoms up approach to learning Linux
Reviewed in the United States ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ on August 13, 2016
Verified Purchase
How Linux Works does a great job explaining the building blocks of Linux. The book presents the computer engineering view of Linux and could be useful for a hardware engineer, system admin, or programmer.

The beginning chapters describe how the hardware components are connected to the operating system. Devices, disks, and the boot sequence are detailed in depth. Towards the middle of book the "user-space" is described. Then configuration, networking, scripting, and tools.

The author is able to communicate advanced concepts clearly and both beginners and advanced users can learn from this book. There is a ton of information in the 350 pages as the author uses nearly every sentence to convey information.

There were a lot of commands to try out in the book. For the Linux distribution I am running I had to install many of the Linux packages to try the commands. I would have liked to see a little bit more information about what commands are deprecated as a couple techniques seemed dated.

This book advanced my knowledge of the link between the computers' components and the operating system. It was a pleasant surprise because a lot of the material was new for me and easy to understand.
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